Immune

Carla Nowosad joins Immune to discuss her career and her work on germinal centers, the structure in secondary lymphoid tissues where B cells proliferate, differentiate, and diversify their immunoglobulin genes by somatic hypermutation.

Hosts: Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Carla R. Nowosad

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• MicrobeTV Discord Server
• B cells and the intestinal microbiome (Sem Immunol)
• B cell selection in gut germinal centres (Nature)
• B cell antigen internalization (Methods Mol Biol)
• Immune synapse architecture (Nat Immunol)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune reveals the total mass (1.2kg), number (1.8 trillion), and distribution of immune cells in the human body, with macrophages contributing nearly 50% of the total cellular mass.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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• MicrobeTV Discord Server
• Immune cells in the human body (PNAS)
• Letters read on Immune 73
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

From Cornell University in Ithaca New York, Vincent and Cindy meet with Ellen Rothenberg to review her career in science, starting with work on retroviruses to unraveling transcriptional networks underlying T-cell development and signaling.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Ellen Rothenberg

Click arrow to play Download Immune 72 (53 MB .mp3, 73 min) Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts. RSS, email Become a patron of Immune!

• MicrobeTV Discord Server
• Synthesis of infectious DNA of murine leukaemia virus (Nature)
• Runx factors launch T cell and innate lymphoid programs (Nat Immunol)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune explains how, in a mouse model of roundworm infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, exposure to lung-migrating helminths protects mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Hosts: Cynthia Leifer, Stephanie Langel, and Brianne Barker

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• MicrobeTV Discord Server
• Helminth protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection (Sci Immunol)
• Pandemic spared Africa (ScienceInsider)
• Letters read on Immune 71
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune explains how mast cells, IgE antibody, and the brain collaborate to promote avoidance of certain foods to evade allergic responses.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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• MicrobeTV Discord Server
• Mast cells and immune avoidance behavior (Nature)
• Immune sensing of food allergens promotes avoidance (Nature)
• Immunology that underlies picky eating (Nature)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Kevin joins Immune to discuss his work showing that antibodies against endogenous retroviruses promote immunotherapy of lung cancer.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Kevin Ng

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• MicrobeTV Discord Server
• Antibodies against ERVs and lung cancer (Nature)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune discusses immunological imprinting, also called original antigenic sin, in the context of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, and Steph Langel

Download Immune 66 (45 MB .mp3, 76 min) Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts. RSS, email Become a patron of Immune!

Links for this episode

• MicrobeTV Discord Server
• Immunological imprinting (Immunity)
• COVID-19 vaccine imprinting (bioRxiv)
• Original antigenic sin (J Inf Dis)
• Are competition (LJII)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical

Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune explains the results of a study which show that in mice, functional T cells respond to vaccination for over 10 years and 51 successive immunizations, exhibiting supernumerary cell division and longevity.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

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• MicrobeTV Discord Server
• T cells capable of supernumerary division (Nature)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune discusses the current understanding of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines, which supersedes that of any other acute infectious disease.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

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• MicrobeTV Discord Server
• COVID-19 immune memory (Imm Rev)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Jon joins Immune to discuss the research of his laboratory on understanding how the innate immune system recognizes and responds to pathogens, and his hypothesis that infection infidelities drive innate immunity.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Jonathan C. Kagan

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• MicrobeTV Discord Server
• Approaching the asymptote (Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol)
• Infection infidelities drive innate immunity (Science)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Cindy, Steph, Brianne, and Vincent do a rapid review 11 immunology papers, including a wiring diagram for the immune system, group A streptococcus vaccines, systems immunology prediction of vaccines, class switch towards IgG4 after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, very bad B cells, monoclonal antibody to two streptococcal M protein epitopes, transcriptional atlas of response to 13 vaccines, impact of SARS-CoV-2 exposure history on T cell and IgG response, neutrophilic inflammation predisposes to RSV infection, commensals avoiding recognition, and continuous germinal center invasion contributes to diversity of immune response.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts. RSS, email Become a patron of Immune!

