Behind the Wings

Today, in celebration of National Volunteer Month, we are excited to speak with Wings Over the Rockies volunteer, Phil Mentesana.
 
Phil shares personal stories about his time as an Electronic Warfare Officer on the B-52, flying the F-4 in Vietnam, and his time as a captain for United Airlines. He has many firsts in his career including being a part of the first B-52 missions to engage in combat during Operation Arc Light in Vietnam, leading Operation Linebacker I in the F-4, and so much more. This one is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• Phil wanted to be a pilot but elected to go to Navigation training first, earning a spot as an Electronic Warfare Officer onboard the B-52 Stratofortress.
• While stationed on the B-52, he was a part of the first B-52 combat missions in Vietnam, flying in Operation Arc Light. On the first mission, two B-52s collided in the middle of a storm when trying to refuel.
• Phil finally got his chance to fly when he was reaching the age limit for pilot training. After training, his fighter pick was the F-4 Phantom.
• Phil went back to combat in Vietnam, this time flying the F-4. While there, he led the F-4 squadrons in Operation Linebacker I and had 14 SAMs shot at him in less than 15 minutes.
• After he retired from the Air Force, he went on to pilot for United Airlines. He flew every plane model they had at the time.
• Phil came to volunteer at Wings Over the Rockies to give back to the aviation career that treated him so well.

Resources:

• Operation Linebacker 
• Operation Arc Light 

A first-of-its-kind virtual reality spacewalk experience. 

Space Explorers: THE INFINITE is a captivating immersive journey inspired by NASA missions aboard the International Space Station. Join us as we hear from creator Félix Lajeunesse who tells us how THE INFINITE project got started, how they filmed and created this experience, working with astronauts, and the unique challenges they faced making virtual reality content on the International Space Station. This one is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• THE INFINITE experience gives audiences breathtaking 360-degree views of Earth, displays scenes from life aboard the ISS, and allows guests to perform their very own spacewalk, all through virtual reality technology.
• This project is the first virtual reality experience filmed in space onboard the ISS.
• THE INFINITE faced many challenges while filming, needing to consider camera temperatures, radiation, and so much more.
• In this experience, you can interact with astronauts who helped film such as spacewalking, experimenting, and even having dinner.
• The Overview Effect is a common experience among astronauts when traveling to space. The term, first coined by author Frank White, describes a cognitive shift commonly experienced when someone sees the Earth from space for the first time. People often describe feeling a sense of one-ness, that the Earth is precious, and sheer awe in the Earth’s beauty, all of which can be experienced in THE INFINITE.
• Félix Lajeunesse aims to continue filming with NASA to document and create more experiences on the Moon and beyond.
• You can visit Space Explorers: THE INFINITE in Denver until May 5th, 2024!

Resources:

• Félix Lajeunesse: What it’s like to film VR on the ISS 
• ‘The Infinite’ Virtual Reality Exhibit Offers a Taste of Life in Outer Space 
• THE INFINITE Experience Denver 

In celebration of Women's History Month, dive into the story of the first female Air Force pilots and their roles during World War II.

Today's episode tells us about the lives and history of The Women Airforce Service Pilots, or WASP. The WASP helped the United States domestic war effort by ferrying aircraft, towing targets for live anti-aircraft gun practice, simulating strafing missions, transporting cargo, and so much more. Plus, hear a special story about the first two women to fly the B-29 Superfortress. This one is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• Pilot Jacqueline "Jackie" Cochran and test-pilot Nancy Harkness Love wanted to help the war effort in the United States and worked with the military to start the Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD) and the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS). Eventually, both programs were merged to form the WASP.
• Even with strict requirements to enter the WASP, more than 25,000 women applied, 1,830 were accepted, and 1,074 graduated.
• The WASP trained in Sweetwater, TX at Avenger Field where they stayed on base in the barracks and trained most days.
• Two WASP, Dorthea Johnson and Dora Dougherty, were chosen by General Hap Arnold to fly the newly arrived B-29 Superfortress in a demonstration for future male pilots. The male pilots didn't want to fly this airplane due to engine concerns, and the WASP was meant to show that "if a woman can do it, so can a man." They flew the B-29 successfully several times.
• In 1944, the WASP were shut down to make room for men returning from war who needed the jobs.
• Years later, in the 1970s, the Women Airforce Service Pilots were finally given military and veteran status, officially cementing their history.

Resources:

• Women Fly the B-29: PBS 
• Women Airforce Service Pilots Wiki 
• Deanie Parish WASP Speech
• The WASP of World War 2: Radio Diaries
• V. Scott Gough Collection: Library of Congress 
• Margaret Ray Ringenberg Collection: Library of Congress
• Nell S. Bright Collection: Library of Congress

Fly to all fifty states in this in-depth conversation about a record-breaking flight and airplane.

Today, we are excited to speak with world-record-holding pilot, Michael Combs. Michael tells us about his death-defying moment, his record-breaking flight to all fifty states, and why you should never give up on your dreams. We will also hear about his light sport aircraft, Hope One, which is living out retirement in Wings Museum. This one is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• In 2003, Michael had a life-threatening health problem that caused him to temporarily die and lose most of his memory.
• Michael knew he wanted to be a pilot since he was a kid, and while healing in the hospital, that goal kept him going.
• The Flight for the Human Spirit was a project meant to inspire people by showing that the impossible is possible and that you are never too old to start chasing your dreams.
• Michael's goal was to fly his Remos GX light sport aircraft, Hope One, to all fifty states, something that had never been done before. He completed his goal in Hawaii when he got to fly in an air show with the Blue Angels, the Red Bull stunt plane, and Jacquie B Airshows.
• After his flight, Michael was still making headlines by breaking even more records with Hope One.
• Hope One is now retired and living in Wings Over the Rockies' hangar. The cockpit is left in the same condition as when Michael flew it for the last time.

Resources:

• The Story Behind the Flight for the Human Spirit 
• Hope One Arrives In Denver 

The first Black astronaut candidate talks about his experiences with the astronaut program in this in-depth conversation about his pioneering space journey.

Welcome to Season 4 of Behind the Wings, which means 10 new episodes coming your way! It’s February, and in celebration of Black History Month, we are excited to speak with the first Black astronaut candidate, Ed Dwight Jr. In 1961, just 3 years after NASA started, our guest was making waves as a test pilot in aviation and training to be one of the first astronauts. Ed talks about his incredible journey, his time in the Air Force and the space program, and how, in an instant, the dream of space flight was taken away. 

Ed’s resume reads: Air Force Test Pilot, America’s First Black Astronaut Candidate, IBM Computer Systems Engineer, Aviation Consultant, Restaurateur, Real Estate Developer, Construction Entrepreneur, and Sculpture Artist. There's a lot to learn in this episode!

Key Takeaways:

• Ed first got into flying as a kid when pilots at the nearby airport in Kansas paid him to help clean their aircraft.
• Dwight signed up for the Air Force after seeing a newspaper featuring a Black fighter pilot on the cover.
• To earn Black voter's trust, Kennedy promised to get a Black candidate into the astronaut program.
• After quickly rising through the ranks in the Air Force, Dwight was the only Black pilot to meet the strict requirements to become an astronaut.
• Ed trained with 16 others in the astronaut program headed by Chuck Yeager.
• After Kennedy's assassination, it was clear that Ed was being ousted from his astronaut training. He resigned from the Air Force shortly after.
• His time in the Air Force didn't discourage him. He went on to become a very successful sculpture artist, creating memorials and art representing the accomplishments and history of Black people in America.

Resources:

• Ed Dwight’s Website 
• Ed Dwight’s Wiki 
• The Almost Moon Man – New York Times 
• I Was Poised to be the First Black Astronaut. I Never Made it to Space. | 'Almost Famous' by Op-Docs – New York Times 
• Ed Dwight Jr. Was Set to Become America’s First Black Astronaut - YouTube 

The Behind the Wings Podcast is back this February with Season 4 and 10 new episodes! Hear from Ed Dwight Jr, the first Black astronaut candidate, world record holder Michael Combs, and dive into topics like The Mental Health Pilot Parodox and the history of The Women Airfare Service Pilots (WASP).

New episodes come out every other Monday, starting February 19th. Subscribe wherever you listen, because we've got a lot to explore!

