Economics Explained

Overpopulation has been our biggest fear for decades, but now, shrinking populations are the real crisis. From aging societies to dwindling birth rates, countries worldwide are grappling with the risks of a declining population and struggling with radical measures to reverse it. In this video, we uncover why this shift could redefine our future, and why simply paying people to have more kids may lead to unexpected, even dangerous consequences. Dive into the surprising story behind the global population plunge and its impact on all of us.

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Washington D.C. is home to the world's largest and most powerful economy. Still, most people don’t realize that this federal district is also one of the most complex and productive local economies globally.

In this video, we dive deep into the fascinating economics of Washington D.C.. How its strange status fuels a massive local economy, and why calls for it to become a state are intensifying. How its wealth paradoxically creates some of the worst inequality in the U.S. We’ll also explore how the unique structure of D.C. skews its economic measurements and what would happen if it gained independence as a state.

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2024 is set to be the biggest election year ever, with nearly half the world's population heading to the polls! While democracy is generally a good thing, elections can create turmoil in economies, adding uncertainty to everything from trade to taxes. In this video, we dive into how elections can disrupt national economies, the real costs of political uncertainty, and whether we can minimize these economic disturbances for smoother transitions of power.

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Once a powerhouse of the ancient world, Egypt today faces a range of internal and external challenges that are holding it back from becoming a major global economic force. With its prime location between Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, and control of the critical Suez Canal, Egypt has all the ingredients to be a top 10 global economy—but what’s standing in the way?

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Switzerland is often seen as an economic powerhouse with immense wealth, luxury exports, and a prestigious financial sector. But what’s behind its global reputation? In this video, we explore how Switzerland developed its world-leading industries and whether this success benefits the average Swiss citizen. We also look at potential challenges to its economic dominance and what happens when a country’s reputation becomes a double-edged sword.

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For decades, China was the go-to for low-cost manufacturing, but now it's a global leader in advanced industries. How did China leapfrog the competition, and what does this mean for the global economy? We explore the rapid rise of Chinese industry and its implications for the future.

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Exploring the incredible transformation of the Persian Gulf from a collection of small fishing villages to the global epicenter of oil-fueled opulence. Cities like Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Riyadh have risen from the sands with grand visions of becoming world-class business and tourist destinations. But is this meteoric rise sustainable, or just a facade built on dwindling oil reserves? We delve into the ambitious projects, the looming challenges, and the critical question of what happens when the oil runs out. Will these cities thrive in a post-oil world, or are they destined to become relics of a forgotten boom?

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Thailand has faced decades of political turmoil, but its economy has continued to grow, defying the odds. Strategically located and driven by strong industries, Thailand has managed to navigate through coups and crises. However, with ongoing challenges, can Thailand continue its upward trajectory and secure its place as a leading economy in Southeast Asia?

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Venezuela, a nation blessed with the largest oil reserves in the world, has shockingly transformed from potential powerhouse to economic disaster. In this video, we dive into the mismanagement that led to a collapse so severe that international agencies stopped tracking it. Explore how internal failures and external pressures pushed this once-promising country to the brink, and whether there's any chance left for a recovery.

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In 2006, Spain's economy was booming, experiencing unparalleled growth since the turn of the millennium. With per capita output more than doubling in just six years, some economists predicted that Spain could surpass Germany in per capita income within five years, positioning itself as a central power in Europe.

The real estate sector thrived, with agents becoming local celebrities and tradespeople in high demand. However, this growth was unsustainable. The global financial crisis (GFC) and the Eurozone crisis ended the debt-fueled expansion abruptly. Nearly two decades later, Spain's economy remains weaker than in 2007. High unemployment, stagnated economic activity, and persistent debt struggles paint a grim picture.

Spain's story serves as a cautionary tale. This raises critical questions: What fueled Spain's rapid economic growth? What led to its dramatic downfall? Why has the recovery been so slow?

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2016 was supposed to mark Brazil's rise as an economic superpower. The country saw rapid growth in industries, surpassing India and Italy, and nearing France and the UK in economic output. Improvements in healthcare, education, and political stability painted a promising picture.

But by 2016, the dream was shattered. The Rio Olympics, intended to showcase Brazil's success, became a global embarrassment. Delayed construction, waste-filled arenas, and the event's high costs bankrupted the city, leading to strikes by unpaid public servants. Instead of highlighting achievements, the Olympics exposed Brazil's challenges.

Since its peak, Brazil's GDP has nearly halved, erasing progress made in the 2000s. Corruption scandals and political instability further hinder its recovery.

This video explores how Brazil became a fast-growing economy, why it collapsed, and if it can reclaim its former success. Could Brazil rise again?

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For decades, hosting the Olympics has been seen as a prestigious opportunity to showcase a nation's success. However, history shows that these events often coincide with economic challenges. Russia hosted the 2014 Winter Olympics, facing economic decline shortly after. Brazil's economy stagnated following the 2016 Rio Olympics, and China's growth slowed during the 2022 Winter Olympics. With France facing economic tensions ahead of its upcoming Olympics and Australia slated to host in 2032, it's worth questioning whether these prestigious events are predictors of economic downturns. Could there be a connection, and are these multi-billion dollar projects worth the risk?

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Hawaii, the last state to join the USA, is renowned not just for its pivotal role in military operations and its allure as a top tourist destination, but also for its significant economic contributions on a global scale. Despite its modest size and remote location, the Hawaiian Islands boast an economic output that rivals entire countries like Bulgaria and Ecuador. This video delves into how Hawaii has carved out this economic niche, presenting a unique case study that challenges conventional measures of prosperity.

While for many, Hawaii represents the perfect surfing getaway or a strategic naval base, the reality for its residents is a daily life marked by unique economic challenges. The state grapples with some of the highest living costs in the world, lacking the high-paying jobs that usually justify such expenses. From costly day-to-day necessities influenced by its isolation and tourist appeal, to critical lapses in economic policy, this video examines the underlying issues that could be improved almost immediately—if there was a political will to address them.

Is it really just the price of living in paradise? This video questions whether these economic challenges can be managed without giving the state an unfair advantage and explores the potential consequences of neglecting these issues. How does Hawaii compare to other states and global economies when it comes to addressing these pressing concerns?

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In this video, we explore the dramatic changes in Portugal's economy driven by the influx of digital nomads. Discover how warm sandy beaches, vibrant culture, excellent internet speeds, and affordable living costs have transformed Portugal into a top destination for remote workers from high-income countries. We delve into the benefits, like increased spending on local goods and services and investment in businesses, particularly in Lisbon, where cafes, coworking spaces, and the tourism sector thrive.

However, this boom isn't without its downsides. Rising housing prices and rent due to the demand from digital nomads are creating challenges for local residents. We examine the complex balance Portugal faces between economic growth and local affordability.

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Welcome to Ireland, a nation with two contrasting economic realities. On the surface, Ireland's economy appears as one of the world’s richest, only behind Luxembourg in the IMF rankings, surpassing global economic leaders like Switzerland and the USA. But delve deeper, and you discover a more complex narrative.

For much of its history, Ireland has grappled with severe poverty and economic instability. Yet, the past two decades have painted a picture of unprecedented wealth, presenting Ireland as the richest major economy on paper. This fairytale, however, is powered by what many would call creative accounting, rather than a genuine economic revolution.

In this video, we explore the dichotomy between Ireland's 'make-believe' economy—fueled by offshore trillions and favorable tax laws—and its 'real' economy, composed of hard-working individuals and traditional businesses. We delve into how these two facets interact, the benefits of being a business haven comparable to New York or Singapore, and the inherent risks of building prosperity on precarious financial strategies.

Join us as we unpack the intricate dance between Ireland’s enticing tax policies and its real economic substance, evaluating both the high stakes and the high gains of this fascinating economic setup. What does this mean for the future of Ireland’s economy?

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Mississippi, once the richest state in the USA, now has the lowest GDP per capita, highest poverty rate, and slowest growth. What caused this dramatic decline? Let's find out.

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Discover the hidden gem of Southeast Asia! The Philippines is rapidly growing into a global economic powerhouse, leveraging its vibrant workforce and unique strategies. Uncover the fascinating influence of its complex history with the USA and dive into the challenges it faces, from corruption to inequality. Join us on an exciting journey as we rank the Philippines on the Economics Explained Leaderboard!

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Turkey's economy faces severe inflation and a 96% devaluation of the Lira. Despite recent interest rate hikes, stabilization remains elusive. Will Turkey overcome its economic challenges, or is it too late? Discover the unfolding story!

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Discover the Netherlands' unique economic journey, from pioneering modern trade and finance to overcoming Dutch Disease. See why it's one of the most productive and livable countries today. Can other economies learn from the Dutch model? 

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Jeff Bezos and Bill Gates, two gentlemen fighting back and forth for the title of world richest man. These two individuals seem very very similar, for starters, of course, they are both billionaires, an elite worldwide club with around 2 and a half thousand members, they are both white, male tech entrepreneurs, from the united states, and even more specifically from Seattle, and even more specifically their primary residence is in Medina a same small town just outside of Seattle. So it looks like these two are pretty similar, but in reality, their fortunes couldn’t be more different.

