Ben Franklin’s World

Do you ever wonder how governments met and worked in colonial British America?

 Williamsburg, Virginia, served as the capital of Virginia between 1699 and 1779. During its 80 years of service as capital, Williamsburg represented the center of British authority in Virginia. This meant the Royal Governor of the colony lived in Williamsburg. Indigenous, colonial, and other delegations came to Williamsburg to negotiate treaties and trade with Virginia. And, the colonial government met in Williamsburg’s capitol building to pass laws, listen to court cases, and debate ideas.

Katie Schinabeck, a historian of historical memory and the American Revolution and the Digital Projects Researcher at Colonial Williamsburg’s Innovation Studios, takes us on a behind-the-scenes tour of Williamsburg’s colonial capitol building to explore how the government of colonial Virginia worked and operated.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/391 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 084: How Historians Read Historical Sources
• Episode 099: Pirates & Pirate Nests in the British Atlantic World
• Episode 153: Committees and Congresses: Governments of the American Revolution
• Episode 202: The Early History of the United States Congress
• Episode 259: American Legal History & the Bill of Rights
• Episode 315: History and American Democracy
• Episode 328: Warren Milteer, Free People of Color in Early America
• Episode 389: Nicole Eustace, Indigenous Justice in Early America

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When we think about the American Revolution, the French Revolution, or the Haitian Revolution, we think about the ideals of freedom and equality. These ideals were embedded and discussed in all of these revolutions.

What we don’t always think about when we think about these revolutions are the objects that inspired, came out of, and were circulated as they took place. 

Ashli White, an Associate Professor of History at the University of Miami in Florida, joins us to investigate the “revolutionary things” that were created and circulated during the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions with details from her book Revolutionary Things: Material Culture and Politics in the Late Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/390 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
• The Power of Place: The Centennial Campaign for Colonial Williamsburg
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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 124: James Alexander Dun, Making the Haitian Revolution in Early America
• Episode 136: Jennifer Van Horn, Material Culture and the Making of America
• Episode 164: The American Revolution in the Age of Revolutions
• Episode 165: The Age of Revolutions
• Episode 177, Martin Brückner, The Social Life of Maps in America
• Episode 306: The Horse’s Tail: Revolution & Memory in Early New York City
• Episode 319: Cuba: An Early American History

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Early North America was a place that contained hundreds of distinct Indigenous nations and peoples who spoke at least 2,000 distinct languages. In the early sixteenth century, Spain began to establish colonies on mainland North America, and they were followed by the French, Dutch, and English, and the forced migration of enslaved Africans who represented at least 45 different ethnic and cultural groups. With such diversity, Early North America was full of cross-cultural encounters.

What did it look like when people of different ethnicities, races, and cultures interacted with one another? How were the people involved in cross-cultural encounters able to understand and overcome their differences?

Nicole Eustace is an award-winning historian at New York University. Using details from her Pulitzer-prize-winning book, Covered with Night: A Story of Murder and Indigenous Justice in Early America, Nicole will take us through one cross-cultural encounter in 1722 between the Haudenosaunee and Susquehannock peoples and English colonists in Pennsylvania.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/389 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 080: Liberty’s Prisoners: Prisons and Prison Life in Early America 
• Episode 171: Native Americans, British Colonists, and Trade in North America
• Episode 220: New England Indians, Colonists, and the Origins of Slavery 
• Episode 264: Treaty of Canandaigua
• Episode 356: The Moravian Church in North America
• Episode 362: Treaties Between the US and American Indian Nations 

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Happy Fourth of July! 

We’ve created special episodes to commemorate, celebrate, and remember the Fourth of July for years. Many of our episodes have focused on the Declaration of Independence, how and why it was created, the ideas behind it, and its sacred words: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”

This year, we examine a different aspect of the Declaration of Independence: the man behind the boldest signature on the document: John Hancock.

Brooke Barbier is a public historian and holds a Ph.D. in American History from Boston College. She’s also the author of the first biography in many years about John Hancock, it’s called King Hancock: The Radical Influence of a Moderate Founding Father.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/388 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 018: Our Declaration
• Episode 129: John Bell, The Road to Concord, 1775
• Episode 141: A Declaration in Draft
• Episode 245: Celebrating the Fourth
• Episode 277: Whose Fourth of July?
• Episode 306: The Horse’s Tail: Revolution & Memory in Early New York City
• Episode 309: Merchant Ships of the Eighteenth Century
• Episode 360: Kyera Singleton, Slavery & Freedom in Massachusetts

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When we think of California, we might think about sunny weather, Hollywood, beaches, wine country, and perhaps the Gold Rush.

What we don’t usually think about when we think about California is the state’s long history of slavery.

Jean Pfaelzer, a Californian and a Professor Emerita of English, Asian Studies, and Women and Gender Studies at the University of Delaware, joins us to lead us through some of California’s long 250-year history of slavery with details from her book, California: A Slave State. 

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/387 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 014: West of the Revolution: An Uncommon History of 1776
• Episode 067: An Environmental History of Early California and Hawaii 
• Episode 115: The Early American History of Texas
• Episode 139: The Other Slavery: Indian Enslavement in the Americas
• Episode 233: A History of Russian America 
• Episode 277: Whose Fourth of July?
• Episode 312: The Domestic Slave Trade
• Episode 371: An Archive of Indigenous Slavery 
• Episode 384: Making Maine: A Journey to Statehood

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In this special Juneteenth episode, as we honor the emancipation of enslaved African Americans, we delve into the work of those working to preserve slave dwellings across the United States, safeguarding the essential stories these structures embody.

In our conversation, Joseph McGill, the Executive Director and Founder of the Slave Dwelling Project, joins us to share why former slave dwellings are vital to our nation's history and what they reveal about the lives of those who once lived in them.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/386 Sponsor Links

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 075: How Archives Work
• Episode 079: What is a Historic Source?
• Episode 089: Slavery & Freedom in Early Maryland
• Episode 312: The Domestic Slave Trade
• Episode 331: Discovery of the Williamsburg Bray School
• Episode 360: Kyera Singleton, Slavery & Freedom in Massachusetts
• Episode 378: Everyday Black Living in Early America

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The United States Constitution of 1787 gave many Americans pause about the powers the new federal government could exercise and how the government's leadership would rest with one person, the president.

The fact that George Washington would likely serve as the new nation’s first president calmed many Americans’ fears that the new nation was creating an opportunity for a hereditary monarch. Washington had proven his commitment to a democratic form of government when he gave up his army command peacefully and voluntarily. He had proven he was someone Americans could trust. Plus, George Washington had no biological heirs–no sons–to whom he might pass on the presidency.

But while George Washington had no biological heirs, he did have heirs.

Cassandra A. Good, an Associate Professor of History at Marymount University and author of First Family: George Washington’s Heirs and the Making of America, joins us to explore Washington’s heirs and the lives they lived.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/385 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Complementary Episodes

• Episode 027: A History of Stepfamilies in Early America
• Episode 033: George Washington and His Library 
• Episode 061: George Washinton in Retirement 
• Episode 074: Martha Washington 
• Episode 137: The Washingtons’ Runaway Slave
• Episode 183: George Washinton’s Mount Vernon 
• Episode 222: The Early History of Washington, D.C. 
• Episode 265: An Early History of the White House  

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Article IV, Section 3 of the United States Constitution establishes guidelines by which the United States Congress can admit new states to the American Union. It clearly states that “no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State…without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.”

Five states have been formed from pre-existing states: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Maine. How did the process of forming a state from a pre-existing state work? Why would territories within a state want to declare their independence from their home state?

Joshua Smith, the interim director of the American Merchant Marine Museum in Kings Point, New York, and author of the book Making Maine: Statehood and the War of 1812, leads us on an exploration of Maine’s journey to statehood.

Show Notes:https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/384 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
• Juneteenth at Colonial Williamsburg

Complementary Episodes

• Episode 030: Northern New England’s Religious Geography
• Episode 057: Money and the American State
• Episode 098: Birth of the American Tax Man
• Episode 103, James Monroe and & His Estate Highland
• Episode 134: Pulpit and Nation
• Episode 309: Merchant Ships of the Eighteenth Century

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If you will recall from Episode 331, the Williamsburg Bray School is the oldest existing structure in the United States that we know was used to educate African and African American children.