You can find the Behind the Wings podcast wherever you listen. For past episodes and show notes visit: WingsMuseum.org/podcast.

An American MiG-23 pilot reveals long-held secrets in this in-depth conversation about a declassified program, Constant Peg.

On today's show, we’ll meet John Mann who flew in the first-of-its-kind adversary training program, Constant Peg, and take a deep dive into some of the most popular questions we got from you, our listeners. Established in 1977, this top-secret program aimed to train American pilots against the very same MiGs they may one day see in combat. Mann was an instructor who flew the MiG-21 and 23, and co-host John Barry flew in the program as a trainee. This one is going to be cool!

If you missed Part One, check that out on Wings Over the Rockies YouTube channel: America's Secret MiG-23s | Behind the Wings - YouTube.

Episode 30 marks the end of Season 3 of the Behind the Wings Podcast. We'll be taking a short break and will be back in the new year for Season 4.

Key Takeaways:

• John Mann served 24 years in the US Air Force where he had the opportunity to fly many aircraft, including the F-4, F-15, MiG-21, and MiG-23.
• Mann first flew as a trainee at Constant Peg and later flew the MiGs as a trainer.
• The MiG-23 was a very fast, beefy airplane, but it didn't turn well.
• Pilots would attend to overcome "Buck Fever", learn how the MiGs flew, and practice dog fighting.
• The maintainers at Constant Peg were the backbone of the program, facing specific challenges sourcing parts, with no maintenance book, and often receiving aircraft that were in a compromised condition.
• John Mann's advice: There are lots of opportunities in aviation. Go pursue your dreams!

Resources:

• Red Eagles: America’s Secret MiGs by Steve Davies
• CONSTANT PEG: Secret MiGs in the Desert > National Museum of the United States Air Force™ > Display (af.mil)
• Red Eagle Brief
• Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 MLD "Flogger" | Wings Over the Rockies Air & Space Museum (wingsmuseum.org)
• Dark Eagles: a history of top secret U.S. aircraft programs
• AF Declassifies Elite Aggressor Program (archive.org)

This episode will dive into the history of some of the world’s first astronomers, exploring how their knowledge has been passed down for more than 60,000 years. We are going to the southern hemisphere to learn about Australia’s Indigenous astronomy and the impact it has on our world today.

Our guest today is Peter Swanton! Peter is a Gamilaraay man from Mackay, Queensland, an astrophysics graduate, and cultural astronomer. He is actively involved in Indigenous astronomy, outreach, and research, and has a passion for the challenging yet critical subject of dark sky preservation. Peter will highlight the scientific importance of Indigenous star knowledge and the challenges and opportunities in preserving that history.

Join us as we hear the stories of Australia’s Indigenous Peoples, why constellations and star clusters are so impactful, and how issues like light pollution threaten the very field of astronomy itself. There is a lot to learn in this episode!

Key Takeaways:

• The Indigenous Peoples of Australia didn’t have a written language, they were only able to pass along information via spoken word, song, dance, and stories. There are an estimated 273 different language groups across Australia. 
• While not all stars can be viewed from both hemispheres, all the zodiac constellations are viewable from either. Although, they will be upside down depending on which hemisphere you are familiar with.
• The Emu in the Sky is a popular example of how astronomy was used practically by the Indigenous Peoples. Depending on what direction the Emu was facing, it helped give insight towards Emu life patterns. 
• Creation stories are stories that are passed down that talk about the physical existence as well as store important information. A popular story about Australia’s constellation the Southern Cross tells the story of the first person to die on Earth. 
• A songline is one of many paths across the land (or sometimes the sky). Embedded within traditional song cycles, dance rituals, stories, and artistic expressions, these pathways enable individuals to traverse vast distances while reciting the songs that describe landmarks, water sources, natural features, and sometimes stars and constellations. These routes serve as crucial connections between Native group ancestral lands, carrying intricate geographical, mythological, and cultural information giving directions on how to travel across Australia to visit other Indigenous groups. 
• Light pollution is quickly starting to impact our dark skies. Due to light from cities and satellites, it is harder than ever before to see the stars and galaxies with the naked eye. Light pollution is not only affecting dark sky preservation, but is also adversely affecting our vision, bird migration patterns, and newborn sea turtles.
• Peter's message to younger generations is to pursue what makes you happy.

Resources:

• Aboriginal Astronomy
• Songlines: Tracking the Seven Sisters | National Museum of Australia (nma.gov.au)
• Songlines: The art of navigating the Indigenous world - Australian National Maritime Museum (sea.museum)
• Australia's First Astronomers

The Tuskegee Airmen were an experiment by the US Army Air Corps to determine whether Black pilots could handle military flying. It turns out they could! But the Tuskegee Airmen fought a second battle – one against racial discrimination.

With an impressive combat record and war accomplishments, the success of the Tuskegee Airmen helped influence then-President Harry Truman's decision to desegregate the armed forces in 1948.

Our Guests today are Bill Shepard and Col. James Harvey. Bill is the former Vice President of Education for the Commemorative Air Force (CAF), and former CAF Red Tail Squadron Leader. On today’s show, he explores with us the path that led him to proudly fly the P-51C Mustang for the CAF Red Tail Squadron. We will also hear from Col. James Harvey who was a Tuskegee Airman, and his personal journey as one of the first Black Aviators in the US military.

From Bill's journey with aviation to the history of the Tuskegee Airmen, there’s a lot to explore in this one!

Key Takeaways:

• Bill earned his US private pilot’s license at age 16 while still in high school
• The 6 Tuskegee principles are: Aim High, Believe in Yourself, Use Your Brain, Be Ready to Go, Never Quit and Expect to Win
• The Tuskegee Airmen helped influence President Harry Truman to sign Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948, mandating the desegregation of the U.S. military.
• Lt. Col. James H. Harvey III was a pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group, known as the Tuskegee Airmen. He later piloted on the team that won the military’s first ‘Top Gun’ contest in 1949.
• The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) was a U.S. Army Air Forces program that tasked some 1,100 civilian women with noncombat military flight duties during World War II.
• Bill's advice: Dream big, work hard, and never give up!

Resources:

• Home | CAF RISE ABOVE
• Blacks in the Army Air Forces During WWII: The Problems of Race Relations (defense.gov)
• The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964 (defense.gov)
• The Tuskegee Flight Surgeons (defense.gov)

This episode will dive into the cutting-edge realm of AI in aviation, with a particular focus on its military applications. From autonomous wingmen drones to predictive maintenance, we will explore the opportunities and risks of AI as it transforms the landscape of aerial warfare.

Our guest today is Col Tucker Hamilton, callsign “Cinco”. As the Chief of AI test and operations for the USAF, Col Hamilton is at the cutting edge of researching, testing, and implementing artificial intelligence in the realm of military aviation. Col. Hamilton began his career as an operational F-15C pilot, supporting Red Flag exercises, and real-world Operation Noble Eagle missions, at times escorting Air Force One and the U.S. President. He served as a Chief Instructor, Test Pilot, and has more than 2,000 flying hours in the F-35, F-15, F-18, F-16, A-10, and more than 20 additional aircraft. Is there anything he hasn’t done? We’re about to find out!

Join us as we unravel the intricate web of AI technologies shaping the future of aviation while gaining unique perspectives from a seasoned military leader at the forefront of this transformative field. There’s a lot to explore!

Key Takeaways:

• The Hollywood Bias makes AI seem scarier than it actually is. AI is just software and math that has to follow very narrow rules that humans establish. Its computer code trained with guardrails set in place by the programmers. AI cannot learn the way that we learn.
• Cinco is most excited about the future of humans and AI working together in all industries. For example, AI could aid radiologists in finding cancer, or assist pilots by managing more tedious tasks.
• With AI starting to become more widely available, the ethics surrounding it becomes a huge topic. As we move forward with this new technology, ethics will continue to be a part of the conversation.
• AI will likely never be fully autonomous because the programming would be biased. Since humans are inherently biased in one way or another, so would AI technology, meaning humans will always need to be present when AI is involved.
• The five parts of the DOD AI Ethics code are Being Responsible, Equitable, Traceable, Reliable, and Governable.
• DARPA ran a competition between AI-trained software and actual pilots. They went head to head in a simulator and the AI won by a landslide. This advancement is exciting because it means that we can create AI tutors to help train pilots at every level.