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The Wuhan Coronavirus, the active impeachment of a sitting US president, an earthquake and volcanic eruption in the Philippines, floods in Indonesia, the death of Kobe Bryant, magnitude 7.7 earthquakes in the Caribbean and even my homeland down under has been on fire and then buried in ice and then on fire again so yeah the first month of 2020 is really trying its best to kill us all I guess what we are here for is to explore what all of these things mean to an economy both at a local and global level.

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Sweden is a beautiful Scandinavian country famed for its beautiful people, flat-packed furniture, PewDiePie and meatballs. Now of course if you hadn’t guessed by the channels title we are only here to look Sweden's economy, and it is a remarkable one at that. Sweden is home to one of the highest standards of living in the world and is often held in extremely high regard when it comes to workers rights and general quality of life indicators such as working hours, happiness rates and life expectancy. It is also a nation with a rich history of setting the trend for other economies to follow, Sweden is home to the Riksbank founded in 1668 it is the oldest central bank in the world, blazing the path for monetary policy that dictates every major economy in the world today.

So how did it get here. We have explored rich nations with strong welfare systems that seem to do everything right on the channel before… most notably Norway, Sweden's little brother the to west… But Sweden is slightly different in the sense that it was not blessed with the Norwegian sea and its abundance of oil and gas, so it was not able to build up a sovereign wealth fund with oil profits like Norway was and so on paper it is citizens are poorer than Norway's but their quality of life seems exactly the same.

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The Philippines, a beautiful tropical archipelago of islands that forms one of the most important economies in the world today. This nation often flies under the radar as a quiet achiever but it is both interesting and important to understand because it may be the quintessential 21st-century growth nation, and that is not to say it is some super modern nation from the future, but rather it is to say that the story of the success and failures of the Philippines is by extension the story of the world today as more and more countries, modernize, embrace technology, trade internationally and bring their citizens into the global middle class.

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The Soviet Union is one of the most historically significant economies to understand, not only because it was the home to some of the most controversial economic practices ever, not only because it was a nation that altered world politics for the latter half of the entire twentieth century, or because it was home to one of the largest and most rapid economic declines in modern history, no no, all of that stuff is important and we will explore it, but more important than all of that is that even today, almost 30 years after the fall of the soviet union, the lessons of the nation and its economy are having lasting implications on the world today.

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South Africa is an economy that is really important to understand as a kind of potential outcome case study of inequality gone bad. The nation itself, on paper at least is not so terrible, it is actually one of if not the wealthiest nation in all of Africa, trading back and forth quite frequently with Nigeria.

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The phenomenon of brain drain is when the best and brightest workers from poor countries immigrate to rich countries in the pursuit of higher pay and living conditions. This can hinder the development of poor countries because many of their best workers leave.

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With GDP per capita of just $2 per day, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the poorest, if not the poorest nation on Earth. However, this does not have to be the case. The country has massive deposits of rare earth minerals including Cobalt, which is an essential input to the production of lithium-ion batteries. The mineral resources are estimated to be worth $24 trillion. So why is the DRC so poor?

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Canada is banning foreign investors from buying homes for two years to address the pandemic-induced surge in home prices. Economists warn it could have long-term effects on the economy if not managed well. Other economies are closely watching Canada to see if the move pays off.

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For decades now economists have been predicting that India would become an economic superpower, and in part, it has. India's workforce is younger than China's and wages are lower meaning they have been well placed to take low ticket manufacturing jobs from China. But could we expect to see India's economy grow and possibly even surpass China in the next decade?

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Pakistan's economy has recently come under pressure due to high levels of debt, currency devaluation, floods, and high prices for imported food and energy. So how bad are things likely to get and what are the possible solutions?

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Bangladesh has a troubled past, but it has been in a great position to grow dramatically in much the same way that its neighbour China has done in the recent past. Bangladesh is still a highly labour intensive market which makes it a great place to get T-shirts made, but a number of factors have made it painfully slow to develop beyond that. Could Bangladesh change things to become the next China?

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Last year's banking crisis in Silicon Valley, where three banks including Silicon Valley Bank failed, caused bank runs and put pressure on other banks like Credit Suisse. This is reminiscent of past US banking disasters such as the Great Depression and the 2008 recession. Many economists predict that more banks around the world will face similar pressures, so what are the causes and potential consequences of these failures?

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The EU, a unique economic giant, acts similarly to the US federal government, hinting at a "United States of Europe" with its shared currency, policies, and trade deals among 27 states. Despite its near-federal structure, it lacks some federation benefits, posing issues for its members. With a $20 trillion output, second only to the USA, it wields significant global influence. However, its major economies face stagnant growth, mirroring challenges for smaller members.

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Zimbabwe has not had the best past economically speaking. But what they do have is as much as 20% of the world's demand for lithium, the biggest deposits in Africa. So now that the raw lithium export ban has kicked in, and refining operations have started in Zimbabwe itself, will the country gain a massive advantage by exporting this incredibly necessary component of computers, electric cars and the internet?

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Oil and GDP are closely linked together, with the more oil consumed by a country generally meaning the higher the GDP of that country. With that said, energy costs of solar, wind and other technologies have come down substantially in recent decades meaning that "clean" solar power is actually one of the cheapest ways to generate electricity over its lifespan. So why haven't we switched completely over to solar? Well, it's not that easy.

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In this video we delve into Somalia's perilous economic situation after the government collapse in 1991, and reform in 2012. How are international relations, is there potential for recovery, and what lessons can we learn from this extreme economy.

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Greece became infamous for their economic stagnation following adoption of the Euro and subsequent over-spending and debt accumulation. But in recent years their economy has been improving and, while it isn't out of the woods yet, there have definitely been big improvements that are worth celebrating. Are they still broke, or will Greece's economy be an example to others how to recover from financial meltdown? 

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Florida is growing... fast. Actually faster than most other states, which is astounding given that it is already the fourth largest state economy in the US. This might sound like great news for Floridians and the USA at large, but is there a hidden cost behind Florida's rapid growth?

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There is perhaps no city more iconic in the world than New York City. But how does the economy of the incredibly densely packed and often struggling city survive now, and will this be the case for years to come?

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What caused Detroit to lose 60% of it's population since 1950 and is there a way to help residents and industries in shrinking cities to have a better quality of life and work?

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"Made in Germany" carries with ti a kind of prestige, and a marker of quality. Germany is famous for it's incredible engineering and manufacturing talent, but more and more this is becoming a thing of the past as overseas manufacturers start to build up their centres, and can produce on a scale that Germany just can't keep up with. Is this crisis going to end German manufacturing?

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Africa is the poorest continent in the world. There are, as always, a lot of factors to consider as to why that is the case, but recently Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson from MIT have released a study detailing the surprising bigger factors in why Africa still struggles to build wealth despite massive amounts of incoming aid and charity work trying to improve the lives of people there. So what are the reasons why much of Africa can't seem to get out of poverty?

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We were lucky enough to talk with Prof. Asemoglu of MIT about why Africa lags economically despite so much aid and resources being pumped into the country each year. From the impact of institutions to the legacy of policies, we talked about the reasons behind the continent's challenges and the potential paths forward that might actually help improve living conditions in African nations within our lifetimes.

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Canada has gone through a lot in the last 10 years, and one of the biggest problems is the price of housing. Canadian cities are in such a small area of the country's landmass and housing construction has not kept up with the population, so housing prices have skyrocketed. Canada now finds itself in a bit of a population trap, where they can't afford to keep bringing in more people and put even more strain on housing, but they also can't afford not to.

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What led to Lebanon's devastating economic crisis, causing a shrinking population and half of its GDP to vanish? Why did it collapse, and what are the implications for other developing nations facing similar challenges?

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We've talked about some incredibly poor countries on this channel before, but perhaps nothing as bad as the small East African country of Eritrea. This country is a complete military dictatorship, and has been called the North Korea of Africa. There are no free markets. No trading partners. Their debt to GDP ratio runs very high for one reason only: their country is in a critical region of the world for international shipping. But life really couldn't be much worse in Eritrea.

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Capitalism is the system that has helped the world become infinitely more wealthy than it has ever been in human history, but there are problems. A disregard for the drawbacks of production like waste, pollution and inequality are often cited by people who want capitalism to be replaced by social democracy, communism or even anarchy. But even communist countries like the USSR and China have reluctantly returned to capitalism. So, is capitalism inevitable? 

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The Davos Summit of the World Economic Forum (WEF) draws a lot of attention every year. Started by German engineer Klaus Schwab, the WEF the stated mission to "engage business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.” It's no wonder there are a lot of conspiracy hypotheses about the real motivations of such an organisation. But despite their image as the club of the wealthy elites, the reality is much less sinister, but could somehow be worse than the conspiracy theories about lizard people...

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Apparently us guys think about the Roman Empire 5 times a day, but from an economic Perspective it's hard to see why. While they did build a lot of architectural monuments, their economy was actually rather pathetic by almost all metrics. Why was Rome, which had a large empire and notoriety throughout Europe for millennia after its demise, actually a very weak economy?