As the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation prepares the Bray School for you to visit and see, we’re having many conversations about the history of the school, its scholars, and early Black American History in general. During one of these conversations, the work of Kevin Dawson came up. Kevin is an Associate Professor of History at the University of California, Merced and author of the book, Undercurrents of Power: Aquatic Culture in the African Diaspora.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/383 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Complementary Episodes

• Episode 104: The Saltwater Frontier: Europeans & Native Americans on the Northeastern Coast
• Episode 241: Pearls and the Nature of the Spanish Empire
• Episode 250: Virginia, 1619
• Episode 277: Who's Fourth of July?
• Episode 331: Discovery of the Williamsburg Bray School
• Episode 347: African and African American Music
• Episode 352: James Forten and the Making of the United States

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Within the Declaration of Independence, the founders of the United States present twenty-seven grievances against King George III as they declare their reasons for why the thirteen British North American colonies sought their independence from Great Britain. Their twenty-fifth grievance declares that King George III “is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat [sic] the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun.”

What do we know about the “Armies of foreign Mercenaries” King George III sent to his rebellious American colonies? 

Friederike Baer, an Associate Professor of History at Penn State Abbington College, joins us to explore the lives and wartime experiences of the 30,000 German soldiers the British Crown hired and dispatched to North America during the American War for Independence. Frederike is the author of the award-winning book Hessians: German Soldiers in the American Revolutionary War.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/382 Sponsor Links

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 046: Whirlwind: The American Revolution & the War That Won It 
• Episode 048: Dangerous Guests: Enemy Captives During the War for Independence 
• Episode 081: After Yorktown
• Episode 144: The Common Cause
• Episode 147: British Soldiers, American War 
• Episode 157: The Revolution’s African American Soldiers
• Episode 252: The Highland Soldier in North America
• Episode 375: Misinformation Nation

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The vast and varied landscapes of Texas loom large in our American imaginations. As does Texas culture with its BBQ, cowboys, and larger-than-life personality. But before Texas was a place that embraced ranching, space flight, and country music, Texas was a place with rich and vibrant Indigenous cultures and traditions and with Spanish and Mexican cultures and traditions.

Martha Menchaca, a Professor of Anthropology at the University of Texas, Austin, is a scholar of Texas history and United States-Mexican culture. She joins us to explore the Spanish and Mexican origins of Texas with details from her book, The Mexican American Experience in Texas: Citizenship, Segregation, and the Struggle for Equality.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/381 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Complementary Episodes

• Episode 037: Kathleen DuVal, Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of the American Revolution
• Episode 115: Andrew Torget, The Early American History of Texas
• Episode 178, Karoline Cook, Muslims & Moriscos in Colonial Spanish America
• Episode 241: Molly Warsh, Pearls & the Nature of the Spanish Empire
• Episode 334, Brandon Bayne, Missions and Mission Building in New Spain
• Episode 358: Charles Tingley, St Augustine and Early Florida
• Episode 371: Estevan Rael-Gálvez, An Archive of Indigenous Slavery

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The American Revolution was a movement that divided British Americans. Americans did not universally agree on the Revolution’s ideas about governance and independence. And the movement’s War for Independence was a bloody civil war that not only pitted brother against brother and fathers against sons; it also pitted wives against husbands.

Cynthia A. Kierner is a professor of history at George Mason University and the author of the book The Tory’s Wife: A Woman and Her Family in Revolutionary America. Cindy joins us to lead us through the story of Jane and William Spurgin, an everyday couple who lived in the North Carolina Backcountry during the American Revolution and who found themselves supporting different sides of the Revolution.

Show Notes:https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/380 Sponsor Links

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 085: Bonnie Huskins, American Loyalists in Canada
• Episode 126: Rebecca Brannon, The Reintegration of American Loyalists
• Episode 237: Nora Doyle, Motherhood in Early America
• Episode 325: Woody Holton, Everyday People of the American Revolution
• Episode 330: Brad Jones, Loyalism in the British Atlantic World
• Episode 356: Paul Peucker, The Moravian Church in North America

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Women make up eight out of every ten healthcare workers in the United States. Yet they lag behind men when it comes to working in the roles of medical doctors and surgeons.

Why has healthcare become a professional field dominated by women, and yet women represent a minority of physicians and doctors who serve at the top of the healthcare field?

Susan H. Brandt, a historian and lecturer at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, seeks to find answers to these questions. In doing so, she takes us into the rich history of women healers with details from her book, Women Healers: Gender, Authority, and Medicine in Early Philadelphia.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/379 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Complementary Episodes

• Episode 003: Director of the Library Company of Philadelphia
• Episode 005: Revolutionary Medicine: The Founding Fathers and Mothers in Sickness and Health
• Episode 116: Disease & the Seven Years’ War
• Episode 174: Yellow Fever in the Early American Republic
• Episode 263: The Medical Imagination
• Episode 273: David Hosack, Botany, and Medicine in the Early Republic
• Episode 276: Benjamin Rush: Founding Father
• Episode 301: From Inoculation to Vaccination, Part 1
• Episode 302: From Inoculation to Vaccination, Part 2

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When we study the history of Black Americans, especially in the early American period, we tend to focus on slavery and the slave trades. But focusing solely on slavery can hinder our ability to see that, like all early Americans, Black Americans were multi-dimensional people who led complicated lives and lived a full range of experiences that were worth living and talking about.

Tara Bynum, an Assistant Professor of English and African American Studies at the University of Iowa and the author of Reading Pleasures: Everyday Black Living in Early America, joins us to explore the lives of four early Black American writers: Phillis Wheatley, John Marrant, James Albert Unkawsaw Groniosaw, and David Walker.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/378 Sponsor Links

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 025: Inventing George Whitefield 
• Episode 083: Unfreedom: Slavery in Colonial Boston
• Episode 118: The Business of Slavery in Rhode Island
• Episode 123: Revolutionary Allegiances
• Episode 166: Freedom and the American Revolution
• Episode 328: Free People of Color in Early America
• Episode 360: Slavery & Freedom in Massachusetts

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2023 marked the 250th anniversary of the arrival of Phillis Wheatley's published book of poetry in the British American colonies.

Phillis Wheatley was an enslaved African woman who, as a teenager, became the first published African author of a book of poetry written in English. 

Ade Solanke, an award-winning playwright and screenwriter, has written two plays about Phillis Wheatley’s life to commemorate the semiquincentennial of Wheatley’s literary accomplishments. She joins us to not only explore the life of Phillis Wheatley, but also how playwrights use and research history to help them create dramatic works of art. Works of art that can help us forge an emotional connection with the past.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/377 Sponsor Links

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 008: The Intercolonial Slave Trade of British America
• Episode 086: Ben Franklin in London
• Episode 123: Revolutionary Allegiances
• Episode 132: Indigenous London
• Episode 166: Freedom and the American Revolution
• Episode 170: New England Bound: Slavery in Early New England

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Colonial America was born in a world of religious alliances and rivalries. Missionary efforts in the colonial Americas allow us to see how some of these religious alliances and rivalries played out. Spain, and later France, sent Catholic priests and friars to North and South America, and the Caribbean, purportedly to save the souls of Indigenous Americans by converting them to Catholicism. We also know that Protestants did similar work to help counteract this Catholic work in the Americas.

Kirsten Silva Gruesz, a Professor of Literature at the University of California, Santa Cruz, joins us to explore the life and work of Cotton Mather, a Boston Puritan minister who actively sought to counteract the work of Catholic conversion, with details from her book Cotton Mather’s Spanish Lessons: A Story of Language, Race, and Belonging in the Early Americas.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/376 Sponsor Links

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 047: Emily Conroy-Krutz, Christian Imperialism: Converting the World in the Early American Republic
• Episode 139: Andrés Reséndez, The Other Slavery: Indian Enslavement in the Americas
• Episode 170: Wendy Warren, New England Bound: Slavery in Early New England
• Episode 196: Alejandra Dubcovsky, Information & Communication in the Early American South
• Episode 242: Molly Warsh, Pearls & the Nature of the Spanish Empire
• Episode 301: From Inoculation to Vaccination, Part 1
• Episode 318: Ste Genevieve National Historic Park
• Episode 334: Brandon Bayne, Missions and Mission Building in New Spain
• Episode 371: Estevan Rael-Gálvez, An Archive of Indigenous Slavery

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Over the past decade, we’ve heard a lot about “fake news” and “misinformation.” And as 2024 is an election year, it’s likely we’re going to hear even more about these terms.