Resources:

• A.I. Brings the Robot Wingman to Aerial Combat - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
• AFRL AI agents successfully pilot XQ-58A Valkyrie uncrewed jet aircraft > Air Force > Article Display
• Air Force Wants $5.8 Billion to Build AI-Powered Unmanned Aircraft (businessinsider.com)

On today’s show we’re getting an inside look at the design, testing and manufacturing processes at Honeybee Robotics, as they build a key component for the Orion Spacecraft, and a new lunar drill.

Don your bunny suits, because we are excited to bring you inside a clean-room and experience first-hand how space hardware is made from prototype through manufacturing! Tune in to hear from Andrew Maurer and Isabel King of Honeybee, as we get a behind the scenes tour at their production facility in Longmont, CO. THIS is going to be cool!

We’ve explored the Artemis program on the show before, if you missed those episodes go back and give a listen to episode 10 to hear from an Orion spacecraft engineer, and episode 21 as we compare Apollo and Artemis with former NASA Astronaut Harrison Schmitt, and historian Dr. Teasel Harmony-Muir.

Key Takeaways:

• The Artemis Project aims to land near the southern pole of the Moon so that we can investigate and bring back samples of lunar ice. We can then test it and see how it got there and if it’s drinkable! 
• Orion is the name of the spacecraft that will take astronauts to space, and Artemis is the name of the overall mission. 
• Honeybee’s products are rigorously tested before being sent to NASA. Vibration, thermal, and human testing are just a few that help ensure safety and efficiency. They even have astronauts test and give their input! 
• The lunar drill that Honeybee is creating will enable astronauts to drill about 3 meters into the Lunar Surface and collect several rock and ice samples.

Resources:

• Design and Test of the Orion Crew Module Side Hatch
• NASA Selects 12 New Lunar Science, Technology Investigations | NASA
• Apollo to Artemis: Drilling on the Moon | NASA
• Honeybee Robotics

This episode will dive into the world of hypersonic flight, and how new methods of heat management could help usher in a new era for high-speed flight. Join us as we look through the lens of a heat management company, Reaction Engines who is pushing the limits of technology in engines, to enable the next generation of hypersonic flight.

Hypersonic flight refers to speeds of more than five times the speed of sound, or Mach 5. Once you start talking about hypersonic speeds, there are lots of challenges that come into play from propulsion limitations to materials that can withstand high temperatures, economic feasibility, communications, physics, and more. Adam Dissel, President of Reaction Engines, helps us dive into many of these topics today, to get a better sense of the state of hypersonic flight, and where the cutting-edge of aerospace is headed.

Be sure to strap in, because there is a lot to learn in this high-speed episode!

Key Takeaways:

• Hypersonic flight refers to speeds of more than five times the speed of sound, or Mach 5, which is about 1 mile per second.
• With hypersonic flight there are lots of challenges from propulsion limitations to heat, economic feasibility, communications, physics, and more.
• The Silbervogel was the first hypersonic weapon, developed by German scientists in the 1930s. During the first manned orbital flight in April 1961, Russian Major Yuri Gagarin became the first human to reach hypersonic speeds. Also in 1961, Air Force Major Robert White reached speeds exceeding Mach 6 as he piloted the X-15 research aircraft.
• A scramjet is a variant of a ramjet airbreathing jet engine in which combustion takes place in supersonic airflow.
• Extracting and repurposing heat from jet engines could increase efficiency and speed.
• Microtubes with coolant inside help to maximize surface area and cooling capability.
• Reaction Engines test their cooling technology at Colorado Air and Space Port using the General Electric J-79 turbo jet engine.
• There are many potential spinoff applications for this cooling technology including in Formula 1 cars, and manufacturing.

Resources:

• Reaction Engines - Making Beyond Possible
• Hypersonics: Past, Present, and Potential Future (jhuapl.edu)

Explore the pivotal role of aviation in the Vietnam War alongside former USAF Chief of Staff General Ron R. Fogleman (Ret).

Join us as we talk with Ron Fogleman, who takes us along his personal journey to becoming Chief of Staff and helps us uncover the strategic importance of aircraft during the Vietnam War. Ron has over 8,500 hours of flight time, including 315 combat missions where he logged 806 hours. During one of those missions, he was shot down while flying the F-100 Super Sabre and was rescued by clinging to the side of an AH-1 Cobra. Ron retired as Chief of Staff in 1997, after 34 years in the Air Force. He shares with us his pathway to becoming Chief of Staff, lessons he’s learned from the cockpit, and insight about aviation during the Vietnam War. THIS is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• General Ron Fogleman served for 34 years before retirement, holding positions such as Fighter Pilot, Commander of the Air Mobility Command, Deputy Commander in Chief, Chief of Staff, and more.
• Ron graduated from the Air Force Academy in 1963, and later became the first graduate to advance to Air Force Chief of Staff.
• Ron flew the F-100 Super Sabre in Vietnam as a Misty Forward Air Controller (FAC). Forward Air Controllers during the war acted as close air support for troops on the ground, helping with aerial defense, rescues, patrols, and more.
• Vietnam was the first war where helicopters played a pivotal role. The AH-1 Cobra was invented during this time, and was one of the first gunships to be used in Vietnam. Other helicopters acted as troop transport, medical evacuation, and more.
• Ron was shot down while flying a mission in his F-100. He was rescued by an AH-1 Cobra by clinging to the side of the helicopter. At the time, the Cobra was prohibited from landing anywhere in enemy territory. Luckily, the pilots did not face any disciplinary action for their heroism.
• As Chief of Staff in 1995, Ron created the Air Force Core Values, “Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence In All We Do.” These values are still in use today.
• From 1974-1975, Ron was stationed at Lowry Air Force base. The same hangar our museum uses today!

Resources:

• Ron Fogleman | National Air and Space Museum 
• Ron Fogleman Air Force Bio 
• Ron Fogleman Wiki 
• Forward Air Controllers (FAC) 

This episode will dive into the world of orbital infrastructure – both the challenges and opportunities - through the lens of an on-orbit spacecraft refueling company, Orbit Fab, who aims to create gas stations in space.

Join us as we talk with Adam Harris, the Chief Commercial Officer at Orbit Fab, who gives us insight on the state of LEO (low earth orbit), orbital infrastructure, and explains how on-orbit refueling could be a key part of enabling this new era in space activity more sustainably and efficiently.

Orbital refueling is not a new idea, but as space technology, and the cost of launch has come down, the possibility for this type of service at scale is closer to reality than ever before. This is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• Adam Harris is an Air Force Academy graduate, who spent several years in the military as an Intelligence Staff Member, Senior Advisor, and more. He then moved to the private sector, joining SpaceX and eventually, his current role on the Orbit Fab team.
• Orbit Fab is creating some of the first commercially available orbital refueling, including refueling depots and shuttles that will bring the fuel straight to the satellites!
• Orbit Fab is working alongside other space companies, and space agencies to help create industry standards, so that someday all spacecraft, satellites or space stations could potentially be refueled. Like how gas stations on Earth can refuel any car!
• The refueling depots and shuttles will be launched into the same orbit as the satellites to keep traveling between the two to a minimum.
• Orbit Fab has already successfully launched one refueling depot into Earth’s atmosphere.
• By 2025, Orbit Fab hopes to start launching more refueling depots and shuttles into Earth’s orbit.

Resources:

• Orbit Fab Website
• Risk Analysis of On-Orbit Refueling (nasa.gov)

This episode will dive into the story of Kim “KC” Campbell, one of the few pilots ever to land the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II “Warthog” manually. Kim is a graduate from the United States Air Force Academy. She has flown 1,800 hours in the A-10 Warthog and more than 100 combat missions including in Iraq and Afghanistan.  In 2003, Kim received the Distinguished Flying Cross for Heroism, as she skillfully recovered her battle-damaged aircraft following an intense close air support mission in Baghdad. Campbell has since retired from the Air Force and now is a guest professor, speaker, and bestselling author. She shares with us her pathway to becoming an A-10 pilot, and lessons she’s learned from the cockpit. This is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• Kim served for 24 years before retirement, holding positions such as a fighter pilot, Deputy Chief and then Chief of the A-10 Operational Training Development Team, Commander of the 355th Operations Support Squadron, Military Assistant to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, and more.
• Kim and her father both graduated from the Air Force Academy at the highest rank of Cadet Wing Commander, making them the first father daugther duo to hold that accolade.
• At the time, only a handful of pilots had ever tried to land the A-10 Warthog manually.
• Kim later was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for her bravery and airmanship while flying the A-10.
• Campbell is now retired and has started her new career of speaker, coach, and author, telling stories about her lessons from the cockpit and how they can be used in every day life.
• Kim's book, Flying in the Face of Fear, tells several stories about the missions she was on and how they can be used as learning tools for businesses and employees.