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France's problems arguably go back 200 years to their slow and steady approach to adopting industrialisation. While many other countries can learn from France's strong protection for workers' rights, at the moment this has made France a very uncompetitive country with some of the worst brain drain across the EU. Why work in France for lower wages when they can make so much more in the UK, Germany and the US. Is France stuck at just being the place with fancy handbags and perfumes, or can it change it's economy to stay internationally competitive?

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There is no more deadly area in the world than the DMZ between North and South Korea. Millions of mines, guns and surveillance prevent anyone from crossing. But if tensions were to somehow stop and North and South Korea reunite into one country, it would still be almost impossible to combine their economies. Why would we not be able to use the lessons learned by the reunification of East and West Germany?

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Japan's economy has been stagnant for 2 decades, and while some economists look at this as an outlier, it might be something that just happens to all advanced economies, and Japan just got there first. After suffering the "lost generation", can Japan come back and recover growth, or is their fate one we will all eventually reach?

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Australia's biggest export is natural resources, and as we have talked about on the channel many times, this isn't always a great thing for an economy. Resources don't provide much value to the local economy, especially in Australia where mines are thousands of miles from residential centres, and they don't employ all that many people for the massive wealth they create. Australia lags far behind technological centres like the US, but somehow has a strong economy. How has it done this and what can we learn from a country that just digs holes and builds homes?

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While California is famous for its industries, Texas has so many incredible advantages and opportunities that it could one day overtake the biggest state economy in the US. What possible issues could affect the rapidly growing Texan economy, and what could its future look like?

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The EU represents the third largest economy globally, with a population of 447 million people and 20 member states. Its five largest countries are Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Poland. However, the EU faces several significant economic challenges, including the debt crisis, Brexit, and tensions with major energy suppliers. This video explores these challenges, as well as the potential impact of a non-unified Europe on the global economy and the likelihood of other nations following the UK's example and leaving the union.

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There's a reason we include confidence and stability on our National Leaderboard. It might not be an easily measurable economic metric, but it can have a massive effect on a national economy. If people don't have confidence that a country is in good hands and will be managed well into the future, then they will stop investing there. So why is the UK having a crisis of confidence, and to what extent is London to blame for the two-tier society that the UK is becoming?

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The first video we did on this channel was about Norway, a country that has some of the wealthiest citizens in the world, as well as incredible economic management. They avoided the Dutch disease when they discovered offshore oil, but now they have discovered the world's largest reserves of phosphates. Could this strategic resource cause issues, or will it make Norwegians even more wealthy than they already are?

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The consequences of politicising economics can be deep and long lasting. We would all like to think that economists focus on data and remove the personal and political from their studies, but we are not naive enough to believe this is true. Politicians want to get elected, and economists want to bolster their careers. So what can happen when the people who are supposed to be studying and looking after the economy ignore the data, or even worse, collect skewed and false data to support their opinions?

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Italy is in trouble... but this doesn't seem to be a new thing. With mountainous protection from the north and great trade connections through the Mediterranean sea, Italy has been in an ideal geographic position that has benefitted the country economically for millennia. After a decade of stagnation, can Italy boom like it has in the past, or is this time different?

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We all know that corruption is a bad thing. People in government or the public sector using their position to personally enrich themselves is a form of stealing, but in some situations this can actually help to grow an economy. But in what situations, and how long can corruption continue to grow an economy once it becomes more developed?

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Most countries really want to bring in tourists for the big infusion of money into the local economy. But Bhutan makes it incredibly expensive to visit, and bans all visitors from climbing the parts of the Himalayan mountains that are within their borders. Why? Do they just want to protect their culture from tourists, with the hotels, photo spots and trouble that comes with them? And does make the people happier?

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If unintended consequences aren't considered, there can be a real and deadly trade-off between economic benefit and human wellbeing. Making poor policy decisions that may seem like economic opportunities can and have lead to famines, economic collapse and people losing their livelihoods, homes and lives. This is why economics is so important, and poor economic decision making can literally be fatal for millions of people.

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We're exploring South Korea's impressive economic transformation, from an agrarian backwater to a global powerhouse. Home to internationally recognized companies and cutting-edge industries, South Korea is a fascinating case study for economists worldwide. In this video, we'll examine the drivers of South Korea's potential growth in the next decade, the obstacles that could undermine its entire economic system, and why this is all so important for the rest of us outside South Korea for our own economies.

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We've avoided talking about the gender pay gap for a long time because, frankly, it's an emotional topic. But this year's Nobel Prize in Economics (Sveriges Riksbank Prize) was awarded to Claudia Goldin for her work explaining the gender pay gap using historical data and taking the emotion out of the equation.

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Argentina's prosperity used to rival the US, but now it is bouncing between economic highs and lows. In just decades, it's seen rapid growth and dire crashes five times. What keeps derailing this nation's economy, and can it break the cycle, and what can we learn from their unique economic situation?

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Deng Xiaoping's reforms in the 80s transformed Shenzhen, a small town near Hong Kong, into an economic powerhouse. China's rapid growth lifted millions from poverty but did it grow too quickly to be sustainable? Now China faces deflation, and experts are worried that this could spell the end of the economic miracle.

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Poland defies European economic trends by having one of the fastest-growing economies on the continent. While many European nations face stagnation, Poland shines, even outperforming its former Soviet counterparts, including resource-rich Russia. Despite historical challenges and its unique geopolitical situation, Poland's success offers insights for struggling economies worldwide, although it faces hurdles ahead.

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There's a massive cost that every developed economy has to deal with that nobody talks about... Infrastructure maintenance. It sounds boring but all of those developments that governments love to talk up can end up costing a fortune to maintain. So what can we do about this and why is this such a problem?

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Sometimes as economists we need to analyse complex decisions to understand what the outcomes might be. On the more baffling end of the scale we have Saudi Arabia spending billions on football, golf and Formula 1 stars who are mostly a little past their prime to come and play in the largely unknown Saudi leagues. Is this simply sports-washing (a PR stunt) or is there something more clever going on?

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Niger's coup has set a lot in motion. It's rich in uranium which has gotten France involved, and China's belt and road initiative was set to draw oil from Niger, which could help grow their desperately poor economy, and somehow Russia's Wagner group is involved. But with its suspended membership of ECOWAS, things are about to get much worse.

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Trade wars are costing the world trillions of dollars every year, but far less attention is paid to the movement and control of the movement of skills and labour. It is much easier than ever before to take an education and move to a country where workers can benefit personally, but at a certain cost to the country that trained them. Skills wars may be the new trade wars.

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Brunei is a welfare state, where the government basically pays for everything from national defence to schools, energy to heavily subsidised housing. But their oil reserves are running out and they aren't diversifying their export industry quickly enough to prepare for the day when they no longer have a free lunch.

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We wanted to highlight the paradox of global economic growth alongside isolated national crises. Why do certain economies like Lebanon, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan face collapse when the global economy is reaching unprecedented highs? We'll identify common factors behind these failures, and discuss potential solutions to safeguard other nations from similar fates.

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Economists can't seem to decide if we need more or fewer children? Does overpopulation drain Earth's resources too much or does an ageing population threaten economies? What challenges does either option present and can we solve this paradox?

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AI raises concerns for jobs and society. As machines surpass human abilities, a growing number of complex jobs are being outsourced to machine who can do better work for a lower cost. This prompts questions about how economic systems can adapt to most people having a net negative economic value."

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What has prevented Iran, teeming with natural resources and a young, educated population, from becoming a world-leading economy? How did it go from rapid growth to economic failure, and why is it still unable to fulfil it's potential?

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BRICS, an influential economic alliance of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, is reshaping the global economy. Plans for increased trade and a common currency may challenge the West, leading to concerns about political and economic shifts globally.

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Singapore, once a poor nation, rose to the 33rd largest economy in 50 years, inspiring other countries globally. Yet, its unique journey, often misunderstood to be solely based on glamorous industries, is not easy to replicate, and many economists forget the draconian measures it took to build Singapore into the wealthy country it is today.

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Michael Burry, the investor made famous when he shorted the US housing market before the crash of 2008, has recently bet against the US Bond market. Why would he do that and what relationship between the economy and the stock market made him think this would work?

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With billionaires like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos setting their sights on space exploration and development, there must be some commercially viable industries in space and on Mars, right? Well, it's a little more complicated than just mining the asteroids that contain trillions of dollars of value, or building heavy things in micro-gravity, and certainly a base on Mars might cost more than it's worth. Making Mars a viable economy might not even be possible.

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Is $2.2 trillion per year wasted on the military, or is this massive spending necessary to defend the freedoms we enjoy? In this video we explain why military spending may be a necessary evil using the prisoner's dilemma and reframing some narratives about military spending you may have heard.

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It might sound absurd, but some economists are talking about the possibility of the US defaulting on its debts, closing off to global trade and using its own domestic industries and energy production to save its economy, which currently is tipping further and further into unsustainable national debt (Fitch just downgraded the US credit rating from AAA to AA+).

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Unfortunately for theoretical economists, we are not allowed to run economics experiments on the whole of society to see definitively whether or not certain economic policies or systems work in practice. Millions of lives hang in the balance, so this is an ethical non-starter. But we can study countries that have experimented with socialism, communism, and laissez faire capitalism to see what the outcomes are. And the experiments have been done.