So what is the origin of misinformation in the American press? When did Americans decide that they needed to be concerned with figuring out whether the information they heard or read was truthful or fake?

Jordan E. Taylor joins us to find answers to these questions. Jordan is a historian who studies the history of media and the ways early Americans created, spread, and circulated news. He is also the author of the book Misinformation Nation: Foreign News and the Politics of Truth in Revolutionary America.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/375 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 144: The Common Cause of the American Revolution
• Episode 156: The Power of the Press in the American Revolution
• Episode 207: Young Benjamin Franklin
• Episode 227: Copyright & Fair Use in Early America
• Episode 243:  Revolutionary Print Networks

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The American Revolution and its War for Independence comprised the United States’ founding movement. The War for Independence also served as the fifth major war for European empire in North America.

The fourth war for European empire, the Seven Years’ War, reshaped and redefined Europe’s worldwide colonial landscape in Great Britain’s favor. The American Revolutionary War presented Britain’s European rivals with an opportunity to regain some of the territory they had lost. An opportunity we can see those rivals seizing in the Revolutionary War’s Western Theater.

Stephen Kling, Jr., is the author and co-author of several books and articles about the American Revolution in the West. His latest book, The American Revolutionary War in the West, has served as the basis for a museum exhibit at the St. Charles County Heritage Museum in St. Peters, Missouri. Stephen joins us as our expert guide on our expedition through the Revolution’s Western Theater.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/374 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 014: West of the Revolution: An Uncommon History of 1776
• Episode 037: Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of the American Revolution
• Episode 041: Canada & the American Revolution
• Episode 051: A History of Early Detroit
• Episode 081: After Yorktown: The Final Struggle for American Independence
• Episode 102: George Rogers Clark & the Fight for the Illinois Country
• Episode 318: Ste. Genevieve National Historical Park
• Episode 372: A History of the Myaamia

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The so-called “March to the American Revolution” comprised many more events than just the Stamp Act Riots, the Boston Massacre, and the Tea Crisis. One event we often overlook played an essential and direct role in the events needed to draw the thirteen rebellious British North American colonies into a union of coordinated response. That event was the Gaspee Affair in 1772.

Adrian Weimer, a professor of history at Providence College, has been researching the Gaspee Affair and what it can tell us about the constitutional balance between the British Empire and its colonies. She leads us on an investigation of the Gaspee Affair.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/373 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 112: The Tea Crisis of 1773
• Episode 118: The Business of Slavery in Rhode Island
• Episode 144: The Common Cause of the American Revolution
• Episode 153: Committees and Congresses: Governments of the American Revolution
• Episode 309: Merchant Ships of the Eighteenth Century
• Episode 325: Everyday People of the American Revolution

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Early America was a diverse place. A significant part of this diversity came from the fact that there were at least 1,000 different Indigenous tribes and nations living in different areas of North America before the Spanish and other European empires arrived on the continent’s shores.

 Diane Hunter and John Bickers join us to investigate the history and culture of one of these distinct Indigenous tribes: the Myaamia. At the time of this recording, Diane Hunter was the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer for the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. She has since retired from that position. John Bickers is an Assistant Professor of History at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio. Both Diane and John are citizens of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma and experts in Myaamia history and culture.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/372 Sponsor Links

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• Episode 029: Colin Calloway, The Victory with No Name: The Native American Defeat of the First American Army
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• Episode 291: The World of the Wampanoag, Part 2: 1620 and Beyond
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• Episode 367: The Brafferton Indian School, Part 1
• Episode 368: The Brafferton Indian School, Part 2: Legacies

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Long before European arrival in the Americas, Indigenous people and nations practiced enslavement. Their version of enslavement looked different from the version Christopher Columbus and his fellow Europeans practiced, but Indigenous slavery also shared many similarities with the Euro-American practice of African Chattel Slavery.

While there is no way to measure the exact impact of slavery upon the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, we do know the practice involved many millions of Indigenous people who were captured, bound, and sold as enslaved people.

Estevan Rael-Gálvez, Executive Director of Native Bound-Unbound: Archive of Indigenous Slavery, joins us to discuss the digital project Native Bound-Unbound: Archive of Indigenous Slavery.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/371 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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• The Power of Place: The Centennial Campaign for Colonial Williamsburg

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• Episode 008: Greg O'Malley, Final Passages: The Intercolonial Slave Trade of British America
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• Episode 197: Brett Rushforth, Native American Slavery in New France
• Episode 220: Margaret Ellen Newell, New England Indians, Colonists, and Origins of Slavery
• Episode 367: The Brafferton Indian School, Part 1
• Episode 368: The Brafferton Indian School, Part 2: Legacies

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Happy Halloween! In honor of the 31st of October and All Hallows Eve, we investigate a historical incident of witches and witchcraft in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1651.

Malcolm Gaskill, Emeritus Professor of Early Modern History at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, England, and one of the leading experts in the history of witchcraft, joins us to discuss details from his new book, The Ruin of All Witches: Life and Death in the New World.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/370 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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• Episode 341: Mairi Cowan, Possession and Exorcism in New France

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Establishing colonies in North America took an astonishing amount of work. Colonists had to clear trees, eventually remove stumps from newly cleared fields, plant crops to eat and sell, weed and tend those crops, and then they had to harvest crops, and get the crops they intended to sell to the nearest market town, and that was just some of the work involved to establish colonial farms.

Colonists did not often perform this work on their own. They enlisted the help of children and neighbors, purchased enslaved people, and used animals.

Undra Jeter is the Bill and Jean Lane Director of Coach and Livestock at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. He joins us to explore the animals English and British colonists brought with them to North America and used to build, run, and sustain their colonial farms and cities. Animals provided many benefits to early Americans, so Undra also shares information about the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s efforts to bring back the population numbers of some of these historic animal breeds through its rare breeds program.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/369 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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• Episode 275: Ingrid Tague, Pets in Early America

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The Brafferton Indian School has a long and complicated legacy. Chartered with the College of William & Mary in 1693, the Brafferton Indian School’s purpose was to educate young Indigenous boys in the ways of English religion, language, and culture. The Brafferton performed this work for more than 70 years, between the arrival of its first students in 1702 and when the last documented student left the school in 1778. 

This second episode in our 2-episode series about the Brafferton Indian School will focus on the legacy of the Brafferton Indian School and how it and other colonial-era Indian Schools established models for the schools the United States government and religious institutions established during the Indian Boarding School Era. 

As one of the architects of these later Boarding Schools, Richard Henry Pratt, stated, the purpose of these boarding schools was to “kill the Indian and save the man.” Pratt meant that the United States government desired to assimilate and fully Americanize Indigenous children so there would be no more Native Americans. 

But Indigenous peoples are resilient, and they have resisted American attempts to extinguish their cultures. So we’ll also hear from three tribal citizens in Virginia who are working in different ways to reawaken long-dormant aspects of their Indigenous cultures.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/368 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
• The American Indian Initiative at Colonial Williamsburg 
• William & Mary, Brafferton Initiative
• William & Mary October 28th Lecture: Ned Blackhawk, “The Indigenous Origins of the American Revolution”

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• Episode 291: The World of the Wampanoag, Part 2: 1620 and Beyond
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• Episode 314: Colin Calloway, Native Americans in Early American Cities
• Episode 343: Music and Song in Native North America
• Episode 353: Brooke Bauer, Women and the Making of Catawba Identity
• Episode 367: The Brafferton Indian School, Part 1

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• WarPaint Singers
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In 1693, King William III and Queen Mary II of England granted a royal charter for two institutions of higher education in the Colony of Virginia. The first institution was the College of William & Mary. The second institution was the Indian School at William & Mary, known from 1723 to the present as the Brafferton Indian School.

The history of the Brafferton Indian School is a story of power, trade, land, and culture. It’s an Indigenous story. It’s also a story of English, later British, colonialism.