Resources:

• Kim "KC" Campbell
• Flying in the Face of Fear: A Fighter Pilot's Lessons on Leading with Courage: Amazon Books

The Behind the Wings Podcast is back for Season 3!

This episode delves into the legacy of the iconic Apollo program and its profound influence on NASA's ambitious Artemis Program. In celebration of the 54th anniversary of Apollo 11 and the Apollo Program, we’ve got an exciting two-part conversation for today’s episode.

Our esteemed guests, Dr. Teasel Muir Harmony, curator of the Apollo Collection at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, and NASA Astronaut Harrison Schmitt, who walked on the moon during Apollo 17 help us unravel the significance of Apollo's groundbreaking achievements, the scientific discoveries made, its political significance, and the lasting impact on human space exploration. Discover how the Apollo program paved the way for Artemis, fueling our dreams of returning to the moon and exploring even further into the cosmos.

There is a lot to learn in this episode! Pack your bags, or at least your spacesuits, as we are taking one giant leap back to the moon. This one is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• Dr. Teasel Muir Harmony, curator of the Apollo Collection at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, uses artifacts including Kennedy's 1960 debate chair to bring the history of Apollo alive.
• President Kennedy was skeptical about the space program at first, but quickly changed his mind when he saw how Yuri Gagarin's historic flight helped unify the Soviet Union.
• Dr. Harrison Schmitt is the first and only scientist to fly with the Apollo program and land on the Moon without a military background.
• The Moon rocks that were collected and returned to Earth during Apollo 17, totaling about 842 pounds, are still being studied today!
• The Artemis mission can learn a lot from Apollo, including being sure to pack extra duct tape.
• Someday we may have a permanent base or settlement on the Moon, allowing for tourism not just to the Moon, but for Moon inhabitants to visit Earth.

Resources:

• Teasel Muir-Harmony | National Air and Space Museum (si.edu)
• Amazon.com: Teasel E. Muir-Harmony: books, biography, latest update
• The Honorable Harrison H. Schmitt | NASA
• Return to the Moon: Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space: Schmitt, Harrison: 9780387242859: Amazon.com: Books

Calling all aviation lovers, space nerds, history buffs, and futurists – The Behind the Wings® Podcast is back for Season 3!  Ready or not, strap in, because we have 10 great episodes coming up. It’s time to go... Behind the Wings!

We’ve got a lot to explore – stories about how history shapes aviation today, trailblazers in space, and up-close looks at iconic aircraft of the past, present, and future. New episodes are published every other Monday, starting on July 17th, 2023.

You can find the Behind the Wings podcast wherever you listen. For past episodes and show notes visit: WingsMuseum.org/podcast

We’ll see you next time on Behind the Wings!

What is it about Colorado?

Coloradans have had a major impact across every aspect of aviation and space exploration.

Our state produced the first American flying ace, the first civilian helicopter ambulance service, and the first female airline pilot. We’ve grown astronauts and executives, entrepreneurs and visionaries, and the aerospace industry has brought hundreds of thousands of jobs and hundreds of billions of dollars into our state’s economy. In fact, Colorado has the nation’s second largest aerospace economy, and aviation is the fastest-growing industry segment in the Denver area. 

Aerospace research and technology developed in Colorado’s schools and labs is out there exploring other planets—and a lot of it finds its way into products you use every day.

Key Takeaways:

• Colorado has the largest number of aerospace jobs in the nation per capita, and aerospace being a major economic driver in Colorado, and CO continues to establish itself as a leader in aerospace - the Aerospace Frontier. 
• Emily Howell Warner, became the first female pilot for a scheduled US airline in 1973, and the first female airline captain in 1976.
• “Jepp” Jeppesen's handwritten notes in a ten-cent notebook grew into the aeronautical charting industry.
• Scott Carpenter was the first person ever to eat solid food in space and the second American to orbit the Earth.
• Jessica Watkins is a Colorado astronaut and is the first Black woman to work on the International Space Station.
• Dr. Serena Aunon-Chancellor, daughter of a Cuban immigrant, became an engineer, a medical doctor, and an astronaut who spent more than six months in space. 
• The exhibit focuses on people and their stories, but visitors will see some really cool artifacts to illustrate those stories, including some that we’ve never put on display before, so even if you’ve been to the museum, you’ll see something new.

Resources:

• Pioneers – Pacesetters – Possibilities | Colorado on the Aerospace Frontier - Wings Over The Rockies (wingsmuseum.org)
• Chuck Stout - Wings Over The Rockies (wingsmuseum.org)

This episode will dive into the story of Tracy "JackieO" LaTourrette, Colorado’s first lady fighter pilot. LaTourrette graduated from the United States Air Force Academy before women were even authorized to fly combat aircraft. After working in the back of an AWACS airfract, she moved to a window seat, becoming one of the first female fighter pilots in the Air Force and flew the F-16 Fighting Falcon, earning numerous accolades for her skill and leadership.

LaTourrette flew direct Presidential protection missions and in a classified location for Operation Iraqi Freedom. "JackieO" is known for breaking barriers, from the sound barrier to beyond. This one’s going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• Tracy LaTourrette retired after 22 years while serving as the Deputy Director of Operations at the Colorado National Guard's Joint Force Headquarters. 
• Tracy flew F-16s. She has over 3,300 combined flying hours as a pilot and AWACS Air Weapons director. Her call sign is "JackieO".
• Post 9-11 “JackieO” flew direct Presidential protection missions and flew in a classified location for Operation Iraqi Freedom.
• Tracy is a highly sought-after international speaker and executive consultant for Fortune 100 companies, associations and more. Her interactive workshops and executive consulting are second to none. 
• Tracy is a married mother of three and grew up in Evergreen, CO. Her husband is also an F-16 pilot.
• Tracy will be the host of a Behind the Wings PBS episode all about the F-35. 

Resources:

• Tracy's Website
• Women’s History Month: Academy grad chooses barriers ‘important enough to break’ (USAFA)

Gain insight into the newest branch of the U.S. military- the Space Force.

In this episode, we explore the creation and operations of the Space Force, the newest branch of the United States military. From its roots as a small office within the Air Force to its current status as a fully-fledged branch, we delve into the challenges and successes of the Space Force as it works to defend and protect American interests in space.

Our guest, Colonel Marcus Jackson, is the Commander of Space Base Delta 2, headquartered at Buckley Space Force Base, Colorado. As commander, he leads an 857-member team providing Base Operating Support to more than 757 military, Department of Defense civilians and contractor personnel serving at 14 operating locations world-wide, executing critical United States Space Force Missile Warning and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance missions. In addition, SBD2 hosts 6 wings (or equivalents) and 92 tenant organizations as well as supporting over 14,000 base personnel and a 98,000-retiree population.

This is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• Established as a new branch of the United States Armed Forces: The US Space Force is a newly established branch of the US Armed Forces that was created in December 2019. It operates under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Air Force and is responsible for organizing, training, and equipping military personnel to conduct space operations.
• Focuses on space operations: The primary focus of the US Space Force is on space operations, including satellite communications, missile warning, and other activities that take place in space. The Space Force also aims to protect US space assets from potential threats, including those from other countries.
• Supports the civilian space industry: The US Space Force also supports the civilian space industry by providing satellite launch and other services. It also collaborates with other agencies such as NASA to advance space exploration and research.
• Emphasizes technology and innovation: The Space Force places a strong emphasis on technology and innovation to improve its capabilities and stay ahead of potential threats. This includes investments in areas such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and space-based sensors.
• Relies on partnerships and collaboration: The US Space Force works closely with other branches of the US military as well as with international partners to achieve its goals. It also collaborates with the private sector and academia to develop new technologies and capabilities.