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California, the US's third largest state, ranks as the world's 4th or 5th economy all by itself. With an output over $3.5 trillion, Californians are among the globe's top producers. But despite its growth, the state faces challenges: global pressures, population decline, and social problems.

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Global inequality is one of the biggest economic issues facing the world today. Global wealth is now thousands of times what it has been for the vast majority of human history, and yet a lot of that wealth is being hoarded by a smaller and smaller group of people. We were lucky enough to speak to Francisco Ferreira from the London School of Economics, an expert on global inequality and its impacts on developing countries, which have the potential to be the economic powerhouses of the future.

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Indonesia's economy has been growing rapidly, and thanks to a younger population it could be on track to become one of the biggest economies in the world. There are a few things holding Indonesia back, such as Jakarta sinking into the ocean, but with their natural resource wealth and access to the world's oceans, it could become a huge player in making the goods we all use every day.

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Despite Mexico's strategic advantages and booming manufacturing sector due to global trade shifts, they haven't taken opportunities to replace China as a major manufacturer for the US. What factors stifle Mexico's growth and are there drawbacks to its proximity to the US?

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When people think of Taiwan, they mostly think of tensions with China and the fact that Taiwan is a major manufacturing centre for the world's semiconductors. But Taiwan's leaders actually made some big bets decades ago that are paying off now, with a GDP per capita roughly 3 times that of mainland China.

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The global wealth disparity has been greatly exacerbated by the pandemic, and there is a concentration of wealth among the top 1.2% of people. We explore factors causing inequality, the role of debt, and finding an optimal level of inequality (because you do need some).

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Global debt has now topped $300 trillion USD, or three times total global economic output.

This is a number that is going to have very real consequences for billions of people around the world, but as scary as the number sounds there is still reason to be optimistic and there are still reasons why most economists handling this issue are not too worried just yet.

To help us understand this issue in the course of our research we were lucky enough to speak to Dr. Jason Furman an economics professor at Harvard University and a former economic policy director for the Obama Administration.

His understanding of an issue as large as global debt is truly valuable not only because of his impressive academic background but also because he is one of only a handful of people in the world that has ever had their hands on the proverbial controls of economic policy at this scale. 

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Is the global debt of over $300 trillion really a problem? And does debt for the global economy work in a different way from debt on an individual level? In this video we'll explain who holds all the debt that countries and businesses owe, and whether this will be a big problem in the near future.

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This is a fantastic interview with Prof. Billari (Bocconi University) about education. A better educated economy is usually better, all things being equal, but issues like student debt, skills misalignment, migration and brain drain can put a lot of pressure on an economy.

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Education is rightly seen as one of the best ways to develop a country’s economy, as more productive workers can create better living standards for everyone. But is there a limit to the benefits of education and should countries be wary of this double-edged sword?

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The US has had a much greater level of growth than the EU in the past decade despite the pandemic and Europe having a large collection of advanced economies with highly educated populations. Why is Europe always lagging behind?

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Tuvalu is a tiny island nation confronting existential threats. Rising sea levels jeopardize its sparse population and limited economy. As the nation becomes inhabitable, this video will explore what the economy of Tuvalu is reliant upon, and the measures to save it.

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North Korea, the most closed-off country on earth. This Asian nation is often the center of intense scrutiny for its aggressive displays of militarism, its internationally condemned nuclear program, and of course its oppressive government dictatorship. A 2014 report by the united nations concluded that the gravity, scale, and nature of these human rights violations does not have any parallel In the contemporary world. What they are ashamed of though, is something that all these media spectacles help to distract from and that is their incredibly small and pathetic economy. Beyond the dramatic chest-beating and despite all of the opportunities this country has been given it has dwindled into complete economic obscurity and in this video we are going to explore why.

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Multi-Level-Marketing (MLM) companies are big businesses around the world and they have rightfully attracted much criticism for questionable business practice. Many have called them illegal pyramid schemes, but today these companies continue to operate in most developed countries around the world and rake in billions of dollars in profit in any given year all with the blessing of local trade authorities. So, what are these businesses? Let's park personal opinions on how annoying it is to be roped into one of these MLM meetings for the moment and assess the fundamental economics behind this business model.

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Japan became the first of the modern Asian countries to experience massive sustained economic growth. Japan had a lot going for it after the end of the war, it was able to rebuild with the help of the allies and go through its own modern industrial revolution. In the 1960s, Japan was growing at a rate of 10% a year which for a national economy was unheard of at the time, this economic growth continued and japan was able to ride the wave of globalization as the world's low-cost manufacturer. Japan developed a huge car industry, it was at the forefront of consumer electronics and was working meticulously to make sure that this newfound wealth was being invested wisely into infrastructure like high-speed rail, airports and metro systems that would make their economy even more efficient. At its peak, there was so much wealth in japan that the real estate market of Tokyo had some pretty crazy anomalies. In the late 80’s it was estimated that the imperial palace covering an area of 3.4 square kilometers in central Tokyo had a real estate land value greater than all of the real estate in California. Of course, the imperial palace was never for sale and this was based on the cost per square feet in the area but it still should give a good idea of just how much money was washing around in Japan. In this video, we will look at how this all went so wrong and what it can tell us about countries that are today where japan was 40 years ago.

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Bill Benter, is a reserved unassuming and media-shy Pittsburg resident who made almost 1 billion dollars by gambling on horse races. The man was a mathematical genius who was on the cutting edge of both computer science and statistical modeling so it is widely assumed with his business knowledge that he could have made money just about anywhere, in a rare interview when asked about his success in horse racing he said: “I was driven only partly by money, I believe I probably could have made more money in finance, but that didn’t interest me, I didn’t get into professional horse racing because it was hard, but because it was said to be impossible”

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the world's poorest country, with a large majority of its 70 million citizens living in absolute poverty. For a long time, poverty in Africa has been seen as a purely humanitarian issue. But could the answer just be good economic management? Unfortunately, this situation has an obvious solution that is impossible to attain. Poverty is a thorny issue to deal with. Still, in this video, we'll attempt to explore some of the fundamental causes of this poverty and see how they impact the Congo's fragile economy.

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India is soon to be home to the largest population of citizens on the planet. And as of 2014, the nation will also hold the title of the fastest-growing major economy in the world (stealing the title from the slower-growing economy of China). This country has had an amazing journey to get to where it is today. And with the right political governance, it's very likely to become one of the world's most powerful economies very soon. But, it's not quite there yet. And in GDP terms, India's collective economy is still smaller than that of California. And while poverty is a very prevalent problem, India's certainly on the up and up. Throughout the past two decades, it has seen unbelievable levels of growth that has, among other things, pulled hundreds of millions of its citizens out of poverty

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Monaco is the wealthiest nation in the world per capita. It's also the country with by far the highest average age of citizens. It has the highest cost of land of any country in the world, it pretty much breaks any kind of list you want to make ranking countries cause you can pretty much bet that this 2 square kilometer spit of land off the south of France is going to win any economic top ten list out there. So, what is really going on with the economy of Monaco? Most people know it as a playground for the rich and famous, a parking garage for superyachts, a glorified formula 1 track, a country built around a casino, and above all else, a tax haven. But is this criticism really fair? ... let's explore in today's video!

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As of this writing, there are between 186 and 192 countries worldwide (depending on who you ask). In this less-than-serious video, we look at the 50 largest nations and see what makes their economies tick.

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The automation economy is here and it's essential to understand what our future will look like in a world where we may not have the ability to work in order to provide for ourselves. We will look at what reputable economists have hypothesized our future and the underlying economics behind these realities.

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Despite geographical challenges, hostile neighbors, and limited resources, Israel has become one of the world's wealthiest and most advanced economies. This video explores how Israel overcame economic failure, what drives its growth, if its success can be replicated, and its future prospects.

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In this video we show the economic misunderstandings around economies of scale & induced demand that still pervade in economics journalism and reporting. Learn how misconceptions about these basic economic concepts can impact city planning, business growth, and national policies.

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Are Australians the wealthiest people in the world? The answer is more complicated than you might think.

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Want to learn more? Check out our episode on France's Pension Reforms on YouTube

We had the pleasure of interviewing Dr. Tomasz Michalski, an Economics Professor at HEC and a Parisian Resident living and working in the city as the events unfold.

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Norway's Economy has been used as the poster child for a socialist mixed economy done right? Is it really the perfect economy or just another country that won the oil lottery?

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Cuba. This picturesque nation between the gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean is home to possibly the most bizarre economy in the world.

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Ancient Rome was perhaps the most significant ancient civilization to have existed throughout history, the empire lived for over 1000 years and in that time, it gave us the foundations for our modern society. Democracy, a court-based legal system, Latin languages and alphabet, three-course meals, and perhaps it was one of the first modern economies to move beyond a simple agrarian empire and develop things like modern banking, lending, taxation and yes even financial crisis as we know them today. In the same way that scholars study a dead language like Latin to discerned the foundation of meaning in our modern dialects economists can study the histories of ancient civilizations like Rome to determine basic economic functions in a time before modern financial systems could skew results and Rome was perhaps the most developed case study we could look at.