Over the next two episodes, we will investigate the Brafferton Indian School and the stories it tells about power, trade, land, culture, and colonialism in early America. We’ll also explore the legacy of the Brafferton and other colonial Indian schools by examining the connections between these schools and the creation of the Indian Boarding Schools that operated within the United States between the mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries.

In this episode, we focus on the history and origins of the Brafferton Indian School.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/367 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
• The American Indian Initiative at Colonial Williamsburg
• William & Mary, Brafferton Initiative
• William & Mary October 28th Lecture: Ned Blackhawk, “The Indigenous Origins of the American Revolution”

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• Episode 291: The World of the Wampanoag, Part 2: 1620 and Beyond
• Episode 310: Rosalyn LaPier, History of the Blackfeet
• Episode 314: Colin Calloway, Native Americans in Early American Cities
• Episode 353: Brooke Bauer, Women and the Making of Catawba Identity

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On September 17, 1787, the members of the Constitutional Convention concluded their work by signing the final draft of their new proposed government. The document they signed was the United States Constitution, which is why the United States marks Constitution Day each year on September 17.

In honor of Constitution Day, we explore the life of a Founder who played a large role in the creation and shaping of the United States Constitution: James Wilson.

Michael H. Taylor, Professor of United States History and Political Science at Northeast Community College and author of James Wilson: The Anxious Founder, joins us to investigate the life of James Wilson, who stands as one of the United States’ overlooked founders. 

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/366 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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2020 commemorated the 300th anniversary of French presence on Prince Edward Island. Like much of North America, the Canadian Maritime provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island, and Prince Edward Island were highly contested regions. In fact, the way France and Great Britain fought for presence and control of this region places the Canadian Maritimes among the most contested regions in eighteenth-century North America.

Anne Marie Lane Jonah, a historian with the Parks Canada Agency, joins us to explore the history of Prince Edward Island and why Great Britain and France fought over the Canadian Maritime region.

This episode originally posted as Episode 283. 

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/365

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The Mississippi Gulf Coast was the home of many different peoples, cultures, and empires during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. According to some historians, the Gulf Coast region may have been the most diverse region in early North America.


Matthew Powell, a historian of slavery and southern history and the Executive Director of the La Pointe-Krebs House & Museum in Pascagoula, Mississippi, joins us to investigate and explore the Mississippi Gulf Coast and a prominent family who has lived there since about 1718.

This episode originally posted as Episode 303.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/364 Sponsor Links

• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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About 620 miles north of New Orleans and 62 miles south of St. Louis, sits the town of Ste. Geneviéve, Missouri.

Established in 1750 by the French, Ste. Geneviéve reveals much about what it was like to establish a colony in the heartland of North America and what it was like for colonists to live so far removed from seats of imperial power.

Claire Casey, a National Park Service interpretative ranger at the Ste. Geneviéve National Historical Park, joins us to explore the early American history of Ste. Geneviéve.

This episode is originally posted as Episode 318. 

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/363

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The Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian has an exhibit called Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States & American Indian Nations. This exhibit allows you to see treaties the United States has made with American Indian nations and learn more about those treaties and their outcomes.

David W. Penney is the Associate Director of Museum Scholarship, Exhibitions, and Public Engagement at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian. He’s also an internationally recognized scholar and curator who has a lot of expertise in Native American art history, and he was involved in creating the Nation to Nation exhibit. He joins us to guide us through this exhibit and some of the treaties the United States has made with Indigenous nations.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/362

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• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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• Episode 163: The American Revolution in North America
• Episode 223: Susan Sleeper-Smith, A Native American History of the Ohio River Valley & Great Lakes Region
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• Episode 323: Michael Witgen, American Expansion and the Political Economy of Plunder

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July 4, 2023 marks the 247th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence and the birth of the United States. In three short years, we will be marking the 250th anniversary of these events.

How are historians thinking about the American Revolution for 2026? What are they discussing when it comes to the 250th anniversary of the United States’ founding? 

Lindsay M. Chervinsky, Ronald Angelo Johnson, and Kariann Akemi Yokota join us to answer these questions. All three guests are historians of the American Revolutionary Era who research the American Revolution from different perspectives.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/361 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Juneteenth is a holiday that celebrates and commemorates the end of slavery in the United States. We choose to reflect on the end of slavery in the United States on June 19, because, on June 19, 1865, United States General Gordon Granger issued his General Order No. 3 in Galveston, Texas, informing Texans that all slaves are free.

Juneteenth may feel like it is a mid-19th-century moment, but the end of slavery didn’t just occur on one day or at one time. And it didn’t just occur in the mid-19th century. The fight to end slavery was a long process that started during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 

Kyera Singleton, the Executive Director of the Royall House and Slave Quarters in Medford, Massachusetts, has spent years researching the lives of the enslaved people who lived and worked on the Royall Plantation and the significant contributions they made to ending slavery in Massachusetts. Kyera joins us to investigate the story of slavery and freedom within the first state in the United States to legally abolish slavery.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/360 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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• Episode 329: Mark Tabbert, Freemasonry in Early America
• Episode 351: Nicole Maskiell, Wealth and Slavery in New Netherland

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“People are complicated” is a truism that holds in the past and the present. Seldom do we find a person where all of their actions and thoughts are black and white. What we see instead is that people are colorful because they aren’t just one thing and they don’t think and act in one way.

Human identities are one area where we find a lot of colorfulness and complexity. Most humans have multiple Identities based in geography, nationality, religious affiliation, race and ethnicity, and also gender.

Jen Manion, a Professor of History and of Sexuality and Women’s and Gender Studies at Amherst College and author of the book, Female Husbands: A Trans History, joins us to investigate the early American world of female husbands, people who were assigned female at birth and then transed-gender at some point in their lives to live as men.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/359

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• Episode 292: Craft in Early America
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• Episode 354: John Wood Sweet, The Sewing Gir’s Tale
• Episode 357: Eric Jay Dolin, Privateering During the American Revolution 

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For much of the colonial period, Spain claimed almost all of North America as Spanish territory. It displayed this claim on maps and in the administrative units it created to govern this vast territory: New Spain and La Florida.

Charles Tingley is a Senior Research Librarian at the St. Augustine Historical Society in St. Augustine, Florida, and an expert in the history of St. Augustine. He joins us to explore the early American history of La Florida through the lens of one of its capitals: the City of St. Augustine.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/358 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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• Episode 241: Molly Warsh, Pearls & the Nature of the Spanish Empire
• Episode 319: Ada Ferrer, Cuba, An Early American History
• Episode 334: Brandon Bayne, Missions and Mission Building in New Spain

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How did the Continental Congress approach creating military forces that could go toe-to-toe with the British military during the American War for Independence?

Eric Jay Dolin joins us to answer part of that question by looking at the creation of the United States’ privateer fleet. Dolin is the author of fifteen books about the maritime history of early America, including Rebels at Sea: Privateering in the American Revolution.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/357 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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In 1682, the first Assembly of Pennsylvania and the Delaware counties met in Chester, Pennsylvania, and adopted “the Great Law,” a humanitarian code that guaranteed the people of Pennsylvania liberty of conscience.

“The Great Law” created an environment that not only welcomed William Penn’s fellow Quakers to Pennsylvania but also created space for the migration of other unestablished religions, such as the Lutherans, Schwenkfelders, and Moravians.

Paul Peucker, an archivist and the Director of the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, joins us to investigate the establishment of the Moravian Church in North America. Paul is the author of many articles, essays, and books about the Moravians and their history, including Herrnhut: The Formation of a Moravian Community, 1722-1732.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/356 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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• Episode 214: Christopher Grasso, Skepticism & American Faith
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On April 10th, 1606, King James I granted the Virginia Company of London a charter. Just over a year later, on May 14, 1607, this privately-funded, joint-stock company established the first, permanent English colony in North America at Jamestown, in the colony of Virginia. 

What work did the Virginia Company have to do to establish this colony? How much money did it have to raise, and from whom did it raise this money, to support its colonial venture?

Misha Ewen, a Lecturer in early modern history at the University of Bristol and author of The Virginia Venture: American Colonization and English Society, 1580-1660, joins us to discuss the early history of the Virginia Company and its early investors.