Resources:

• www.spaceforce.mil 
• https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11495 
• https://www.axios.com/2021/12/05/us-space-force-china-threat 
• https://www.axios.com/2020/12/18/astronaut-mike-hopkins-space-force 
• https://www.axios.com/2021/02/03/biden-keeps-space-force

Explore the topic of pilot pathways – how people navigate the path to becoming a pilot.

Our guests are Erika Armstrong and Val Blome. We will dive into Erika’s personal journey as outlined in her memoir “A Chick in the Cockpit”, where she shares her experiences as a woman in a male-dominated industry. The book provides a behind-the-scenes look at the aviation industry, including the challenges and joys of flying, the grueling training process, and the personal sacrifices necessary to succeed. Val Blome will also share her personal journey to becoming a pilot and provide insights into the larger trends she sees people encounter on their journey to becoming a pilot.

This is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• Erika Armstrong, author of "A Chick in the Cockpit: My Life Up in the Air" shares her experiences in the cockpit, and her pursuit of a career in aviation, ultimately as a commercial pilot for a major airline.
• A good first step to get involved in a local, or online aviation community.
• You can get a job in the aviation industry as flight support to learn more about what it's like to be a pilot and make connections.
• Like any challenge, there will be hard days, but don't give up!
• Getting a pilot's license is expensive but consider it an investment. Commercial pilot salaries are relatively high.
• To save money you can take online ground school and do independent study.

Resources:

• A Chick in the Cockpit - Aviation, Pilot, Aviation Consultant 
• Valerie Blome | LinkedIn 
• Pilot Pathway - Wings Over The Rockies (wingsmuseum.org) 
• Free Young Eagles Flights | EAA

Meet the unlikely cast of characters who came together to reunite Col. James Randall with a piece of his past.

We will get into many topics today all connecting back to one long-lost helmet belonging to an F-105 pilot who went down during the Vietnam War. The helmet belonged to Retired Col. James Randall. Col. Randall was a proud member of the Tuskegee Airmen, who were some of the first Black aviators in the US military and helped to desegregate the US armed forces in 1948. They proved themselves as elite aviators with an impressive combat record and war accomplishments.

Col. Randall served 36 years in the U.S. Air Force, both on active duty and in the Reserves. Randall joined the Army Air Corps in 1945, flew 75 combat missions in the Korean War, and 44 in the Vietnam war. Col. Randall was a recipient of the Legion of Merit and the Purple Heart. His career as a fighter pilot, and his story is nothing short of remarkable.

Our guests include Essie Randall, Roberta Rollins, Gary "Paco" Gregg, and Chuck Stout. There is a lot going on this episode, so stick with us because this one is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• Col. Randall joined the Army Air Corps in 1945 and after completing basic training, Randall was assigned to Tuskegee Army Airfield in Alabama
• The Tuskegee Airmen were some of the first Black aviators in the US military and helped desegregate the US armed forces in 1948.
• The Tuskegee Airmen proved themselves as elite aviators with an impressive combat record and war accomplishments.
• In 1963, on September 14th, the Randalls, along with 13 other African American families assigned to Shaw, took a stand against school segregation in their district. They filed a federal suit nine years after the landmark Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education. These brave families came to be known as the 'Shaw 14.'
• Col. Randall was commissioned as an officer in 1950, was a flight instructor, and flew 75 combat missions in the Korean War, flying F-51s, and then in Vietnam he flew an additional 44 missions, before being shot down in an F-105 over North Vietnam, where he was able to eject, and was rescued by a helicopter.
• Col. Randall's helmet was lost when he ejected, and he didn't see the helmet again for nearly 50 years.
• Dominique Eluere found Col. Randall's helmet at a flea market in Cambodia.
• Gary "Paco" Gregg, working with Dominique, helped reconnect the helmet to Col. Randall in 2013.
• After receiving the helmet at a Tuskegee Conference, Col. Randall said the most important thing to come out of this story was the friendship.

Resources:

• Tale of Colorado Springs Vietnam war vet's lost helmet spans globe, decades | News | gazette.com 
• Helmet returned to Air Force pilot shot down in Vietnam | FOX 2 (fox2now.com) 
• Veteran reunited with his helmet nearly 50 years later (kktv.com)
• James Randall > Veterans in Blue > Veterans_Library (af.mil)
• Legacy of the “Shaw 14” and the civil rights movement > U.S. Army Central > News | U.S. Army Central

There’s space for everybody.” But we know little about how differently-abled people will respond to low-gravity environments and the unique challenges that can arise in human space flight.

Mission: Astro Access - a crew of disabled scientists, aerospace professionals and artists based in America - is planning its second mission to explore how different people navigate space travel. What challenges arise, and surprisingly, what advantages might different abilities have?

Our guests today are Eric Ingram and Lindsay Yazzolino. Eric, a wheelchair user, and Lindsay who is blind are two of the crew members who set out to find answers to these questions on board Mission: Astro Access's parabolic flights where they experienced zero gravity, and gravity-simulating the moon and Mars.

On the mission, the ambassadors will explore questions like: How would you navigate if the lights went out on your spacecraft? How would you communicate if it's too loud to hear?

The experiments on Astro Access will benefit all future explorers, as the learnings are passed onto players in the space industry, making spacecraft and space stations safer, easier to navigate and adaptable to the diversity of humans who will one day visit, live and work in space.

Key Takeaways:

• Mission Astro Access is a project dedicated to promoting disability inclusion in space exploration by paving the way for disabled astronauts in science, technology, engineering and math. In turn, they are making space accessible for everyone.
• Astro Access completed its second mission in November of 2022, where they launched disabled scientists, veterans, students, athletes and artists on parabolic flights. They conducted experiments in weightlessness, lunar gravity, martian gravity and zero gravity. 
• Eric Ingram is the founder and CEO of SCOUT Inc. a smart satellite components company. He uses a wheelchair and flew on Astro Access 1 and 2.
• Lindsay Yazzolino is a totally blind nonvisual designer who currently works as a user experience designer at CVs Health. Linday flew on Astro Access 2.
• NASA is sending astronauts back to the moon and commercial space flight is growing. We are well past the age where only military fighter pilots are becoming astronauts. It is only a matter of time until space flight is a part of human civilization says Eric.
• Lindsey's experiment on Mission 2 involved designing and testing tactile decals for the inside of the aircraft. The main decal is a tactile V to help people orient themselves non-visually. Other decals included tactile symbols for oxygen masks and other emergency equipment.
• Eric describes microgravity as alien. You don't have the buoyancy of water holding you up. You don't have air rushing by your face as if you were jumping out of a plane.
• Lindsay recalls martian gravity as feeling as if the plane was moving around her.
• All Astro Access experiments lead to solutions that are applicable for and can benefit all human space flight. If lights go out on a spacecraft, you will need a way to navigate. If you get injured or grow old in space, you will need ways to adapt to that new physical reality.
• The conversation of accessibility in space is well underway due to Astro Access' initiatives and the support of several commercial space flight companies. 

Resources:

• Astro Access on Radio Lab! The Right Stuff (radiolab.org)  
• NASA on Astro Access: NSF Live: AstroAccess - Advancing Disability Inclusion in Space Exploration - YouTube 
• Astro Access on BBC: Access All: Disability news and talk: 'It was magical' - the first disabled crew to fly in zero-gravity on Apple Podcasts 
• Astro Access Website Ambassadors2 - AstroAccess 
• The Verge: The mission to break barriers to space travel for people with disabilities
• NYT on Astro Access https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/22/science/astronauts-disabilities-astroaccess.html 

In this episode of Behind the Wings, we are talking about the James Webb Space Telescope! A next generation deep-space telescope that NASA launched in December 2021. It’s the most powerful telescope ever built, with the ability to see further and clearer into space than any previous telescope. It’s advanced design, sensors, and technology will allow it to time travel to some of the first galaxies that formed, learn about exoplanets that could be capable of supporting life.