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On December 11th, 2019, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia launched its initial public offering of Saudia Aramco on the Tadawul public stock exchange. The company's initial offering went quite well after an unprecedented marketing campaign, which was pretty much unheard of before this event. On the second day of trading, the company hit a market cap of 2 trillion dollars, easily eclipsing Apple, Amazon, and Microsoft to become the most valuable company in history.

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Income and wealth inequality are two of the most debate issues in the world of economics. In this video we look at some of the most equal countries in the world to see what they are doing right

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A home is in most developed nations in the world the centrepiece of the family finances, it is simultaneously the largest investment and largest expense of almost any individual lucky enough to break it to this increasingly unattainable market with a massive mortgage. But is this all for the best? Have houses been conflated with poker chips, as people no longer look at them as shelter for a growing family but rather as an asset to make wild speculative moves on in the hope of equally wild returns. The property market was at the centre of the last financial downturn in 2008, and as it seems we are on the precipice of another major recession it is probably a prudent time to re-evaluate what is going on with the world of real estate. To do this we are really going to have to look at things on a few level’s from the macroeconomic factors like over-development and over-leveraging to issues on an economy-wide level which is ultimately going to boil down to answering a few key questions: What does a strong property market mean for the wider economy? Are their better investments out there? And are we over-leveraged right now?

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The economics of Britain's exit from the European Union.

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Want to learn more? Check out our episode on Bank Failures on YouTube

We had the pleasure of interviewing Jean-Edouard Colliard, a professor at HEC Paris who knows a lot about financial regulation. He talked to us about bank failures and how he could have predicted the recent ones.

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How is it even possible for a company to be worth more than $1 trillion?

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Say you find yourself sitting on top of a vast fortune of funds that were acquired legitimately (or otherwise), and let's just say this vast fortune propels you to billionaire status. Congratulations! You've made it! ... well, sort of. All that’s left to do now is make sure your fortune is secure for generations to come (and not lost as quickly as it was made). But before you can enjoy the high life, you are going to need to first check-off a few things. Luckily you are in the right place. So, take out your notepad and pen, this is the first video in a two-part series on how to become the master of your finances.

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What is modern monetary theory? Is unlimited money possible?

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Can wars benefit a country's economy?

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Could space travel ever be economically viable?

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Check out our corresponding video on YouTube and share your thoughts in the comments.

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Nouriel Roubini is an economist and professor at NYU's Stern School of Business, known for his expertise in macroeconomics and international finance. He predicted the 2008 financial crisis and has served as an economic adviser to the IMF, World Bank, and various governments. He is a frequent commentator in the media, has written several books and articles, and is the co-founder and chairman of Roubini Global Economics.

In his book "MegaThreats" he identifies ten major global risks, including pandemics, climate change, and economic inequality, that require global cooperation to address. Roubini offers solutions such as investing in healthcare, education, and sustainable energy, and creating new systems for global governance. The book serves as a warning and a call to action to build a more resilient and equitable world.

Dr. Roubini's full book

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Is there such a thing as "good debt"? And how could something good cause so many issues? On top of this is there any way that we could just run an economy without debt and would we be better off for doing so. Well, it turns out we probably can, and in fact, there are many economies around the world today that are developing rapidly while going without this system that we just assume is a given. If we can critically explore these questions it will offer insight into how our modern financial system works, and why it means that despite our best efforts we are almost destined to go into a recession once every 10 years or so.

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The internet is widely hailed as one of the most economically impact inventions of the modern era. But there is one much more mundane invention that at least one economist believes was even more important - the washing machine.

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Economic growth is something that is important to every global citizen today. But it's not something to necessarily take for granted – we are certainly not "owed" long-term growth. We must earn it. And above all, we must continue innovating to become more efficient. Simultaneously, society must collectively address the major issues that we're inevitably set to face within this century if we wish to ensure that future generations live better than their predecessors.

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What will the potential economic outcomes of leadership change be why is it that a dictatorship inherently makes for a poor economy? What the potential outcomes will be for North Korea will be in the future. How countries have dealt with this type of situation in the past. And perhaps initially what is it that would stand in the way of a country like North Korea embracing a modern economic system, what keeps them poor.

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Hong Kong has done very well for itself as a global middleman. And the meteoric rise of its neighboring economy, China, has only strengthened the city’s already-prosperous position.  But, of course, if you follow the news, you probably already know that Hong Kong has seen better days. Global trade tensions, prolonged protests, and good old-fashioned competition have dramatically impacted its economy in recent years.

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France is a global trendsetter for other economies. This goes from the rollout of the metric system to more tangible short term indicators. If you want to predict the future, look to France. This is not to say that the country is any further ahead than any other developed nation. In fact, in many ways, it is quite the opposite, but the industries they choose to engage in making them a great indicator for global economic performance.

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Taxes are an unfortunate reality for most people living and working in the modern world, we pay them every year, we complain about them, and then we forget them until next year.  Taxes are one of the most important elements of any economy around the world. Entire societies can grow from effective taxation and crumble without it.

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In 2017, at Christie’s Auction House in New York, a mysterious #Art buyer bid a record-breaking $450 million dollars for the #SalvatorMundi; a painting by the legendary Leonardo da Vinci. News of the staggering purchase price sent shockwaves throughout the entire art market (which, interestingly, has been a reliable indicator of impending market bubbles for decades).  What drives the high-end #ArtMarket? How can art be used to move money in creative ways and get around taxes? And perhaps above all, why would anyone park so much money in a picture when there are other asset classes that actually generate cash, like real estate rentals or dividend-paying stocks? … all this and more in today’s episode!

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Brazil is currently the 9th largest economy in the world, according to the International Monetary Fund. This means that if the nation does make the jump from developing to developed, it could rival economic superpowers like Germany, Japan, or the United Kingdom.  And as crazy as it may sound, it may become an economy that rivals the USA or China.

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China's Belt and Road initiative is set to be the most influential economic development project in recent history. It’ll be an investment measured in trillions, connecting dozens of nations with roads, rail lines, shipping routes, and most important of all: trade deals.  But for all of the impressive figures, there’s an equally concerning list of problems centered around the nation that looks to be the ringmaster of this whole project.

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This is Liechtenstein just the cutest little European nation, the nation is tiny but weirdly enough it is actually only the fourth smallest country in Europe, behind Vatican City, Monaco, and San Marino. What it lacks in square footage though it more than makes up for in economic might. You see this country is home to the second richest people in the world with a GDP per capita of $165,000 which is second only to Monaco, and the country is, at least officially home to some truly wealthy old moneyed elite.

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So hedge fund is a term that has really lost a lot of meaning in recent years. These days it basically just means a managed financial institution that facilitates complex investment strategies that cater exclusively to high net worth individuals. But that wasn’t always the case. You see hedge funds actually have a really specific role in the world of high finance and in this video we are going to find out what makes them work.

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Most people would agree that recessions are terrible things, they cause widespread fear among people that will be anxious about their savings, their livelihood, or even their next meal. On a nationwide level, economic downturns are events akin to natural disasters, they do massive damage and for the most part are widely accepted by society as an “inevitability”, rather than a “rarity” … But do we really need recessions?

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Game Theory is supposed to show how businesses (and prisoners) can outdo each other to win out over their competition. While this is great in theory Game Theory actually shows us much more about how to get along with our partners, friends, and allies.

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Qatar has one of the highest rates of migrant workers of any country in the world with over 90% of residents being non-citizens. So why does Qatar need so many migrant works and why are so many migrant workers willing to go to Qatar?

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Over the past decade Sri Lanka was one of the fastest growing economies in Asia. However, they took on too much debt and now the country is collapsing.

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It's no secret that China is facing a myriad of economic problems with many commentators predicting the impending collapse of the Chinese economy. But what would really happen is the world's second largest economy collapses?

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Over time it is almost taken as given that science and technology will evolve and improve over time. But does the same hold true for the field of economics? Will future generations achieve superior levels of wealth due to advancements in economics or have we already solved everything there is to discover?

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In the 1980s Nauru was the richest country in the world on a per capita basis. Nauru's wealth can be entirely attributed to its deposits on Phosphate, a substance used in fertilizers. However, by the early 2000s they had completely run out of Phosphate the country's GDP declined by more than 90%.

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Inflation has been perhaps the single biggest issue facing the global economy over the past year and has proven far more persistent than most people originally assumed. But with central banks around the world all raising interest rates, will we finally see inflation go back down to more normal levels?

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Over the past 30 years China has experienced perhaps the most impressive economic growth of any country in history. But these impressive growth numbers all come from official government statistics bureaus. How much can we trust the official statistics?

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In this podcast we go over the 2022 Nobel Prize in Economics

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In this video we help you to be more knowledgeable about inflation by looking at countries, most notably Switzerland, that have bucked the global trend in 2022 by reporting tame inflation numbers. We look into what Switzerland did right and what other countries can learn from them.

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What Would The American Economy Look Like If COVID Never Happened?

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The UK economy is not having a great year with 40 year high inflation, the Bank of England predicting a recession, and three different prime ministers within the span so 3 months. So what is going on and what does the future hold?

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Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the UAE and other oil rich Middle Eastern states have announced plans to collectively invest trillions of dollars in new megaprojects, the most extreme of which is Saudi Arabia's $1 trillion 170km skyscraper called The Line. Why are these countries spending so much on mega projects and does it make any economic sense?