• MicrobeTV Discord Server
• Tangled web of wires (Nature)
• Path to group A Streptococcus vaccines (Clin Inf Dis)
• Immune end-types predictive of vaccine responses (Nat Immunol)
• IgG4 switch after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination (Sci Immunol)
• Very bad B cells (Immunity)
• Two epitope Streptococcus monoclonal (EMBO Mol Med)
• Predictor of vaccine-induced antibody responses (Nat Immunol)
• Impact of SARS-CoV-2 exposure history on antibody an T cell response (Cell Rep Med)
• Neutrophilic inflammation and RSV infection (Science)
• Commensals avoiding recognition (Sci Immunol)
• Continuous germinal center invasion and immune response diversity (Cell)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Cindy, Steph, Brianne, and Vincent review some of their favorite immunology papers of 2022.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

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• CAR T for SLE (Nat MEd)
• Maternal gut microbiome induced IgG (Sci Immunol)
• Long-primed germinal centers (Nature)
• Fc mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2 VOC (bioRxiv)
• Dark side of macrophages (Nat Med)
• Pregnancy and antibody protection against infection (Nature)
• Regulators of inflammatory response to mRNA vaccines (Nature Immunol)
• Antibody effector function and protection against RSV (Cell)
• Color coded antibodies (bioRxiv)
• Endogenous retroviruses and inflammation (Cell)
• CD8 T cells and vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 (Sci Immunol)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

De’Broski joins immune to reveal his remarkable career path and the research of his laboratory on neuroimmunology and the immune response to parasite infections.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

Guests D’Broski Herbert

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• Immunology of helminth infections (Ann Rev Immunology)
• Neuroimmune regulatory networks (J Leuk Biol)
• Every cell is an immune cell (Immunity)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

From SLB22 on the Island of Hawai’i, Julia and Musa join Immune to reveal their remarkable career paths, and their research on understanding trained innate immunity.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

Guests: Julia Bohannon and Musa Mhlanga

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• From the ashes (Richmond Register)
• Innate immune memory (J Immunol)
• Epigenetics and metabolism in trained immunity (Immunity)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Somali and Phil join Immune to discuss their approaches to immunology education.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Sumali Pandey and Phil Mixter

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• ImmunoReach
• ASMCUE: ASM Conference for Undergraduate Educators (ASMCUE)
• Upcoming ASM Webinars: free Microedu Live! discussions:
  • Friday, October 14, 1:00 PM Eastern time/10:00 AM Pacific time, topic will be the assessment of learning. Register here.
  • Friday, November 4, 1:00 PM Eastern time/10:00 AM Pacific time, topic will be microbiology laboratory biosafety. Register here.
• Journals with relevant education resources:
  • AAI ImmunoHorizons ImmunoHorizons
  • Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education (ASM; open-source, see Tips & Tools for examples):Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education Table of Contents Volume 23, Issue 2 (asm.org)
  • CBE Life Sciences Education CBE–Life Sciences Education (LSE) (lifescied.org) 
• How to tell your professional story effectively – for instruction-focused scientists (including external review): Initiative: External Peer Review of Teaching – The Teaching Academy of the Consortium of West Region Colleges of Veterinary Medicine (westregioncvm.org)
•  ASM Carski Award for Educators: ASM Carski Award for Undergraduate Education
• Undergraduate degree program in Immunology at University of Alabama-Birmingham (only one in the USA): CAS – Undergraduate Immunology Program | UAB
• 3D printable antibody-antigen epitope models Antibody Epitope teaching kit by esuchman – Thingiverse
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

At Cornell University in Ithaca, NY, Mandy joins Immune to discuss her career and her research on understanding how Th17 cells develop and are influenced to be ‘good’ or ‘bad’ in their function.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Mandy McGeachy

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• Th17 cytokines in health and disease (Immunity)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune explains a study of three cohorts of patients with ulcerative colitis which finds major perturbations within the mucosal B cell compartment, highlighting a potential role for these cells in disease pathogenesis.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

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• Gut B cell dysbiosis in ulcerative colitis (Nat Med)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune reviews data showing that in mice, skin bacteria activate keratinocytes to stimulate hair follicle regeneration and wound healing.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