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History tells us who we are and how we came to be who we are. It also allows us to look back and see how far we’ve come as people and societies. Of course, history also has the power to show us how little has changed over time.

John Wood Sweet, a professor of history at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and author of the book, The Sewing Girl’s Tale: A Story of Crime and Consequences in Revolutionary America, winner of the 2023 Bancroft Prize in American History, joins us to investigate the first published rape trial in the United States and how one woman, Lanah Sawyer, bravely confronted the man who raped her by bringing him to court for his crime.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/354 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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• Episode 069: Abby Chandler, Law, Order, and Sexual Misconduct in Colonial New England
• Episode 113: Brian Murphy, Building the Empire State
• Episode 174: Thomas Apel, Yellow Fever in the Early American Republic
• Episode 185: Joyce Goodfriend, Early New York City & Its Culture
• Episode 190: Jennifer Goloboy, Origins of the American Middle Class
• Episode 225: Elaine Forman Crane, The Poison Plot: Adultery & Murder In Colonial Newport
• Episode 257: Catherine O’Donnell, Elizabeth Seton An Early American Life

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How did Indigenous people adapt to and survive the onslaught of Indigenous warfare, European diseases, and population loss between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries?  How did past generations of Indigenous women ensure their culture would live on from one generation to the next so their people would endure?

Brooke Bauer, an assistant professor of history at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville and author of the book Becoming Catawba: Catawba Women and Nation Building, 1540-1840, joins us to investigate these questions and what we might learn from the Catawba.

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• Episode 342: Elizabeth Ellis, The Great Power of Small Native Nations

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People of African descent have made great contributions to the United States and its history. Think about all of the food, music, dance, medicine, farming and religious practices that people of African descent have contributed to American culture. Think about the sacrifices they’ve made to create and protect the United States as an independent nation.

Matthew Skic, a Curator of Exhibitions at the Museum of the American Revolution in Philadelphia, joins us to investigate the life and deeds of the Forten Family. A family of African-descended people who worked in the revolutionary era and beyond to build a better world for their family, community, state, and nation.

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• Episode 332: Experiences of Revolution Part 1: Occupied Philadelphia 

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African chattel slavery, the predominant type of slavery practiced in colonial North America and the early United States, did not represent one monolithic practice of slavery. Practices of slavery varied by region, labor systems, legal codes, and empire.

Slavery also wasn’t just about enslavers enslaving people for their labor. Enslavers used enslaved people to make statements about their social status, as areas of economic investment that built generational wealth, and as a form of currency.

Nicole Maskiell, an associate professor of History at the University of South Carolina and the author of Bound By Bondage: Slavery and the Creation of the Northern Gentry, joins us to investigate the practice of slavery in Dutch New Netherland and how the colony’s elite families built their wealth and power on the labor, skills, and bodies of enslaved Africans and African Americans.

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• Episode 220: Margaret Newell, New England Indians, Colonists, and the Origins of Slavery
• Episode 242: David Young, A History of Early Delaware
• Episode 256: Christian Koot, Mapping Empire in the Chesapeake
• Episode 324, Andrea Mosterman, New Netherland and Slavery

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Before the American Revolution became a war and a fight for independence, the Revolution was a movement and protest for more local control of government. So how did the American Revolution get started? Who worked to transform a series of protests into a revolution?

This is a BIG question with no one answer. But one American who worked to transform protests into a coordinated revolutionary movement was a Boston politician named Samuel Adams.

Stacy Schiff, a Pulitzer Prize-winning author, joins us to explore and investigate the life, deeds, and contributions of Samuel Adams using details from her book, The Revolutionary: Samuel Adams.

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• Episode 193: Partisans: The Friendship and Rivalry of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson
• Episode 228: Eric Hinderaker, The Boston Massacre
• Episode 296: Serena Zabin, The Boston Massacre: A Family History

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There are a lot of books about Benjamin Franklin. They tell us about his youth and accomplishments in business, politics, and diplomacy. They tell us about his serious interest in electricity and science, and about his philanthropic work. But only a handful of these books tell us about Benjamin Franklin as a man. What did Benjamin Franklin think about and experience when it came to his private, lived life?

Nancy Rubin Stuart, an award-winning historian and journalist and author of Poor Richard’s Women: Deborah Read Franklin and the Other Women Behind the Founding Father, joins us to investigate the private life of Benjamin Franklin by using the women in his life as a window on to his experiences as a husband, father, and friend.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/349 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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• Episode 175: Daniel Mark Epstein, The Revolution in Ben Franklin’s House
• Episode 193: Partisans: The Friendship and Rivalry of John Adams & Thomas Jefferson
• Episode 207: Young Benjamin Franklin
• Episode 320: Benjamin Franklin’s London House

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On December 19, 1777, George Washington marched his Continental Army into its winter encampment at Valley Forge. In school we learned this was a hard, cold winter that saw the soldiers so ill-supplied they chewed on the leather of their shoes. But is this what really happened at Valley Forge? Were soldiers idle, wallowing in their misery?

Ricardo Herrera, a historian of American military history and a visiting professor in the Department of National Security and Strategy at the U.S. Army War College, joins us to investigate the winter at Valley Forge with details form his book, Feeding Washington’s Army: Surviving the Valley Forge Winter of 1778.

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• Episode 301: From Inoculation to Vaccination, Part 1
• Episode 302: From Inoculation to Vaccination, Part 2
• Episode 332: Experiences of Revolution: Occupied Philadelphia
• Episode 333: Experiences of Revolution: Disruptions in Yorktown

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It’s impossible to overstate the importance of African and African American music to the United States’ musical traditions. Steven Lewis, a Curator of Music and Performing Arts at the Smithsonian, notes that “African American influences are so fundamental to American music there would be no American music without them.”

Jon Beebe, a Jazz pianist, professional musician, and an interpretive ranger at the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park, leads us on an exploration of how and why African rhythms and beats came to play important roles in the musical history and musical evolution of the Untied States.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/347 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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• Episode 343: Chad Hamill, Music & Song in Native North America
• Episode 344: Music in British North America
• Episode 345: Amateur Musicians in the Early United States
• Episode 346: Music & Politics in the Early United States

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How did everyday Americans in the early United States use and enjoy music? How did they create and circulate new songs and musical lyrics?

Our five-episode series about music in early America continues in this fourth episode about music and politics in the early United States.

Billy Coleman, an Assistant Teaching Professor of History at the University of Missouri and author of the book Harnessing Harmony: Music, Power, and Politics in the United States, 1788-1865, joins us to investigate the role music played in early American politics.

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• Episode 344: David Hildebrand, Music in British North America
• Episode 345: Glenda Goodman, Amateur Musicians in the Early United States

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Our study of music in Early America continues with this third episode in our five-episode series.

Our last two episodes (Episode 343 and Episode 344) helped us better understand the musical landscapes of Native North America around 1492 and colonial British America before 1776. In this episode, we jump forward in time to the early days of the United States.

Glenda Goodman, an Associate Professor of Music at the University of Pennsylvania and the author of the book Cultivated by Hand: Amateur Musicians in the Early American Republic, joins us to investigate the role of music in the lives of wealthy white Americans during the earliest days of the early American republic.

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• Episode 344: David Hildebrand, Music in British North America

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Our 5-episode series about music in Early America continues with this second episode that seeks to answer your questions about music in Early America.

David Hildebrand is a musicologist and an expert on early American music. His research specialty is in Anglo-American music, and he joins us to answer your questions.

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• Episode 343: Chad Hamill, The Musical Landscape of Native America 

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What was music like in Early America? How did different early Americans—Native Americans, African Americans, and White Americans—integrate and use music in their daily lives?

Your questions about music inspired this 5-episode series about music in Early America.

Our exploration begins with music in Native America. Chad Hamill, a Professor of Applied Indigenous Studies at Northern Arizona University, is an ethnomusicologist who studies Native American and Indigenous music. He will guide us through Native North America’s musical landscapes before European colonization.

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Did you know that small Native American nations had the power to dictate the terms of French colonization in the Gulf South region?