We are joined by Lee Feinberg, the Optical Telescope Element Manager for the James Webb Space Telescope. Lee shares with us the fascinating story of how he became involved with the project and the challenges he and his team faced in developing the telescope. He discusses the cutting-edge technology being used in the construction of the James Webb Space Telescope and the groundbreaking science it will enable us to explore. Tune in to learn more about this exciting project and the impact it will have on our understanding of the universe.

There is a LOT to explore with this one, and the scientific research is only really just getting started. This one is going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• One of the main design challenges for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was creating a large, lightweight mirror that could withstand the extreme temperatures of space.
• Another significant challenge was developing a sunshield to block out heat from the sun and allow the telescope to operate at the extremely low temperatures necessary for its infrared observations.
• The JWST's primary mirror is made up of 18 hexagonal mirror segments that work together to provide a large field of view.
• The sunshield is made of five layers of a special material called Kapton, which is able to withstand extreme temperatures and protect the telescope's instruments.
• The JWST's deployment used a robotic arm to unfold the sunshield and the primary mirror. The deployment went so smoothly that JWST has extra fuel that could expand its lifespan.
• The telescope's instruments include a camera, a spectrograph, and a coronagraph, all of which are designed to study the infrared light from distant objects.
• The JWST has been designed to study a wide range of astronomical phenomena, including the formation of stars and planets, the evolution of galaxies, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy.
• The JWST's discoveries include the first direct images of exoplanets, the study of the formation of the first galaxies, and the search for biosignatures on exoplanets.
• The JWST's advanced capabilities will provide new insights into the origins of life and the evolution of the universe.
• The JWST launched on Dec 25, 2021 and is be operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland.

Resources:

• NASA's James Webb Space Telescope website (https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/) is a comprehensive resource for information on the telescope, including its mission, science goals, and current status. 
• The European Space Agency's James Webb Space Telescope webpage (https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/James_Webb_Space_Telescope) provides information on the telescope's history, development, and scientific capabilities. 
• The Space Telescope Science Institute's James Webb Space Telescope page (https://www.stsci.edu/jwst) contains resources for scientists interested in using the telescope, including information on proposal submission and data access. 
• The James Webb Space Telescope's official Twitter account 
• The James Webb Space Telescope's Wikipedia page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope) provides a summary of the telescope's history, development, and capabilities. It also includes links to additional resources and references. 

Today, we are going deeper with a company called MissionGo who is using drones to do a variety of things from infrastructure inspections to medical and commercial cargo. Our guests are MissionGo President Chris Corgnati and Director of Flight Operations Ryan Henderson.

Last time on episode 4 we discussed drone soccer, and the regulatory challenges that this quickly growing industry faces as it takes on autonomous flight, air taxi services and more, so if you want a great introduction on drones go check that out.

Infrastructure inspections are certainly important, and I know a lot of companies are out there doing that and it is where many of them are able to make money today, but I’m really excited about the medical applications. In April 2019, MissionGo did the first-ever drone delivery of an organ transplant, and since then they have delivered everything from pizza, to blood, and life-saving medication.

We should probably say the pizza and organs are separate delivery packages right, but in all seriousness, this is such a cool and important use case that I think we’re going to see more and more.

Key Takeaways:

• Dr. Joe Scalea, a MissionGo cofounder and renowned transplant surgeon, conceived the idea to use drones for organ and medical transplant resulting in the first successful organ transplant in 2019, and the founding of MissionGo.
• Why Drones? Drones are best for dull, dangerous, or dirty work. They also reduce carbon emissions and noise pollution when compared to larger, combustion engine aircraft.
• MGV-100 is MissionGo's flagship single rotor drone. The design lends itself to stability and reliability, which are critical for the sensitive medical loads that MissionGo transports.
• The battery architecture provides redundancy in the case if one of the motors or batteries fails in-flight.
• It is usually safer and more efficient to fly the drones autonomously, rather than manually.
• Infrastructure surveying is currently how companies, including MissionGo, are able to generate the majority of their revenue while they work on other delivery programs that have yet to reach their full-scale potential.
• MissionGo completed the First successful organ delivery for transplant by an uncrewed aerial vehicle or UAV in 2019. The delivery took just 10 minutes, covering about 2.6 miles from one hospital to another. Time is of the essence in these critical medical operations, making it a great use case for drone delivery.
• MissionGo, MediGo and The Navajo Nation completed a series of flights in January 2022 using the MGV100 drone where they were able to deliver critical cargo like life-saving prescription medication, meal kits, and emergency supplies, even livestock medication to look at how drones could improve healthcare access in rural America.
• When transporting biohazardous cargo like blood or organs technologies like tamperproof packaging and identity verification can help make these deliveries safe and successful.
• We are just at the beginning at fully realizing and executing on the diverse applications of drone technology. There is already tremendous impact and results from the industry, and the future is bright.

Resources:

• MGV100 - MissionGO 
• Watch first-ever drone delivery of organ for transplant | CNN 
• Microsoft PowerPoint - 15 Drone Package Delivery-Newest Member of the Supply Chain - Adam Greco (faa.gov) 
• The Race For Last Mile Drones | Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (auvsi.org) 

Strap in folks, we are going to Space with a very special guest who blazed her own trail, defying the grip of Earth’s gravity, and breaking a glass ceiling into the cosmos. Our Guest today is Retired NASA Astronaut Eileen Collins.

Col. Collins has lived an amazing life, and though she has retired from the NASA astronaut program, her mission to share her story and inspire the next generation of explorers is far from over. Many of us can only dream of a career like hers - from her achievements as the first woman to command an American space mission and the first to pilot the space shuttle to her early years as one of the Air Force’s first female pilots.

Eileen is one of those pioneers who forever changed the trajectory of space exploration - this one's going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• Eileen Collins was born in 1956 in Elmira, New York.
• She received a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and economics from Syracuse University in 1978.
• Collins joined the Air Force in 1979 and became a pilot.
• She was selected for the astronaut program in 1990.
• Collins made her first trip to space in 1995 as a member of the STS-63 crew.
• In 1999, Collins became the first woman to command a space shuttle when she led the STS-93 mission.
• She commanded two more space shuttle missions: STS-114 in 2005 and STS-121 in 2006.
• Collins retired from NASA and the Air Force in 2006.
• After her retirement, she worked as a consultant and public speaker.
• Collins has received numerous awards and honors for her contributions to space exploration, including the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

Resources:

• The official NASA website has a page dedicated to Eileen Collins that provides biographical information, photos, and details about her missions: https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/eileen-m-collins/biography
• The Astronaut Scholarship Foundation has an interview with Collins on their website, where she discusses her career and experiences in space: https://astronautscholarship.org/eileen-collin
• The National Air and Space Museum has a page about Collins on their website, which includes information about her career and achievements: https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/eileen-collin
• The Encyclopedia Britannica has an entry about Collins that provides an overview of her life and career: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eileen-Collins
• The Women in Aviation International organization has a profile of Collins on their website, which includes information about her achievements and contributions to the field of aviation: https://www.wai.org/pioneers/eileen-collins

The Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is a non-profit organization that serves as the civilian auxiliary of the USAF. Its membership includes everyone from younger cadets to their more senior members, totaling more than 56,000 volunteers across the US. The CAP started just 6 days before Pearl Harbor, and they served a unique, and relatively active role, patrolling the Atlantic coast during WWII. Today their mission includes youth mentorship, and aerial assistance with missions like search and rescue, fire monitoring and more.

 In this episode we will dive into the unique history, and the work they are doing today. This one’s going to be cool!

Key Takeaways:

• The Civil Air Patrol was started by congress on Dec 1, 1941, just 6 days before Pearl Harbor
• CAP has about 2,000 members in Colorado, and about 60,000 members nationally
• Its early missions during WWII focused on surveillance, and defense off the Atlantic coast of the US where German U-boats were threatening merchant ships
• As an auxiliary organization to the US Air Force, CAP is tasked with Air Force-assigned missions from the Air Force Rescue Coordination Center
• Primary roles today include search and rescue, aerospace education, and its cadet youth mentorship program
• The CAP supports a variety of medical missions including COVID-19 response, collecting blood donations, and delivering critical medical supplies
• Cadets, aged 12-21, learn both leadership and aerospace skills
• CAP completes more than 100 search and rescue saves each year in collaboration with agencies including the US Forest Service
• CAP has identified cyber security as a topic important to the future

Support Behind the Wings by making a financial contribution to Wings Over the Rockies Air & Space Museum’s Annual Fund! (wingsmuseum.org)

Resources:

• About CAP | Civil Air Patrol 
• History of the Civil Air Patrol - Wikipedia
• Civil Air Patrol-U.S. Air Force > Air Force > Fact Sheet Display (af.mil)

Ready or not, strap in, because we have got 10 great episodes coming up for Season 2. It’s time to go... Behind the Wings!