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• Bacteria induce skin regeneration via IL-1beta (Cell Host Microbe)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Al Singer joins immune to discuss mice that have their T cell immune system reversed, revealing the molecular basis for T cell lineage fate determination in the thymus.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Al Singer

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• T cell FlipFlop mice reveal lineage determination (Nat Immunol)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune reveals a CD8+ regulatory subset of T cell subset that suppress pathogenic T cells and are active in autoimmune diseases and infectious diseases including COVID-19.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

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• KIR+CD8+ regulatory T cells (Science)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune explains how aging influences chronic outcomes of respiratory viral infection through regulation of the alveolar macrophage compartment and type 2 inflammatory responses to viruse

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, Steph Langel, and Brianne Barker

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• Age-dependent reduction in asthmatic pathology (J Immune)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune reveals that marginal zone B cells steal complexes of MHC and complement C3 from dendritic cells for antigen presentation to T cells.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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• Trogocytosis in Immune 18
• B cells steal from dendritic cells (Science)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Gabriel Victora

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• Concerto in B (TWiV 161)
• Visualizing antibody affinity maturation (Science)
• Restricted B cell clonality after boosting (Cell)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Nikhil Joshi joins Immune to discuss the creation of NINJA mice that synthesize neoantigens to enable the study of endogenous antigen-specific naïve T cell responses in disease and infection.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Nikhil Joshi

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• Creation of NINJA mice (Nature Biotech)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune reviews evidence that toll-like receptor 9 on the surface of red blood cells binds DNA, leading to uptake by macrophages and innate immune activation.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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• DNA binding to TLR9 on red blood cells (Sci Transl Med)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Keke Fairfax joins Immune to discuss the work from her laboratory on understanding how maternal schistosomiasis impairs IL-4 production and B cell expansion in offspring, and modulation of macrophage immunometabolism by helminths.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Keke Fairfax

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• Maternal schistosomiasis impairs offspring immunity (PloS Path)
• Helminth modulation of macrophage immunometabolism (Immune)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Tim Hand joins Immune to discuss the work from his laboratory showing that environmental enteric dysfunction, a disease caused by chronic malnutrition and infection, and which is associated with reduced growth and oral vaccine failure, is controlled by an increase in intestinal regulatory T cells.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Timothy Hand

Click arrow to play Download Immune 48 (43 MB .mp3, 71 min) Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts. RSS, email Become a patron of Immune!

• Mouse model for EED (Immunity)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

The immune professors discuss neutrophil extracellular traps, and how IgA-virus immune complexes potentiate this process through Fc receptors on neutrophils.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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• Antiviral IgA potentiates NETosis (PNAS)
• Letters read on Immune 47
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune explore the observation that bat cells display dampened STING-dependent interferon activation, suggesting why bats might have a unique capacity to harbor many viruses.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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• Dampened STING in bats (Cell Host Micr)
• Lessons from bat defenses (Nature)
• Bat immune systems (Front Immune)
• Bats protected from genotoxic compounds (Nat Comm)
• Letters read on Immune 46
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

On this episode of Immune, we answer listener questions about CAR-Macs, complement and COVID-19, sleep and the immune system, caving and the immune system, germinal centers, COVID-19 vaccines and much more.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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• Letters read on Immune 45
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

On this episode of Immune, IgA-producing plasma cells mobilized from the gut play an unexpected role in suppressing neuroinflammation.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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• Intestinal IgA regulates neuroinflammation (Cell)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

On this episode of Immune, Cindy provides an update on CAR-T cell therapy of cancers and introduces two new approaches that utilize NK cells and macrophages and their use in treating solid tumors.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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• CAR-T cell therapy on Immune 4
• Recent CAR-T cell advances (Nat Rev Cancer)
• Status of CAR-T cell therapy (CancerConnect)
• CAR-MAC for cancer (Nat Biotech)
• CAR-MAC for COVID-19 (bioRxiv)
• Letters read on Immune 43
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Christian joins Immune to discuss the humoral memory response in a cohort of 87 individuals 1.3 and 6.2 months after infection with SARS-CoV-2.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Christian Gaebler

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• Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2 (Nature)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Madina joins Immune to explain how the immune system of zebrafish gills compares to its functional counterpart in mammals, the lungs, and to discuss a zebrafish model for understanding olfactory loss during COVID-19.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Madina Wane