Elizabeth Ellis, an Assistant Professor of History at Princeton University and a citizen of the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, joins us on an exploration of the uncovered and recovered histories of the more than 40 distinct and small Native nations who called the Gulf South region home during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Ellis is the author of The Great Power of Small Nations: Indigenous Diplomacy in the Gulf South.

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Prepare for tricks, treats, and time travel! In honor of Halloween, we’re traveling back to the mid-seventeenth century to investigate a case of demonic possession and the practice of exorcism in New France.

Mairi Cowan, an Associate Professor of History at the University of Toronto, Mississauga, joins us to investigate the life of a young French woman named Barbe Hallay and her demonic possession. Cowan is the author of The Possession of Barbe Hallay: Diabolical Arts and Daily Life in Early Canada.

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The War of 1812 is an under-known conflict in United States history. It’s not a war that many Americans think about or dwell upon. And it was not a war that the United States can claim it clearly won.

Nicholas Guyatt, a Professor of North American History at the University of Cambridge, joins us to investigate the War of 1812 and the experiences of American prisoners of war using details from his book, The Hated Cage: An American Tragedy in Britain’s Most Terrifying Prison.

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Between May 25 and September 17, 1787, delegates from each of the United States’ thirteen states assembled in Philadelphia for an event we now call the Constitutional Convention.

What do we know about the moment of the United States Constitution’s creation? What was happening around the Convention, and what issues were Americans discussing and debating as the Convention’s delegates met?

Mary Sarah Bilder, an award-winning historian and the Founders Professor of Law at Boston College Law School, joins us to investigate the context of the United States Constitution’s creation with details from her book, Female Genius: Eliza Harriot and George Washington at the Dawn of the Constitution.

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On September 17, 1787, thirty-nine delegates to the Constitutional Convention signed the United States Constitution and submitted it to the states for ratification.

In honor of Constitution Day, we join three historians from the Senate Historical Office to investigate Article 1 of the Constitution and its creation of the United States Senate.

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What made trade with China so important to the new United States that one of Americans’ first acts after securing the United States’ independence was to establish a trade with China and other Southeast Asian countries?

Deal Norwood, an Assistant Professor of History at the University of Delaware, joins us to explore the lure of trade with China with details from his book, Trading Freedom: How Trade with China Defined Early America.

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• Episode 160: The Politics of Tea
• Episode 298: Lindsay Schakenbach Regele, Origins of American Manufacturing

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What did it take to stage a successful slave uprising?

Over the course of the early republic, we see a few violent slave uprisings in the United States. A particularly brutal rebellion took place in Louisiana in January 1811. Another violent rebellion took place in Southampton County, Virginia in August 1831. Neither of these rebellions led to the abolishment of slavery, but they did lead to the death of many enslaved people and their enslavers.

Vanessa Holden, an Associate Professor of History at the University of Kentucky and the author of the award-winning book Surviving Southampton, leads us through the events and circumstances of the 1831-Southampton Rebellion, a rebellion we tend to know today as Nat Turner’s Rebellion.

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• Episode 052: Ronald Johnson, Early United States-Haitian Diplomacy
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• Episode 282: Vincent Brown, Tacky’s Revolt
• Episode 295: Ibrahima Seck, Whitney Plantation Museum
• Episode 312: Joshua D. Rothman, The Domestic Slave Trade
• Episode 328: Warren Milteer, Jr., Free People of Color in Early America

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Alexander Hamilton played important roles in the founding of the United States. He served in the Continental Army, helped frame the United States Constitution, and helped place the United States on a secure economic footing with his work as the first Secretary of the Treasury.

But how did Hamilton come to know so much about the economic systems that could help the new United States build a strong economic footing?

Why did Hamilton work for and believe that the new United States should be a nation that welcomed all religions and forms of religious worship?

Andrew Porwacher, the Wick Cary Associate Professor of History at the University of Oklahoma and the Ernest May Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center, joins us to investigate the Jewish world and upbringing of Alexander Hamilton.

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• Episode 057: Max Edling, War, Money, and the American State, 1783-1867
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• Episode 203: Joanne Freeman, Alexander Hamilton
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• Episode 317: Jews in Early America

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Spanish explorers and colonists visited, settled, and claimed territory in 42 of the United States’ 50 states. So what does the history of Early America look like from a Spanish point of view?

Brandon Bayne, an Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and author of the book Missions Begin with Blood, joins us to investigate some of the religious aspects of Spanish colonization. Specifically, the work of Spanish missionaries.

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 082: Alejandra Dubcovsky, Information & Communication in the Early American South
• Episode 090: Caitlin Fitz, The Age of Revolutions 
• Episode 115: Andrew Torget, The Early American History of Texas
• Episode 139: Andrés Reséndez, The Other Slavery
• Episode 178: Karoline Cook, Muslims & Moriscos in Colonial Spanish America
• Episode 189: Sam White, The Little Ice Age
• Episode 241: Molly Warsh, Pearls & the Nature of the Spanish Empire

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What was everyday life like during the American War for Independence?

Our Fourth of July series continues with an investigation of how the American War for Independence impacted those who remained on the home front. As episode 332 explored how the war impacted the lives of people who lived in urban Philadelphia, this episode investigates how the war impacted the lives of people who lived in the more rural setting of Yorktown, Virginia.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/333 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 162: Dunmore’s New World
• Episode 208: Nathaniel Philbrick, Turning Points of the American Revolution
• Episode 245: Celebrating the Fourth
• Episode 250: Virginia 1619
• Episode 277: Whose Fourth of July?
• Episode 289: Marcus Nevius, Maroonage in the Great Dismal Swamp
• Episode 306: The Horse’s Tail: Revolution & Memory in Early New York City
• Episode 332: Occupied Philadelphia

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What was everyday life like during the American War for Independence?

In honor of the Fourth of July, we’ll investigate answers to this question by exploring the histories of occupied Philadelphia and Yorktown, and how civilians, those left on the home front in both of those places, experienced the war and its armies.  These episodes will allow us to see how the war impacted those who remained at home. They will also allow us to better understand the messy confusion and uncertainty Americans experienced in between the big battles and events of the American Revolution. 

This first episode investigates everyday life in British-occupied Philadelphia.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/332 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 050: Marla Miller, Betsy Ross & The Making of America
• Episode 149: George Goodwin, Benjamin Franklin in London
• Episode 175: Daniel Mark Epstein, The Revolution in Ben Franklin’s House
• Episode 208: Nathaniel Philbrick, Turning Points of the American Revolution
• Episode 245: Celebrating the Fourth
• Episode 277: Whose Fourth of July?
• Episode 306: The Horse’s Tail: Revolution & Memory in Early New York City

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In a town as old as Williamsburg, Virginia, which was established in 1638, it’s often the case that historic buildings with interesting pasts stand unnoticed and in plain sight.

Such was the case for the building that once housed Williamsburg’s Bray School. A school founded by a group of Anglican clergymen with the express purpose of educating Black children in the ways of the Anglican faith. It was an education that included reading, possibly writing, and the Book of Common Prayer.

In honor of Juneteenth, we explore the exciting rediscovery of Williamsburg’s Bray School with three scholars: Maureen Elgersman Lee, Director of the Bray School Lab at William & Mary; Ronald Hurst, Vice President of Museums, Preservation, and Historic Resources at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, and Nicole Brown, a historic interpreter, American Studies graduate student, and the graduate student assistant at William & Mary’s Bray School Lab.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/331 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 025: Jessica Parr, Inventing George Whitefield
• Episode 073: Mark Noll, The Bible in Early America
• Episode 133: Patrick Breen, The Nat Turner Revolt 
• Episode 311: Katherine Carté, Religion and the American Revolution
• Episode 320: Ben Franklin’s London House

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We’ll never know for certain how many Americans supported the American Revolution, remained loyal to the British Crown and Parliament, or tried to find a middle way as someone who was disaffected from either loyalty. But we can know about the different ideologies that drove people to support the Revolution, to remain loyal to crown and parliament, or to become disaffected from both sides. 