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Up until 1990 India was slightly richer than China on a per capita basis, but since then China's economy has grown far faster than India's. In this episode we look at the structural issues in India's economy have thus far prevented it from achieving the same level of economic success as China.

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In this video we go over the pros and cons of a universal basic income. The US government spent over $5 trillion of economic stimulus and relief payments during the pandemic of 2020 and 2021. This is enough money to give every adult in the country $1,000 per month during this 2 year period. Would the money have been better spent just giving it directly to the people?

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Society has an unlimited desire for material goods but the world has limited resources to supply these goods. Ever since the industrial revaluation most advanced economies have consistently increased their economic output over time. At some point, the world will run out of resources and economies will no longer be able to grow. How can we continue increasing our living standards without depleting our planet?

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Since the end of World War 2 the US dollar has been world reserve currency, this means international transactions are overwhelmingly done in US dollars. This gives the US some key economic advantages. Naturally China wants to make its currency the world reserve currency, and as the second largest economy it makes some sense.

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Canada is one of the wealthiest economies in the world today, but the OECD forecasts that the country will stagnate and is poised for the lowest growth of any advanced economy over the next 5 years. So why is Canada struggling to grow and what can this tell us about other advanced economies?

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Is returning to the gold standard something that could fix the economic issues we are facing today?

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Spain – a great place to vacation? Yes. A great place to invest? Not so fast. Join Trends today and get your first week for just ONE dollar! 👉 http://trends.co/ee The Rankings! ▶️ https://youtu.be/ek56FVj5_KI

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Stimulus overdrive manufactures its own set of problems. Here's why.

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Housing is getting more expensive. Here's why.

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"Move fast and break things" doesn't exactly translate into Mandarin. Sign-up for Acorns! 👉 https://acorns.com/ee?s2=SV3​​ (upon registration, Acorns will deposit $5 in your account to help you get started with investing!)

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Hyperinflation has been a doomsday scenario for modern economies throughout the last century. In all of these failed countries (Zimbabwe, Venezuela, Hungary, Yugoslavia, etc.) there have been uniform warning signs, the same signs that we are starting to see today in the U.S.

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How is the Suez Canal disaster going to impact the already struggling shipping industry?

Who is actually going to end up paying the 400 million dollars an hour that this debacle was reported to cost?

And how might all of this help accelerate the rollout of modern airships? ... all this and more in today's episode of Economics Explained!

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🌈🐱 Get your very own EE NFT! 👉 https://opensea.io/collection/economicsexplained Nyan Cat, a video of LeBron James dunking, and a tweet by Jack Dorsey. These all have one thing in common (and no, it’s not because they were sold in recent months for millions of dollars, contrary to what you may have heard). What actually happened was the unique digital signatures of these three pieces of media were sold-off to a new breed of 21st-century collectors; bringing massive attention to these Non-Fungible Tokens (or NFTs). Overwhelmingly, the astronomical prices some NFT sales have fetched have attracted ridicule by outside observers. Perhaps understandably so, considering some are spending Lamborghini money on a Nyan Pop-Tart cat GIF that you anyone watch for free online. But is it really all that ridiculous? In this video, we’ll explore the potential NFTs hold and why these laughable prices may not be so absurd after all.

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How do companies come up with their intricate supply chains? Why are some of these supply chains so convoluted where others are extremely straightforward? Will the severe restrictions put on international shipping during the fallout of the coronavirus make companies rethink how far they extend their supply lines? ... all this in more in today's episode!

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In today's episode, we'll explore the economic factors that are likely to define the airline industry for the foreseeable future! ✈️

What are the new pressures pushing prices upwards? What are the pressures pushing prices downwards? And, perhaps most importantly: how will all of this impact the way airlines operate in this already highly-saturated market?

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Aluminum smelting. Geothermal power. Bitcoin mining. What do all of these things have in common? ... Iceland! 🇮🇸 How has the nation weathered this economic turbulence without turning into a failed state? What end of the economic spectrum is the nation on today? And what industries drive this tiny little economy? All this and more in this episode of Economics Explained!

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$42 billion dollars. That is the amount of money grossed by films at the global box office in 2019. Impressive? Definitely. Surprising? Probably not, especially when you consider that global box office revenues have increased year-over-year since 2005. That was, of course, until COVID. As you’d expect, the pandemic has devastated Hollywood – resulting in an unprecedented seventy-one percent (71%) decline in global box office revenue. Worse yet, we all have to go another year without Daniel Craig’s No Time To Die – a title that has since taken-on somewhat of an eerie meaning. But putting the absence of James Bond aside ... movie ticket sales have actually been on the decline for nearly two decades – despite a steady increase in population over the same period. So, if people are going to movie theatres less often – and they are – then what exactly is driving the growth behind global box office revenue? [note] To answer this question, you have to understand the economics of Hollywood. How do movies get funded? What is the role of government subsidies and alternative revenue sources? How can a movie gross more than its budget and still lose money? And finally, what are the economics behind movie theatres and their twenty-dollar buckets of popcorn? 

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This is new Zealand, a picturesque nation whos economy looks to exclusively rely on throwing their tourists off cliffs in increasingly imaginative ways and being left off of world maps.

But Australia’s little brother is so much more than that and it might truely be the world’s best managed economy. Everything from the world banks ease of doing business index, from multiple quality of life assessments puts new zealand in the top spot. Move aside Norway.

What’s more is that it has achieved this remarkable prosperity despite not having a huge supply of natural resources, or acting as some tax haven for global businesses like so many other apparent economic miracles we have explored before.

No New Zealand has got to where it is today by carefully managing a market economy and providing a safe, stable and confidence inspiring place to start a family, a business, and a career.

Of course there are still some problems and we will certainly get to them but after exploring the Economy of Argentina last week, it’s now time to get out your pen and paper and take notes on how to actually run an economy.

And to do this as always we are going to break the economy into some important categories.

What are the primary drivers of New Zealand's economic prosperity?

How has the nation been able to accommodate these where other nations fail to do so?

And what are the challenges the nation might face to keep this success going?

Once thats all done we can then put New zealand on the economics explained national leaderboard.

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So the holidays are behind us and if you were left disappointed by what you found under your Christmas tree it might be because you weren’t in the spirit of things, or it might have been because Santa couldn’t get any stock of anything.

The good little consumers of the world might have started to notice an increasingly common trend where more and more products sell out the day they are released, or are never available at all to ordinary consumers.

Everything from playstations, switches, Xboxes and graphics cards, to lego sets, handbags, watches, and even toilet paper, it seems more and more like we are living in a world that is out of stock.

But why?

Stock shortages from time to time happen, that’s just general supply chain management but why has this become such a consistent issue.

All of these products are made by businesses with a profit motive, and those profits don’t get made unless products get sold, so what gives?

Now I know what you might be thinking, “err it’s the virus of course” and certainly this has thrown a spanner into the works of global supply chains but it’s not the whole story.

Limited supply is one thing, but if traditional economics is to be believed, businesses don’t let themselves run out of stock, instead they just raise prices to match demand and maximize their profits.

What’s more, is that the coronavirus is not exactly new news to companies. If they were caught out in early 2020 then fair enough, but almost a year later you would think the corporate executives responsible for multi-billion dollar product launches could account for this new global paradigm, right?

But they haven’t, and you might ask why?

Well to understand this we as always need to look at a few key things.

How have global supply chains been affected, beyond just blaming everything on COVID?

Are the companies involved actually making poor business decisions?

And why aren’t these products just doing what supply and demand would tell them to do and increase in price?

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Whenever we see China in the news it’s normally for some impressive statistic about building stuff, or how it is now home to the most millionaires in the world, or maybe it’s even an article about whatever geopolitical tomfoolery they are trying to pull this week. 

But what is often forgotten about this is that behind the somewhat intimidating outward appearance of economic might and glistening skyscrapers, china is an extremely poor country. 

This almost sounds a bit paradoxical given the wealth that is so evident from the outside. Nevertheless average incomes in China are still less than $15,000 USD’s per year, and that’s average, so in a nation that reports a Gini coefficient of 0.47 with some independent research noting this could be as high as 0.73 that means there are a lot of poor people at home in this economic miracle. 

In plain English, this means upwards of half a billion people in China are living on less than $10 per day, primarily made up of those still living in rural areas.

Now this fact is not lost on the Chinese government, who know that a growing wealth divide in their worker’s paradise is not a great look, especially if that divide is between the cities fueling growth and the farmers feeding them. 

That is why in just the last 5 years the government has poured the equivalent of over 800 billion dollars into aid in areas where extreme poverty is still commonplace. This is to say nothing on state-owned enterprises which easily bring this running total to over a trillion dollars in the same time period. 

A trillion dollars in 5 years, that’s more than the entire GDP of 3 quarters of the world’s countries, on one single welfare project. 

Even for a government as wealthy as China’s, this is ultimately not sustainable.

So a new solution was needed to make these systems more efficient at solving core issues rather than alleviating the symptoms with handfuls of cash.

And there might be a lot to take away from what they have done so as always we need to understand a few things. 

How much poverty is there actually left in china?

Why is this so difficult to measure?

Why does China care so much?