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• Black in Immuno (YouTube)
• Cytokines and gill homeostasis (J Immune)
• Zebrafish model of COVID-19 olfactory loss (bioRxiv)
• Overview of fish vaccination (pdf)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune reminisces about a year in COVID-19 immunology, Steph’s receiving the Pfizer vaccine, and answers to listener questions about a challenge study with common cold CoVs, T cell exhaustion, how CD4 T cells control infections, and more.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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• Immune response during common cold CoV infection (Epidem Infect)
• Summary of diagnostic tests (NAS)
• Letters read on Immune 40
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune catches up on COVID listener email, including discussions about long-term COVID, cross-reactive memory to SARS-CoV-2, common mucosal surfaces, the risky business of peptide mega-pools, immunodominant epitopes and much more.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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• Reflections of a COVID-19 long hauler (JAMA)
• Not a cytokine storm in COVID-19 (JCIO)
• Letters read on Immune 39
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Sallie joins Immune to discuss her career, emphasizing the importance of a good mentor and the ability to pivot, and her research, which has focused on mother to child transmission of infectious diseases including HIV/AIDS, CMV, and more recently, COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2.

Guest: Sallie Permar

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• Immune correlates of protection against CMV (J Inf Dis)
• Placental IgG transfer in HIV-1-infected women (Cell)
• Immunization leads to HIV-1 antibody in breast milk (J Virology)
• Lessons from COVID-19 in children (Clin Inf Dis)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Alexis, Joel, Elaine, Justine, and Evonne join Immune to discuss their careers, their research, and a platform created by a collective of Black immunologists and allies aimed at amplifying, celebrating and supporting Black voices in immunology.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

Guests: Alexis Mobley, Joel Babdor, Elaine Kouame, Justine Noel, Evonne Jean

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• Black in Immuno
• Black in Immuno week schedule
• Systemic racism in higher education (Science)
• Black in Microbiology (TWiM 228)
• Black in Virology (TWiV 672)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune describes the striking loss of germinal centers in lymph nodes and spleen in patients with severe COVID-19, providing an explanation for short-lived humoral immunity and limited somatic hypermutation of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Alexander Dent

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• Loss of germinal centers in severe COVID-19 patients (Cell)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune examines antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, including the relationship between severe COVID-19 and anti-spike antibodies, kinetics of production, and correlates of protection among coronaviruses.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker

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Links for this episode

• COVID-19 severity linked to antibody levels (bioRxiv)
• Review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses (Nat Comm)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune explains a study demonstrating T cells that react with SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in individuals who have never been infected with the virus, implying cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Cynthia Leifer Guest: Brianne Barker

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• Cross-reactive coronavirus CD4+ T cells (Science)
• Immune misfiring in severe COVID-19 (Nature)
• A COVID-19 riddle for the immune system (Nature)
• Letters read on Immune 34
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune explains a study of 125 COVID-19 patients by deep immune profiling, which revealed three immunotypes associated with poor clinical prognosis or recovery.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Brianne Barker

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Links for this episode

• CD8 cells defend against SARS-CoV (J Virol)
• Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients (Science)
• Letters read on Immune 33
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune continues a discussion of the immune response to infection with SARS-CoV-2, including inflammatory responses and disease, antibody and T-cell responses, and vaccines, and answers to listener questions.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer Guest: Brianne Barker

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Links for this episode

• Keep CoV off campus (NY Times)
• Inflammatory cytokines predict COVID-19 death (medRxiv)
• Imbalanced host response drives COVID-19 (Cell)
• Convergent antibody responses in COVID-19 patients (bioRxiv)
• Cross neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by SARS-CoV mAb (Nature)
• Human T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 (Cell)
• DNA vaccine protects rhesus macaques (Science)
• Replicon RNA vaccine protects macaques (bioRxiv)
• Letters read on Immune 32
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Immune continues a discussion of the immune response to infection with SARS-CoV-2, including vaccines and immunity, effects of BCG and OPV, immunity passports, and answers to listener questions.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Brianne Barker