Brad Jones, Professor of History at California State University, Fresno and author of the book, Resisting Independence: Popular Loyalism in the Revolutionary British Atlantic, joins us to investigate what loyalists believed and how loyalism was not just a loyalty or ideology adopted by British Americans living in the 13 rebellious colonies, but by Britons across the British Atlantic World.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/330 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 119: Steve Pincus, The Heart of the Declaration
• Episode 122: Andrew O’Shaugnessy, The Men Who Lost America
• Episode 151: Defining the American Revolution
• Episode 232: Christopher Hodson, The Acadian Diaspora
• Episode 238: Stephen Brumwell, Benedict Arnold
• Episode 283: Anne Marie Lane Jonah, Acadie 300
• Episode 306: The Horse’s Tail
• Episode 311: Katherine Carté, Religion and the American Revolution

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This is an episode you’ve been waiting for!

Mark Tabbert, the Director of Archives and Exhibits at the George Washington Masonic National Memorial Association and the author of Almanac of American Freemasonry and A Deserving Brother: George Washington and Freemasonry, joins us so we can investigate and better understand Freemasonry and its role in Early America.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/329 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 026: Robert Middlekauff, George Washington’s Revolution
• Episode 033: Douglas Bradburn, George Washington & His Library
• Episode 127: Caroline Winterer, American Enlightenments
• Episode 130: Paul Revere’s Ride Through History
• Episode 149: George Goodwin, Benjamin Franklin in London
• Episode 207: Nick Bunker, Young Benjamin Franklin
• Episode 317: Jews in Early America

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We know from our explorations of early America that not all Americans were treated equally or enjoyed the freedoms and liberties other Americans enjoyed.

Warren Milteer Jr., an Assistant Professor of History at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and the author of North Carolina’s Free People of Color and Beyond Slavery’s Shadow, joins us to explore the lives and experiences of free people of color, men and women who ranked somewhere in the middle or middle bottom of early American society.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/328 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 118: Christy Clark Pujara: The Business of Slavery in Rhode Island
• Episode 142: Manisha Sinha, A History of Abolition
• Episode 176: Daina Ramey Berry, The Value of the Enslaved from Womb to Grave
• Episode 289: Marcus Nevius, Maroonage and the Great Dismal Swamp
• Episode 312: Joshua Rothman, The Domestic Slave Trade

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How do we know what we know about Benjamin Franklin? We know historians, museum curators, and archivists rely on historical documents and objects to find and learn information about the past. But how does a documentary filmmaker present what they know about history through video?

David Schmidt works as a senior producer at Florentine Films where he worked alongside Ken Burns to produce a 2-episode documentary about the life of Benjamin Franklin. The documentary is called Benjamin Franklin and Schmidt joins us for a behind-the-scenes tour of documentary filmmaking and to investigate some of the lesser-known details of Ben Franklin’s life.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/327 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 022: Vivian Bruce Conger, Deborah Read Franklin & Sally Franklin Bache
• Episode 149: George Goodwin, Benjamin Franklin in London
• Episode 169: Thomas Kid, The Religious Life of Benjamin Franklin
• Episode 175: Daniel Epstein, The Revolution in Ben Franklin’s House
• Episode 207: Nick Bunker, Young Benjamin Franklin
• Episode 320: Ben Franklin’s London House

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With Ukrainian sovereignty and democracy under attack, Americans have been wondering: Should our government be doing more than placing economic sanctions on Russia? Should I, as U.S. military veteran, travel to Ukraine and offer to fight in their army? What would official U.S. military involvement mean for the politics of Europe and in our age of nuclear weapons?

While the situation in Ukraine is new and novel, Americans’ desire to assist other nations seeking to create or preserve their democracies and republics is not new. 

Maureen Connors Santelli, an Associate Professor of History at Northern Virginia Community College and author of The Greek Fire: American-Ottoman Fervor in the Age of Revolutions, joins us to investigate the Greek Revolution and early Americans’ reactions to it.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/327 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 017: François Furstenburg, When the United States Spoke French
• Episode 052: Ronald A. Johnson, Early United States-Haitian Diplomacy
• Episode 124: James Alexander Dun, Making the Haitian Revolution in Early America
• Episode 314: Colin Calloway, Native Americans in Early American Cities
• Episode 323: Michael Witgen, American Expansion and the Political Economy of Plunder

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What do we know about the American Revolution? Why is it important that we see the Revolution as a political event, a war, a time of social and economic reform, and as a time of violence and upheaval?

Woody Holton, a Professor of History at the University of South Carolina and the author of Liberty is Sweet: The Hidden History of the American Revolution, joins us to explore and discuss answers to these questions so that we can better see and understand the American Revolution as a whole event.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/325 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 060: David Preston, Braddock’s Defeat
• Episode 128: Alan Taylor: American Revolutions: A Continental History
• Episode 144: Rob Parkinson, The Common Cause
• Episode 150: Woody Holton, Abigail Adams: Revolutionary Speculator
• Episode 152: Bernard Bailyn, Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
• Episode 181: Max Edelson, The New Map of the British Empire
• Episode 294: Mary Beth Norton, 1774: The Long Year of Revolution 
• Episode 296: Serena Zabin, The Boston Massacre

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After Henry Hudson’s 1609-voyage along the river that now bears his name, Dutch traders began to visit and trade at the area they called New Netherland. In 1614, the Dutch established a trading post near present-day Albany, New York. In 1624, the Dutch West India Company built the settlement of New Amsterdam.

How did the colony of New Netherland take shape? In what ways did the Dutch West India Company and private individuals use enslaved labor to develop the colony?

Andrea Mosterman, an Associate Professor of History at the University of New Orleans and author of Spaces of Enslavement: A History of Slavery and Resistance in Dutch New York, joins us to explore what life was like in New Netherland and early New York, especially for the enslaved people who did much of the work to build this Dutch, and later English, colony.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/324 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 121: Wim Klooster, The Dutch Moment in the 17th-Century Atlantic World
• Episode 159: The Revolutionary Economy
• Episode 161: Smuggling and the American Revolution
• Episode 170: Wendy Warren, Slavery in Early New England
• Episode 185: Joyce Goodfriend, Early New York City and its Culture
• Episode 226: Ryan Quintana, Making the State of South Carolina
• Episode 242: David Young, A History of Early Delaware
• Episode 256: Christian Koot, Mapping Empire in the Chesapeake

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In the Treaty of Paris, 1783, Great Britain ceded to the United States all lands east of the Mississippi River and between the southern borders of Canada and Georgia. How would the United States take advantage of its new boundaries and incorporate these lands within its governance?

Answering this question presented a quandary for the young United States. The lands it sought to claim by right of treaty belonged to Indigenous peoples.

Michael Witgen, a Professor of History at Columbia University and a citizen of the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Ojibwe, joins us to investigate the story of the Anishinaabeg and Anishinaabewaki, the homelands of the Anishinaabeg people, with details from his book, Seeing Red: Indigenous Land, American Expansion, and the Political Economy of Plunder in North America.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/323 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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• Save 40 percent on Seeing Red, use promo code 01BFW

Complementary Episodes

• Episode 051: Catherine Cangany, A History of Early Detroit
• Episode 064: Brett Rushforth, Native American Slavery in New France
• Episode 163: The American Revolution in North America
• Episode 223: Susan Sleeper-Smith, A Native American History of the Ohio River Valley & Great Lakes Region
• Episode 264: Michael Oberg, The Treaty of Canandaigua, 1794
• Episode 286: Native Sovereignty
• Episode 310: Rosalyn LaPier, History of the Blackfeet

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How did enslaved people make their escape to British lines? What do we know about their lives and escape experiences?

Karen Cook-Bell, an Associate Professor of History at Bowie State University and author of Running From Bondage: Enslaved Women and Their Remarkable Fight for Freedom in Revolutionary America, joins us to investigate the experiences of enslaved women who feld their bondage for the British Army’s promise of freedom.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/322 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 137: Erica Dunbar, The Washingtons’ Runaway Slave, Ona Judge
• Episode 142: Manisha Sinha, A History of Abolitionism
• Episode 157: The Revolution’s African American Soldiers
• Episode 162: Dunmore’s New World
• Episode 212: Researching Biography
• Episode 277: Whose Fourth of July?
• Episode 312: Joshua D. Rothman, The Domestic Slave Trade

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On July 5, 1852, Frederick Douglass delivered a speech to an anti-slavery society and he famously asked “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?”