We’ve got a lot to explore – stories about how history shapes aviation today, trailblazers in space, and up-close looks at iconic aircraft of the past, present and future. There’s a lot of cool stories coming up in Season 2, so stick around.

You can find the Behind the Wings podcast wherever you listen. Episodes come out every two weeks – starting Monday Dec 5th with an awesome conversation about the fascinating history and unique mission today of the Civil Air Patrol. For past episodes and show notes visit: WingsMuseum.org/podcast

We’ll see you next time on Behind the Wings.

In today’s show, we’re going to go Behind the Wings of a cutting-edge space vehicle – The Orion Spacecraft, and the Artemis Missions - with Lockheed Martin systems engineer and Integration senior manager Kerry Timmons.

Kerry leads a team of engineers at Lockheed Martin, working on Orion’s vehicle requirements - from the advanced electrical systems to human integration for the Artemis I and II missions. With the Artemis program we’ll be able to explore uncharted parts of the moon, and learn more about what it takes to not only explore the moon but deep Space. 

What an exciting time for human space flight. I remember as a kid the wonder of Apollo – In today's conversation that excitement is back! 

Key Takeaways:

• Kerry Timmons is a second-generation Lockheed Martin employee. She has been working on the Orion spacecraft since 2008.
• Orion is the US and NASA's crewed deep space exploration vehicle, consisting of the crew vehicle, the service module, and the launch abort system.
• Orion uses the same blunt-body capsule as the Apollo spacecraft, but there are differences in the crew capacity (3 on Apollo, 4 on Orion), and mission length (Apollo 14 days, Orion 21 days).
• The Orion capsule is reusable, enabling more frequent missions.
• The Apollo missions were named after the Greek god Apollo, the god of the sun. The Artemis missions are named after Apollo's twin sister Artemis, the goddess of the moon.
• Artemis I is an uncrewed mission around the moon planned for launch in 2022. The spacecraft will go deeper than any crewed vehicle has before, based on the trajectory and orbit, to ensure the safety of the vehicle for Artemis II
• Artemis II will take the crew out for the first time in the Orion Spacecraft to orbit the moon. It is planned for 2024
• Artemis III will take the first woman and person of color to land on the moon. It is planned for 2025.
• Artemis IV will be another mission to the moon, possibly incorporating the upcoming Lunar Gateway. It is planned for 2026.
• NASA wants to build a sustainable lunar environment both on the surface and as orbiting an orbiting platform to grow our knowledge and experience living and working in space
• Lockheed Martin partnered with Amazon on the Callisto payload to bring the Alexa voice control and Cisco WebX video communication aboard Orion.
• When the Orion Spacecraft returns to Earth it will bounce off the atmosphere in a maneuver called a skip re-entry. This was conceived during the Apollo program but is only now technologically possible.
• Kerry Timmons's hope for the future of space exploration, is for more people to be part of the space industry, a thriving earth-lunar economy, and for more people to be able to experience the wonder of exploration in space.

References:

• Orion (spacecraft) - Wikipedia 
• NASA Artemis 
• Orion | Lockheed Martin 
• The Next Frontier in Space | Behind the Wings on PBS
• Callisto (lockheedmartin.com)

Today’s show is a conversation with Allissa Battocletti Noffke – a 'professor' of spacewalking! Allie works for the flight operations directorate at NASA’s Johnson Space Center – NASA’s center for human space flight based in Houston Texas - where she specializes in EVAs or Extra Vehicular Activities.

Most of her work has focused on the International Space Station. Whenever astronauts need to make a repair, or check on maintenance issues, they need to exit the station and go for a space walk.  In this episode we explore what space walking is like, how astronauts train for EVAs and how important it is to make those extravehicular activities as safe as possible.

With these upcoming Artemis Missions to the moon, astronauts will soon be making new tracks in lunar regolith for the first time in about 50 years. We also discuss how moonwalking compares to space walking and what can we expect from the Artemis program. What a fascinating topic, and time to talk about spacewalking.

Key Takeaways:

• Allie Battocletti Noffke first got interested in Space as a girl when her dad taught her about the Apollo missions. Today she is the operational lead for Spacewalk preparation on the ISS. 
• Spacewalking began in the early days of the ISS during its assembly phase from about 2000-2011, with parts flying up on the Space Shuttle. Assembly was declared complete in 2011, but it continues to be upgraded and maintained.
• NASA had experimented with untethered Spacewalks with an MMU (Manned Maneuvering Unit); an astronaut propulsion device used on only three missions in 1984. The units were retired and were deemed too risky compared to manipulator arms or tethered EVAs.
• Astronaut Candidates come from all different backgrounds. EVA training starts with introductions to basic mechanical skills, operational communication, and body positioning.
• Mission control handles things like positioning solar arrays to free up time for astronauts on board the ISS for research projects, and spacewalking for missions that can't be done complete by mission control.
• Thousands of NASA Spinoff projects have come off the ISS. NASA spinoff technologies are commercial products and services which have been developed with the help of NASA, often for use on Earth.
• With more than 20 years of constant activity on the ISS, the legacy of the ISS is about human exploration and being a proving ground for learning how to live and work in space for long durations.
• With the ISS set to retire around 2030, commercial space stations and transport are filling in as the next generation for low earth orbit activity.
• Creativity is a key aspect of conduction repairs with the limited tools and resources that are available on the ISS, and without launch on demand
• Spacewalking is a free-float, micro-gravity environment, whereas moon walking is at 1/6th gravity.
• The Russian cosmonauts have their own spacewalk operations and their own airlock and spacesuits. NASA's partners from Japan, Canada, and Europe all train on US spacewalks. Overall it is collaborative, sharing tools to complete missions.

References:

• Allie B Covering MDM Long - YouTube
• Allie B NBL Run Overview - YouTube
• Purduette Becomes a “Professor” of Spacewalking | Purdue 150th (takegiantleaps.com)
• EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY (EVA) (nasa.gov)

We are all familiar with the name Amelia Earhart, but do we really know what she was like or what she believed in?

Today’s show is a conversation with Sammie Morris. Sammie is the Head Archivist at the Purdue University archives and special collections where they hold some of the most extensive collections on Amelia Earhart, one being donated by Amelia’s husband, George Palmer Putnam, himself. Amelia also worked with and taught at Purdue University just before her last flight.

We are going to discuss the interesting and radical life of legendary aviatrix, Amelia Earhart! She was the first woman and second person to fly solo across the Atlantic in 1932. Now, that was one of her most famous records, but she set so many more! Of course, a lot of us know her for her mysterious disappearance, but in this episode, we are going to dive deeper into the woman behind the mystery, how she blazed her own path in early aviation, and the legacy she left behind. 
 
Key Takeaways:

• The Purdue University Archive is a great resource for researchers interested in the life and legacy of Amelia Earhart. They hold two collections on Amelia Earhart, one collection on her husband, George Palmer Putnam, and one on her navigator, Fred Noonan.
• Earhart's energetic, adventurous, brave personality was ahead of her time. She shared her radical beliefs about women's roles in the home and in the field of science, for example, yet she was able to not shock the public and alienate herself.
• The Friendship Flight in 1928 was the first trans-Atlantic flight by a woman. Amelia was a passenger, alongside co-pilots Wilmer Stultz and Louis Gordon. The journey took 20 hours and 40 minutes, which is also the title of the book she wrote about this flight.
• Amelia Earhart was the first woman and second person to complete a solo flight across the Atlantic in 1932.
• Amelia Earhart befriended First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who became an advocate for aviation, women in flight, and Amelia's endeavors
• Amelia Earhart co-founded the 99's - an organization still around today that is dedicated to inspiring women pilots since 1929 - and became their first president
• Multiple factors influenced Amelia Earhart's disappearance on the last stretch of her world flight, such as low fuel, weather, and lost radio connection

References:

• Earhart, Amelia, 1897-1937 | Archives and Special Collections (purdue.edu)
• https://flightpaths.lib.purdue.edu/blog/2016/09/13/amelia-earhart-the-flying-feminist/ 
• https://www.ninety-nines.org/our-history.htm
• https://www.purdue.edu/uns/x/2009b/091019CordovaEarhart.html 
• https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1895&context=purc
• https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/lockheed-vega-5b-amelia-earhart/nasm_A19670093000
• Speech by Amelia Earhart | Library of Congress (loc.gov)

Today’s show is a conversation with Robert Arnold, the grandson of Hap Arnold – the Father of the air force. Arnold urged an independent air arm which he lived to see authorized in 1947 – he started flying with the Signal Crops in what could be described as a ‘wild west’ era in aviation - setting altitude records, and in WWI was the first aerial observer to report his observations using Radio. 