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• How long will a vaccine really take? (NYTimes)
• Humoral immunity in NYC COVID-19 patients (medRxiv)
• D614G is just a SNP (TWiEVO 55)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Brianne Barker returns to continue a discussion of the immune response to infection with SARS-CoV-2, including use of steroid, coagulation in some patients, cytokine storm, and vaccines.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Brianne Barker

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• IL6 as COVID-19 marker for severity (Med Mal Infect)
• How does COVID-19 kill? (Nature)
• SARS-CoV-2 protective immunity in macaques (bioRxiv)
• SARS antibody titers wane (J Immunol)
• Vaccine roundup (Lab Equip)
• Lung IgG in SARS injury (JCI Insight)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

Send your immunology questions and comments to [email protected]

Brianne Barker joins Immune to discuss the immune response to infection with SARS-CoV-2, including immune respones, pathogenesis, immunopathology and more.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Brianne Barker

Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts. RSS, email

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• ACE2 in oral mucosa (I J Oral Sci)
• IL6 predictor of COVID-19 death (Int Care Med)
• Protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates (bioRxiv)
• Antibody to SARS-CoV wanes (J Immunol)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Irene Salinas joins Immune to reveal the work of her laboratory on the evolution of mucosal immune responses in teleost fish, the oldest living bony vertebrates.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Irene Salinas

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• Evolution of mucosal Ig in rainbow trout (Sci Immunol)
• Fish olfactory neurons mediate rapid immune response (PNAS)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Steph explains how sepsis induces protective immune memory in NK cells, via histone methylation of the interferon gamma enhancer.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• H3K4me1 mark on memory-like NK cells (Cell Rep)
• Letters read on Immune 27
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Michael Mina joins the Immune team to explain his findings that measles diminishes pre-existing antibodies that protect against infection with other pathogens.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Michael Mina

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• Measles virus infection diminishes pre-existing antibodies (Science)
• Public epitope #1 (TWiV 342)
• Incomplete reconstitution of B cell pools after measles (Sci Immunol)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team explains that short chain fatty acids produced by microbial fermentation of fiber rewire metabolism to enable the production of memory T cells.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• CD8+ T cell memory needs microbiome derived fatty acids (Immune)
• Image credit: Principles of Virology 4e
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!
• Letters read on Immune 25

Stephanie - This Week in Neuroscience Cindy - Graduate Abuse by Derek Lowe Vincent - Funding ends for seeking new viruses

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team reveals a new type of T helper cell that drives the production of IgE, leading to allergic responses.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• New type of T helper cell drives anaphylaxis (Science)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!
• Letters read on Immune 24

Cindy- Lasker Award 2019 Vincent- Eleanor's Breakthrough video

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The immunosomes explain that widely used inbred laboratory mice are not identical, and how to tell them apart.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Genetic variation in laboratory mice (Immunity)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!
• Vaccines and Your Child
• Letters read on Immune 23

Steph- University of Alaska budget crisis Cindy- 90% survival following new Ebolavirus treatments Vincent- Immunology videos at Blausen Medical

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Immune reveals an alternative to a protective vaccine, engineered B cells that produce antiviral antibodies.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Engineering B cells to produce antiviral antibodies (Sci Immun)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!
• Letters read on Immune 22

Steph- Breath of fresh air Cindy- Biologist found dead Vincent- Nobel Prizes and Nature’s Surprises by Erling Norrby

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Immune tackles the finding that patients with Type I diabetes have lymphocytes with both TCR and BCR that may drive the pathogenesis of the disease.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Dual receptor lymphocytes and type I diabetes (Cell)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- Unique Scientists Cindy- Researcher app Vincent- STLR Conversations Podcast

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune trio explains how activation of the inflammasome by a bacterial protein causes blood clotting through a programmed cell death process called pyroptosis.

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• Inflammasome activation triggers blood clotting (Immunity)
• Rotavirus and Nlrp9b inflammasome (Nature)
• Societal Amnesia and vaccines by Cindy Leifer
• Image credit
• Letters read on Immune 20
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- iBiology Immunology Course Cindy- Changing vaccine hesitancy Vincent- Bad Advice by Paul Offit (and Vaccines and Your Child)

Steve- An Elegant Defense

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The Immune team discusses immunization of pregnant mice to protect offspring from neonatal herpes simplex virus disease.