And how might cows be the solution to this whole problem?

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This is Argentina – a South American nation that has been home to an unprecedented period of sustained growth quintupling in size in the last decade. 

This nation has seen remarkable resilience through financial crises and even though it cycled through 5 presidents in two weeks, its continued re-investment in itself has paid off many times over as average incomes have doubled in the same time period to create fantastic increases in the quality of life for all the citizens of the nation.

Or at least that would have been the video we were making a few years ago. 

Unfortunately today the economy of Argentina tells a very different story.

Just as quickly as the economy soared to these lofty heights it has crashed back down bringing about a period of heavy inflation and widespread poverty.

But perhaps this shouldn’t be a huge surprise, in the last 100 years, the economy of Argentina has been categorized by periods of massive growth followed by huge declines making the most recent decades little more than a continuation of that unfortunate trend.

This is a real shame because Argentina obviously has a lot going for it, from a healthy population of productive workers, strong natural resource reserves, and even a landmass that is very conducive to foundational industries like manufacturing and agriculture.

But despite all of these advantages Argentina has time and time again fallen into this unfortunate pattern and is now teetering on the edge of becoming a full-blown failed state.

Nobel prize-winning economist Simon Kuznets is said to have remarked in the early 1970’s that there are four types of economies in the world, developed, underdeveloped, Japan and Argentina.

We have already explored what makes Japan so weird, but to unravel the mystery of Argentina we are going to have to understand a few specific issues.

What has caused the various economic booms over the years?

What has caused the subsequent economic declines?

And why is this most recent downturn just a little bit different?

Once we have done all of that we can get to the fun stuff and put Argentina on the economics explained national leaderboard, how's that for a 2020 grand final?

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This is Bill Ackman, the billionaire hedge fund manager of Pershing square capital. 

Bill has been featured on this channel a few times before, most notably because of his trade made in early 2020 which netted him over 2.6 billion dollars in profit. 

Since then he has become a bit of an internet darling which is just great for him because a lot of his trading strategies require him winning over hearts and minds to change people’s opinions on a stock, bond, cryptocurrency or whatever else it is that he has some kind of vested interest in. 

Now this is nothing new, influential stock traders have been trying to create news stories that suit them ever since there were stock markets and newspapers.

But this most recent announcement has been a little bit different. 

Ackman along with a selection of business leaders and economists have started advocating for a plan that would give everybody a few thousand dollars in cash on the day they are borns all in order to solve the retirement crisis. 

It sounds crazy, but there may be more merit to this whole plan than you think.

Most advanced economies around the world today are dealing with aging populations and declining birth rates. A future where the dependent elderly far outweigh the productive young is fast approaching, current pension infrastructure may just not be able to cope. 

We may see a future where the quality of life for elderly citizens rapidly declines, or young people are taxed very heavily in order to support them, neither of which sounds particularly appealing to anyone, so perhaps radical solutions are what we need. 

And to understand this plan we are going to need to look at a few key areas. 

• How would handing out money to babies solve problems amongst the elderly?
• How would nations afford this?
• And is this actually a sound idea? Or just another scheme by a savvy businessman to profit off front-page news.

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So apparently we are due for a fourth industrial revolution, which might come as a surprise to you because as far as most people can tell we have only had one industrial revolution, and some nations haven’t even got around to that one yet. 

All the same, this promise of a radical shift in the way we live our lives has got a lot of economists very excited and maybe a little bit anxious, both for very good reasons. 

The first industrial revolution, you know the one that we all think is the only industrial revolution was responsible for giving us production. 

This production went on to define our way of life in the modern world where people in advanced economies have access to practically unlimited food, robust housing, and bits and bobs to fulfill our every little desire. 

The world before this was very stagnant. The idea that we have economic growth at all, where society is always advancing and every generation is richer than the one that came before it is a surprisingly modern ideology. 

What’s more, is that it’s not something that we are guaranteed. We can only get so good at making stuff given our current set of technologies and resources, and in fact, we might already be starting to see this plateau. 

Arguably the rollout of smartphones that gave us unlimited access to information wherever we were, was the last great paradigm shift in how we lived our lives.

13 years later this technology is improving but it doesn’t offer anything fundamentally different to the way that we live our lives, run our economies or advance our standard of living. 

But maybe we are getting ahead of ourselves.

To really know what to expect from this supposedly incipient fourth revolution we must first understand a few key things.

• How do economists define an industrial revolution? What is a revolution and what is just some cool new technology?
• What were those other two industrial revolutions?
• What is going to be the fourth industrial revolution?
• And will this make our modern economies look like the land before steam engines?

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• What is The Great Reset actually proposing to do?
• Do these ideas have any merit?
• Who are the players involved in pushing this agenda?
• And is this actually a nefarious scheme or just the victim of terrible marketing?

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This is the Carnival Imagination, a luxury cruise liner worth hundreds of millions of dollars, which just 10 short months ago was touring passengers in extreme comfort to exotic destinations all over the world. 

This ship is sailing dead ahead to its final port of call, where it has been sold for scrap alongside dozens of other ships that have become the latest victims of the global pandemic. 

The Chittagong ship breaking yard in Bangladesh is the largest of its kind in the world, and in the past few months even its abundant shores have become inundated with pleasure cruises and industrial cargo ships alike that all could have otherwise sailed the oceans for many more decades. 

These are all very troubling signs for the unsung heroes of our modern global economy, the merchant marine fleet. Every year trillions of dollars worth of cargo is transported on ships like these and losing this fleet could turn into a huge barrier to global trade.

But what is really going on here?

Why would profit-motivated companies destroy billions of dollars worth of productive assets? Sure times are tough, tourism and trade have declined massively but this hardly looks like a reasonable response right?

I don’t burn down my house if a video gets less than 10,000 likes, so why would companies in such a competitive industry do something equally as self-destructive?

Well as always it has to do with economics (go figure) and to understand this bizarre behavior we need to understand a few key areas.

• What are the economics behind the merchant marine fleet?
• How do these factors make it financially viable to destroy ships?
• what does this mean for the future of international trade?
• And what does this all have to do with Chinese bridge building?

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The United States 2020 Presidential election has been called by pretty much every organization that covers the event in any capacity and while the final decision is not made until the special club that is the electoral college has presented its final decision, it’s apparent that Joe Biden will be the next president of the united states. 

This is the first time in almost 3 decades that an incumbent president has been voted out before serving a second term and it has come in the midst of national and global catastrophes galore. 

To add fuel to a fire that threatens to ignite the global economy, the outgoing president has been vehemently challenging the results which is casting doubt over the smoothness of the transition, the continuation of much-needed government support, and the foundation of the nation’s systems in their entirety. 

And this all begs the question, either unwittingly or maliciously, how much damage could a president do to the American economy, and by extension the global economy. 

There are checks and balances in place to control the influence of any one man in the united states around things that were relevant when those checks and balances were been written. But it must be remembered economies back then depended a lot more on successful harvests, and a lot less on tweets. 

Our modern economies are incredibly complex and incredibly fine-tuned, but complex fine-tuned things tend to be very easy to break, and the outcomes of throwing a proverbial spanner into the works could be just as devastating. 

Thousands of people die when unemployment rises, and many more could lose access to healthcare, housing and livelihoods during even a minor period of economic turbulence.

All of this is to say that a president waging war on an economy could be just as dangerous as waging war on a nation. 

• What kind of influence does a president directly have over an economy?
• Do they deserve the credit for things going well?
• And what could a president do to tank the economy if they really wanted to?

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This is the Netherlands, a picturesque nation filled with windmills, tulip fields, and uhh coffee shops. 

The nation is looked to by many as an extremely forward-thinking place that practices some pretty progressive policies. The nation has an incredibly strong social security system, with universal healthcare, robust retirement pensions, as well as allowances for maternity leave.

And These kinds of policies are mirrored in other areas as well, the nation is home to relatively high tax rates, and the protections for employees are very strong almost to the point that people joke it is impossible to be fired in the Netherlands. 

So this kind of looks like a liberal paradise right? Well, it would if it were not hiding a dirty little secret. 

This postcard-perfect little nation is according to the world bank the most unequal place on earth, and the extent of the inequality is simply staggering. 

We have explored south Africa on the channel before, which normally gets this less than desirable title. And if you were to pose this question to google, it’s what you would walk away thinking. But this isn’t the whole story.

In terms of wealth inequality in recent years, South Africa has been pretty tame. The Netherlands by contrast is the only country on earth that is more unequal than the world itself.

So what is going on here?

Similar policies to the ones that have been commonplace in the Netherlands for decades are being proposed by politicians in places like the United States as a way to curb the issue of wealth inequality. But if we look at the results it doesn’t look like they will do that at all. 

So to really understand this we are going to as always look at a few key issues.

• How did the Netherlands of all places become the land of inequality?
• What does this teach us about the nature of wealth in the modern world?
• And how can this help us create more robust economic policies that work to benefit everyone?

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China has been home to the most extreme economic growth in human history. In four short decades, the nation has gone from a struggling backwater filled with poverty to this, a nation of glistening skyscrapers and more Gucci stores than you can poke a stick at.

The driver of this growth has obviously been its embrace of the free market and opening itself up to international trade. 