In WWII, he directed air activities for the nation's global war against Germany and Japan. Under him the air arm grew from 22,000 officers and men with 3,900 planes to nearly 2,500,000 men and 75,000 aircraft. An amazing accomplishment that shows how much was changing during this time, and Arnold’s influence on the development of air power.

Key Takeaways:

• Hap learned to fly in the Wright Brothers ground school and became one of the first military pilots worldwide.
• Hap grounds himself after a near death experience in a Wright Model C flying the first ever aerial spotting of artillery during an accelerated stall.
• After testifying for Billy Mitchell and leaking information to the press, Hap and his family are forced to decamp for Fort Riley Kansas after Mason Patrick refuses Haps own request to court marshal himself after getting caught. 
• He directed the expansion of the US Air Force upon entry into WWII to create the most powerful air force in the world.
• Hap Arnold was the only officer to hold a five-star rank in two different US military services, the United States Army Air Forces and the United States Air Force.

References:

• HENRY. H. ARNOLD > Air Force > Biography Display (af.mil)
• Gen. Henry H. "Hap" Arnold > National Museum of the United States Air Force™ > Display (af.mil) 
• Here’s why Hap Arnold, a practical visionary, became the ‘father of the Air Force’ (airforcetimes.com) 
• Become A Member | Wings Over the Rockies Air & Space Museum (wingsmuseum.org)

Today’s show is a conversation with Jonna Doolittle, the granddaughter of James H. Doolittle – who shares great insights into the American military general and aviation pioneer. It was great to get the family insights from Jonna, and as always, the historical context.  Doolittle won air races, was a test pilot, completing the first outside loop, something most people thought was impossible. In WWI he was active with the Signal Corps’ Aviation Section, but never saw combat. In WWII, Doolittle was chosen by Hap Arnold – the subject of our next episode, so stay tuned - to lead the planning of the first aerial raid on the Japanese mainland and retaliation for Pearl Harbor.

 
Key Takeaways:

• Jimmy Doolittle was highly educated, as a mechanic, engineer, and pilot, which set up his career as an aviation pioneer
• Doolittle's innovation with blind flying and landing paved the way for landing in bad weather
• Doolittle helped organize the Air Force Association and was elected its first president
• Doolittle lobbied successfully to make the Air Force its own branch of the military

References:

• GENERAL JAMES HAROLD DOOLITTLE > Air Force > Biography Display (af.mil)
• I Could Never Be So Lucky Again by James H. Doolittle (goodreads.com)
• Become A Member | Wings Over the Rockies Air & Space Museum (wingsmuseum.org)

Today’s show is a conversation with Steve Lindsey who is a former U.S. Air Force (USAF) pilot and NASA astronaut with more than 30 years of flight test experience. Today, he is VP of Strategy at Sierra Space where he leads design, development, testing and operational employment of the Dream Chaser® spacecraft, a modern, reusable, lifting-body space system for uncrewed and crewed transportation to low-Earth orbit. We have a Dream Chaser HL-20 mockup at Wings Museum – so it’s a great opportunity to go Behind the Wings of this cutting-edge spacecraft.

During his 15+ year tenure at NASA, Lindsey completed five space flights and logged more than 1,510 hours in space. He last served as chief of the astronaut corps, overseeing spacecraft development, crew selection and training and flight test/crew operations in support of the space shuttle, International Space Station (ISS) and Constellation Programs.

Steve Lindsey is also featured in our latest season 4 of Behind the Wings on PBS, live now on Rocky Mountain PBS and Wings Over the Rockies YouTube Channel – so you can see Steve and the dream chaser in action!

Key Takeaways:

• Astronaut was the perfect job for Lindsey at the intersection of his passions for flying and engineering
• Lindsey learned from the Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster to never accept something when it's not supposed performing like its supposed to
• Collaborating with Russian cosmonauts in Space was a success in international collaboration, in contrast to geopolitical challenges on Earth
• Following NASA's commercial cargo and crew programs, private space exploration is enabling a new era of greater access and sustainability in space exploration
• The Dream Chaser spacecraft is in 24/7 production and is likely to have its maiden flight in 2023
• Sierra Space is partnering 50/50 with Blue Origin to create Orbital Reef, a mixed-use commercial space station
• Lindsey's vision for the future of space exploration is to talk into a classroom and say, "I'm an Astronaut" and for the students to say "Big deal, half of our parents have been to space."

References:

• Dream Chaser® | Wings Over the Rockies Air & Space Museum (wingsmuseum.org)
• Dream Chaser® Spaceplane | Private Space Travel for All | Sierra Space
• Become A Member | Wings Over the Rockies Air & Space Museum (wingsmuseum.org)

This will be our first show with two guests – Kyle Sanders and Dawn Zoldi - and we’re talking drones! We’ll explore new E-Sports like drone soccer, artificial intelligence, the role of drones in combat, and the legal issues that arise with drone law.

Students are getting involved with drones at the high school level and even younger. There's so much opportunity with this growing field. U.S. Drone Soccer co-founder Kyle Sander discusses how drone sports get young people involved with building, and flying drones. But drones today extend past the soccer field into so many different industries. To learn more we spoke with Dawn Zoldi.

Dawn’s had a fascinating career spanning 25 years as a military attorney, an internationally recognized expert on un-crewed aircraft systems and advanced air mobility law and policy. She is founder of P3 Tech Consulting, and hosts the Dawn of Drones Podcast. From her experience as a military lawyer, to Electric Take off and Landing Vehicles, there's a lot to explore.

This one's going to be cool!

References:
https://www.dronesoccer.us/
https://www.p3techconsulting.com/
https://pratt.duke.edu/faculty/missy-cummings

Today’s show is a conversation with Sharon Caples McDougle, a modern-day hidden figure, crew chief, and manager of the Space Shuttle Crew Escape Equipment Processing Department. She is the first Black woman to serve in those roles. She has had an amazing career and we’re going to dive into her journey.

Sharon is a former NASA spacesuit technician. She suited up Mae Jaemison, the first Black Woman to go to Space, worked on the SR-71 with pressure suits, and now tells her story in all kinds of ways – she authored a Children’s book “suit up with Shay” and we are happy to have her tell her story today on Behind the Wings! This was a really fun conversation.

Today’s show is a conversation with Mike Rabens who is president of the F-14 Tomcat Association  –  who’s mission, they say, is to to preserve the history of the greatest fighter jet the US Navy has ever flown. Membership is open to anyone who has flown, worked on, or just plain loves the F-14 aircraft.

Mike is graduate of the Navy Fighter Weapons School, Top Gun, a commander on US Naval Test Pilot School, with more than 4,700 flight hours in 58 aircraft, and more than 700 carrier landings. Today he is the Director of System Integration Test & Evaluation at Northrop Grumman— Sound familiar? It’s the same company that built his beloved Tomcat.

This one's going to be cool!

https://www.f-14association.com

General Carl A. Spaatz was the first chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force and one of the most influential people in early U.S. Air Force History. Born in Boyertown, Penn. on June 28, 1891, Spaatz had a full career, beginning with the newly formed air corps and was one of the first military aviators in the U.S. Army. In this episode, we look at Spaatz' biography, but also what his story meant for the formation of the U.S. Air Force that we know today.

General Carl Spaatz National USAAF Museum (spaatzmuseum.org)