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• Maternal immunization protects offspring (Sci Trans Med)
• Diversity of herpesvirus in neonates (TWiV 540)
• Mariana Mazzucato on Freakonomics
• Letters read on Immune 19
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- iNaturalist Cindy- Taking a break is also hard work Vincent- Immunology Wall Posters

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The immunophiles discuss T cell antigen discovery by trogocytosis - the transfer of membrane patches among cells in close contact.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Trogocytosis for T cell antigen discovery (Nat Methods)
• Trogocytosis (J Immunol)
• Orphan T cell receptors (Cell)
• Letters read on Immune 18
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- Scientists rise up against statistical significance Cindy- Why I quit my PhD and returned Vincent- The Law and Vaccine Resistance

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The immunophiles explain how metabolic rewiring of macrophages by CpG promotes clearance of cancer cells.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Become a patron of Immune!

• Darwin Day
• Metabolic rewiring of macrophages by CpG (Nat Immunol)
• Letters read on Immune 17
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- Pregnant Scholar Cindy- Anti-vaxxers vaccinating against measles Vincent- Center for Science in the Public Interest

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team turns to chickens, which have been important in understanding the immune system, to show that infection of mature B cells is not required for the pathogenesis of Marek's disease herpesvirus.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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Links for this episode

• Role of B cells in Marek's disease pathogenesis (PNAS)
• In ovo vaccination (YouTube)
• First chickens lacking B cells (PNAS)
• Letters read on Immune 16
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Weekly Science Picks

Steph - 7 Days Out Cindy - Watson PBS documentary and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory response Vincent - Dads can donate mitochondrial DNA and Chicken puns

Stephanie takes the Immune team on a tour of neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes in mammals, including tethers and slings, neutrophil rolling, and neutrophil nets.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Slings enable neutrophil rolling (Nature)
• Sling video (La Jolla Inst Allergy Immunol)
• Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria (Science)
• Neutrophil review (Sci Immunol)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- Should reviewers remain anonymous? Cindy- Breast Cancer Research Foundation Vincent- Initiative to End Paywalls (The Scientist)

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team explains the science behind the 2018 Nobel Prizes awarded to Allison and Honjo: checkpoint immunotherapy.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• 2018 Nobel Prize in Medicine
• 2018 Nobel Prize in Medicine (pdf)
• What's in a name?(Can Res Inst)
• Checkpoint inhibitor failures(Nature)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- Immunobites Cindy- List of immunology Nobels Vincent- Prof. Barker's Immunology lectures

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The ImmuNerds discuss how a cellular long non-coding RNA binds to an innate RNA sensor and regulates virus-induced interferon production to prevent damage to the host.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Host lncRNA binds RIG-I (Cell)
• Microbe Art at virology blog
• Letters read on Immune 13
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- That's Pediatrics Podcast Cindy- Trilobite Glassworks Vincent- Research!America

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune trifecta explores systems immunology, and its use in a study of immune system development in newborn children.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Become a patron of Immune!

• Immune system development in newborns (Cell)
• Dead parrots and live wildcats (TWiV 185)
• Pathogenesis card game (JAMA)
• Letters read on Immune 12

Steph- Kaleidoscopean Cindy- 500 women scientists Vincent- NIH budget increase 2019

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Cindy and Vincent describe the construction of a gene network that programs mammalian cells to detect and eliminate bacterial infections.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Cynthia Leifer

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• Immunomimetic designer cells (Cell)
• Antimicrobial drug resistance (NIH)
• Image credit
• Letters read on Immune 11

Cindy - No Tdap link to autism Vincent- Unpaywall

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The Immune team travels to the University of Maryland for ASV 2018, where they meet up with Rebecca Lynch to explore her work on broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Rebecca Lynch

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• Lynch Laboratory
• Immune merchandise
• Image credit

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team explores the variable lymphocyte receptors of jawless vertebrates, a system of immunity that parallels the structurally unrelated antibodies of jawed vertebrates.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Become a patron of Immune!