In this episode, we explore Douglass’ thoughtful question within the context of Early America: What did the Fourth of July mean for African Americans in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries?

To help us investigate this question, we are joined by Martha S. Jones, the Society of Black Alumni Presidential Professor and Professor of History at Johns Hopkins University, and Christopher Bonner, an Assistant Professor of History at the University of Maryland.

This episode originally posted as Episode 277.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/321 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 018: Danielle Allen, Our Declaration
• Episode 119: Steve Pincus, The Heart of the Declaration
• Episode 141: A Declaration in Draft
• Episode 157: The Revolution’s African American Soldiers
• Episode 166: Freedom and the American Revolution
• Episode 245: Celebrating the Fourth
• Episode 255: Martha S. Jones, Birthright Citizens

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Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706, to Abiah Folger and Josiah Franklin. Although Franklin began his life as the youngest son of a youngest son, he traveled through many parts of what is now the northeastern United States and the Province of Quebec and lived in four different cities in three different countries: Boston, Philadelphia, London, and Passy, France.

In honor of Benjamin Franklin’s 316th birthday, Márcia Balisciano, the Founding Director of the Benjamin Franklin House museum in London, joins us to explore Benjamin Franklin’s life in London using details from the largest artifact Franklin left behind: his rented rooms at 36 Craven Street.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/320 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 001: James N. Green, Library Company of Philadelphia
• Episode 022: Vivian Bruce Conger, Deborah Read Franklin & Sally Franklin Bache
• Episode 149: George Goodwin, Benjamin Franklin in London
• Episode 169: Thomas Kid, The Religious Life of Benjamin Franklin
• Episode 175: Daniel Epstein, The Revolution in Ben Franklin’s House
• Episode 207: Nick Bunker, Young Benjamin Franklin

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One of the Caribbean islands that Christopher Columbus stopped at during his 1492-voyage was an alligator-shaped island that sits at the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico in between the Yucatán and Florida peninsulas. This is, of course, is the island of Cuba.

What do we know about early Cuba, the island the Spanish described as the “Key to the Indies?” What kind of relationship and exchange did early Cuba have with British North America and the early United States?

Ada Ferrer, a Professor of History at New York University and author of Cuba: An American History, joins us to investigate the early history of Cuba.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/048 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 090: Caitlin Fitz, Age of American Revolutions
• Episode 104: Andrew Lipman, The Saltwater Frontier
• Episode 139: Andrés Reséndez, The Other Slavery
• Episode 161: Smuggling and the American Revolution
• Episode 165: The Age of Revolutions 
• Episode 290: The World of the Wampanoag, Part 1
• Episode 291: The World of the Wampanoag, Part 2
• Episode 313: Mike Duncan, The Marquis de Lafayette

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What challenges do National Park Service interpretive rangers face when they interpret non-British colonial history? How did the relationships between Ste. Geneviéve's inhabitants and Indigenous peoples change over time?

NPS Interpretive Ranger Claire Casey is back to answer more of your questions about colonial Ste. Geneviéve, Missouri and the Ste. Geneviéve National Historical Park.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/318

About 620 miles north of New Orleans and 62 miles south of St. Louis, sits the town of Ste. Geneviéve, Missouri.

Established in 1750 by the French, Ste. Geneviéve reveals much about what it was like to establish a colony in the heartland of North America and what it was like for colonists to live so far removed from seats of imperial power.

Claire Casey, a National Park Service interpretative ranger at the Ste. Geneviéve National Historical Park, joins us to explore the early American history of Ste. Geneviéve.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/318 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 102: William Nester, George Rogers Clark and the Fight for the Illinois Country
• Episode 108: Ann Little, The Many Captivities of Esther Wheelwright
• Episode 120: Marcia Zug, Mail Order Brides in Early America
• Episode 139: Andrés Reséndez, The Other Slavery
• Episode 308: Jessica Marie Johnson, Slavery and Freedom in French Louisiana

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The first Jewish colonists in North America arrived in 1654. From that moment, Jews worked to build and contribute to early American society and the birth of the United States.

Gemma Birnbaum and Melanie Meyers, the Executive Director and Director of Collections and Engagement at the American Jewish Historical Society, join us to explore the history and experiences of Jews in early America and their contributions to the American Revolution and the founding of the United States.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/317 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 121: Wim Klooster, The Dutch Moment in the 17th-Century Atlantic World
• Episode 161: Smuggling and the American Revolution
• Episode 185: Joyce Goodfriend, Early New York City and its culture
• Episode 232: Christopher Hodson, The Acadian Diaspora
• Episode 311: Katherine Cartè, Religion and the American Revolution

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In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from France. This purchase included the important port city of New Orleans. But the United States did not just acquire the city’s land, peoples, and wealth– the American government also inherited the city’s Yellow Fever problem.  

Kathryn Olivarius, an Assistant Professor of History at Stanford University and author of Necropolis: Disease, Power, and Capitalism in the Cotton Kingdom, leads us on an exploration of yellow fever, immunity, and inequality in early New Orleans.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/316 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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• Episode 167: Eberhard Faber, The Early History of New Orleans
• Episode 174: Thomas Apel, Yellow Fever in the Early America Republic
• Episode 295: Ibrahima Seck, Whitney Plantation Museum
• Episode 301: From Inoculation to Vaccination, Pt 1
• Episode 302: From Inoculation to Vaccination, Pt 2

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What has enabled the American experiment in democracy to endure for nearly 250 years?

What is it about early American history that captivates peoples’ attention and makes them want to support the creation of historical scholarship and the sharing of historical knowledge?

David M. Rubenstein, the co-founder and co-chairman of The Carlyle Group and a great student and supporter of history and history education, joins us to explore his patriotic philanthropy and the history of American democracy with details from his book, The American Experiment: Dialogues on a Dream.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/315 Join Ben Franklin's World!

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Complementary Episodes

• Episode 018: Danielle Allen, Our Declaration
• Episode 038: Carolyn Harris, Magna Carta & Its Gifts to North America
• Episode 078: Rachel Shelden, Washington Brotherhood
• Episode 107: Mary Sarah Bilder, Madison’s Hand
• Episode 141: A Declaration in Draft
• Episode 143: Michael Klarman, The Making of the United States Constitution
• Episode 285: Elections and Voting in the Early Republic

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The Massachusetts Historical Society has a podcast!

In this bonus episode of Ben Franklin's World, we'll introduce you to The Object of History, with a full-episode preview of "Episode 4: A Miniature Portrait of Elizabeth Freeman."

For more information about this new podcast and how to subscribe visit: https://masshist.org/podcast.

We rejoin Colin Calloway, Professor of History and Native American Studies at Dartmouth College, in this bonus episode so he can answer more of your questions about Native American experiences in early American cities.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/314 Join Ben Franklin's World!

• Subscribe and help us bring history right to your ears!

Sponsor Links

• Omohundro Institute
• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
• The Ben Franklin's World Shop

Listen!

• Apple Podcasts
• Spotify
• Google Podcasts
• Amazon Music
• Ben Franklin's World iOS App
• Ben Franklin's World Android App

Helpful Links

• Join the Ben Franklin's World Facebook Group
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• Ben Franklin's World Facebook Page
• Sign-up for the Franklin Gazette Newsletter

Have you ever considered early American cities as places where Native Americans lived, worked, and visited?

Native Americans often visited early American cities and port towns, especially the towns and cities that dotted the Atlantic seaboard of British North America.

Colin Calloway, an award-winning historian and a Professor History and Native American Studies at Dartmouth College, joins us to investigate Native American experiences in early American cities with details from his book, “The Chiefs Now In This City": Indians and the Urban Frontier in Early America.

Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/314 Join Ben Franklin's World!

• Subscribe and help us bring history right to your ears!

Sponsor Links

• Omohundro Institute
• Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
• LightStream Loans by SunTrusk Bank

Complementary Episodes

• Episode 029: Colin Calloway, The Victory With No Name
• Episode 132: Coll Thrush, Indigenous London
• Episode 139: Andrés Reséndez, The Other Slavery 
• Episode 223: Susan Sleeper-Smith, A Native American History of the Ohio River Valley & Great Lakes Region
• Episode 264: Michael Oberg, The Treaty of Canandaigua