• Lamprey VLR responseto influenza virus (eLife)
• VLR-basedimmunity (Ann Rev Immunol)
• How the Immune System Works
• A Commotion in the Blood
• Immune merchandise
• Image credit
• Letters readon Immune 9

Steph- Jon Yewdell on TWiV (208, 467) Cindy- No polio in Venezuela Vincent- Is gaming addiction a thing?

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team reveals how γδ T cells that synthesize interleukin-17A regulate adipose regulatory T cell homeostasis and thermogenesis.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• γδ17 T cells, T cell homeostasis and thermoregulation (Nat Immunol)
• γδ17 T cells cells at epithelial barriers(Nat Rev Immunol)
• Image credit
• Letters readon Immune 8

Steph- Polycystic ovary syndrome and anti-Mullerian hormone Cindy- Foldscope(Ted talk) Vincent- Virology Lectures 2018

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The Immune hosts discuss how the complement system functions, and its role in early synapse loss in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Complement and microglia cause synapse loss in Alzheimer's(Science)
• Superresolution structured illumination microscopy
• Image credit

Steph- Social Media for Social Change in Scienceand Structured Illumination Microscopy video Cindy- 314 Action Vincent- Making American great again requires acting on scientific knowledge

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune hosts explain how antibody molecules mature, then discuss the finding in infants of potent neutralizing antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus without somatic hypermutation.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Potent anti-RSV antibodies without somatic hypermutation (Immunity)
• History of vaccine enhanced RSV disease (Clin Vacc Immunol)
• Image credit
• Letters read on Immune #6

Steph - REACTOME project (free icons) Cindy - Gender Imbalance in Stories Vincent - Trump, Tell Us About Your Flu Shot

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The ImmuoModulators provide a primer on mucosal defenses, and explain how sensitizing female mice to food allergens prevents allergic reactions in their offspring.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Food Allergy(Nat Rev Dis Prim)
• Maternal allergen sensitization(J Exp Med)
• Image credit
• Letters readon Immune #5

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The immu-knowledge-ists deconstruct the holy grail of oncologists, cancer immunotherapy, and the exciting development of CAR T cells and how they work.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Become a patron of Immune!

• Synthetic Immunoreceptors for Cancer Therapy (Trend Mol Med)
• Engineering immune cells to treat cancer (Cell)
• Engineering T cells for fungal infections (PNAS)
• CAR T cells for AIDS (PLoS Path)
• CAR T cells (NIH)
• Image credit
• Letters read on Immune #4

Cindy - What's In A Name? Steph - Novel Targets Vincent - Friendly Penguin

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Cindy, Steph, and Vincent discuss recent problems with dengue virus vaccine, and a bi-specific monoclonal antibody against Zika virus.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Become a patron of Immune!

• Model for dengue ADE (Scitable)
• Dengue ADE in humans (Science)
• Dengvaxia discussion (TWiV 471)
• Bi-specific antibody to Zika virus (Cell)
• Building Zika Virus
• Letters read on Immune #3

Cindy - Questions answered about starving polar bear video Steph - Deep Work by Cal Newport and Grad Student Tax Vincent - Making art with Excel

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Cindy, Steph, and Vincent reveal that lymphocyte trafficking through lymph nodes and lymph are circadian - it is dependent on the time of day.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Circadian clocks control lymphocyte trafficking (Immunity)
• Lymph node image credit
• Letters read on Immune #2

Cindy - Men ask more questions than women at a scientific conference (PLoS One) Steph - House just voted to bankrupt graduate students Vincent - Trump's Legacy: Damaged Brains

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Cindy, Steph, and Vincent launch a new podcast, Immune, and reveal how warm temperature protects against atherosclerosis by regulating monocyte migration into the blood.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Leifer Lab at Cornell
• Stephanie Langel
• Thermoneutrality suppresses monocyte egress from bone marrow (Circ Res)
• Fever regulates immunity (Nat Rev Immunol)
• Macrophage image by Blausen Medical

Cindy - FDA approves second CAR T cell therapy Steph - Gammaherpesvirus protects against asthma Vincent - Truth Wins by Jonathan Yewdell

Intro music is by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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