The nation has always had huge potential, given that historically for 1,900 out of the last 2,000 years it has been the largest economy on earth, but now it is finally realizing that potential once again. 

Seeing this sustained growth people are obviously keen to jump on board, millions of dollars are been made by millions of people and any logical investor would be foolish to not have exposure to the largest growth market in the world right?

I spend a fair amount of time chatting to channel viewers on discord, Patreon, and even in the comments section of the video’s and it’s probably one of the questions I see the most, Mr economics man how can I invest in Chinese companies stock? 

Now I don’t want to sound rude, and I promise I absolutely mean this in the nicest possible way, but if you have to ask someone on youtube how you can invest in Chinese equities, you absolutely should not at all be investing in Chinese equities. 

And in fact even for more seasoned investors, the market for Chinese companies is not exactly the promised land of double-digit annual returns you may think it is. 

This is because there are a few major problems that have yet to be overcome, the stock market in China is both too regulated and not regulated enough. Which sounds silly but let’s explore it by looking at this problem piece by piece. 

• How is the Chinese stock market over-regulated? 
• How is the Chinese stock market under-regulated?
• And why does this mean that most investors probably shouldn’t be investing in these markets? 

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This is Texas, the second-largest state in the USA by landmass, population, and GDP. 

But perhaps being runner up is not so bad in all of these categories. Texas has for many decades been a huge driving force of prosperity, not only for the people within the state but also for all of the USA.

The state provides over 40% of the oil production in the country which is, in turn, the largest oil-producing nation in the world. 

To give you an idea of just how massive this operation is, Texas produces more oil than, brazil and china combined. 

Now for regular channel viewers, you might be thinking that well that’s great and all however, oil wealth doesn’t always guarantee prosperity, but fortunately for Texas, it has diversified itself into a host of other industries some of which are very far removed from what you might picture taking place in the land of cowboy boots and Ford F350’s.

Texas today has the fastest growing population in all of the United States which is been driven by the state attracting a range of new businesses that will work with this young new professional demographic to continue to grow a strong economy. 

Or at least that is the theory, the rumblings of the world in 2020 have not been easy on the Texan miracle, and for the first time in almost three decades, the state might be starting to show signs of troubled waters. 

To see if this could be a hurdle the yeehaw state could not overcome we need to look at a few key areas.

• What have been the industries driving the growth of Texas?
• What is it about the state that makes it so attractive to these industries?
• And what could future growth look like after 2020?

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In the fallout of one of the most volatile American elections ever financial markets did something very strange, they rose, and rose to new record levels, again.

This would be unusual during even a normal election, where most investors tend to sit back and wait for the dust to settle but it is especially strange in 2020.

Joe Biden, who everybody is at least 90% confident will be the next president has spoken very openly about plans to raise corporate tax rates and this is coming in conjunction with the tension around how a transition of power may or may not take place, not to mention that global pandemic. 

If investors are supposed to fear uncertainty surely they would be terrified of the current world that we live in. 

Logic would dictate that the best outcome for the major corporations that make up financial markets would have been a nice simple and decisive Republican victory. At the end of the day, they tend to be a slightly more pro-business party.

Instead what they got was an extremely contentious Democratic victory with the potential to bring turbulence around key issues like covid relief packages in the coming month. 

So what is going on here?

• Why have markets rallied so hard in spite of this turbulence
• Will this market boom reverse if the proposed policies of the Biden's campaign are rolled out.
• And could it just be that investors no longer favored trump as president?

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The war on drugs was declared in 1971 by president Richard Nixon in a press conference that went on to outline a plan to fight the trade of controlled substances across the world. Drugs were declared national enemy number 1. 

Since then over 1 trillion dollars have been spent on fighting this battle and by all metrics, it has been money poorly spent. 

It’s probably no surprise to anybody that drug-related deaths and crimes have done nothing but rise over the 50 years since Nixon made this declaration. 

With the benefit of hindsight, it was pretty easy to see why... you can’t fight the forces of supply and demand in unregulated markets with m16’s and government agents. 

Trying to do so would be like trying to fight a hurricane by dropping bombs on it. Not particularly effective and if anything it’s just going to cause even more collateral damage. 

But perhaps this is all starting to change, just last week during the election, the people of Oregon also voted on something else that will potentially have even more influence than who the next president is. 

The people of the state voted to decriminalize drugs, all drugs, even the hard stuff.

This might look like waving the white flag in defeat and finally admitting that drugs have won the war on drugs. But it might also be what we should have been doing all along, fighting the war on drugs with economics. 

To understand what economists mean by this we will need to look at a few key areas.

• Why couldn’t the war on drugs disrupt this market?
• What is driving the growth in this market?
• And could legalization provide a better solution to dealing with this issue? 

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Tesla is today the most valuable automaker in the world by market capitalization beating out industry giants like General Motors, Ford, Volkswagen group, and even Toyota. 

It has achieved this impressive feet despite a short operating history, a limited product lineup, and even relatively modest sales figures compared to these much more established entities. 

In spite of all of these indicators, investors are willing to pay more than five times as much for the same stake in Tesla as compared to the more traditional automakers. 

• So what is going on here?
• What do investors see in Tesla that a rational person may not?
• What is the companies vision to truly justify being valued this highly?
• and could this all be a charismatic CEO taking a pool of naive investors for a ride? 

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This is Kazakhstan, and yes I know what you are all thinking, and yes in the interest of full disclosure we are definitely cashing in on the hype surrounding the second Borat, but in fairness so is the nation itself. 

Even still this country is so much more than that with one of the most, hmm let's call it exciting economies in the world. 

What was once a mistreated soviet state has now gone onto be the largest and wealthiest economy in central Asia, one that is welcoming foreign trade, international investment, and advanced development of technologies to continue this growth into the future. 

In this episode of Economics Explained, we'll explore the following questions:

• What went on under Soviet rule?
• What has the country been up to since the collapse?
• what is their plan for the future?

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The US presidential election will be held in 2 days from when this video is published.

The process of electing who will go on to be the most powerful man in the world always makes for big news but perhaps never more so than in 2020. 

The United States is currently in the grips of a major health crisis that has caused untold suffering to people directly affected, and indirectly to people impacted by the economic consequences that came with it. 

This is all coming in combination with a mountain of other issues, wealth inequality, trade tensions, nationwide protests, a wildly unstable financial market, record-high levels of debts, and a host of other issues that are certainly getting less airtime in 2020 but are of no less importance. 

This election is a chance, at least in theory, for the citizens of America to have their say about how they would like these issues dealt with... and while there are more issues than ever the right solutions are desperately needed. 

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In this episode of Economics Explained, we will explore the following questions:

• What has been behind the boom in the value of Pokemon cards? 
• Could this be a genuine investment vehicle? 
• Or is this all heading towards being the next beanie baby bubble? 

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In and amongst all of the happenings in the world this year these awards have kind of flown under the radar which is unfortunate because they all recognized some very remarkable works.

And in the field of economics, it all had to do with auctions. 

Auctions and Auction Theory are one of the most important systems to understand in economics because they act as an efficient way to build markets and correctly determine how we value items. 

In this episode of Economics Explained, we will explore the following questions:

• What should the average person or aspiring economist know about Auction Theory?
• What did the winners of this year's Nobel prize contribute to this theory?
• And how can this be utilized to build better and more efficient economies?

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If you were to ask any random person on the street what it is that they knew about economics there is a pretty good chance that the first thing that they would blurt out would be the words “Supply & Demand”

The number of people out there willing and able to buy a good or service versus the number of people out there willing to sell a good or service, all individually vying to get the best possible price. 

If demand increases prices increase, if demand falls prices fall and visa versa with supply. 

Now I know this channel is called Economics Explained but for most of you listening, all of this should pretty much go without saying. 

The only issue is that this rosy picture is in no way a reflection of the real world. 

So what is going on here?

In this episode of Economics Explained we will explore the following questions:

• How are prices decided if not through supply and demand?
• What does this mean for regular people in the economy?
• How could all of this be used to make better policies and business decisions?
• And how does this all make the case for a zero dollar minimum wage?

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The long-suffering generation of millennials are now set to be significantly poorer than both baby boomers and Gen X'ers. 

Having entered the workforce during the fallout of the 2008 mortgage crisis and then being hit particularly hard during this current crisis has meant that today millennials only account for 3% of national wealth, where boomers at the same point in their lives accounted for 27%.

This trend is more than just another pity party for our fellow latte-sipping millennials. On a wider level, the share of wealth owned by people under the age of 40 has shrunk from 13% to just under 7% over the past 3 decades. 

Even if we ignore the social issues of younger families having to make do with half that of what their parents did this can have some serious 

Therefore if this trend continues businesses around the world might start to lose out on their Goldilocks zone of consumer spending. 

• What is causing this downward pressure on wealth in younger generations?
• What will this mean for the future growth of nations like the USA?
• And could this just be a waiting game of wealth, inevitably getting passed down? 

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This is California, the Golden State and one of the largest economies in the world in its own right. 

If California was counted as a sovereign nation it would be the fifth-largest in the world by GDP, with a 3.2 trillion dollar gross state product putting it just behind Germany and just ahead of India. 

In this episode of Economics Explained, we'll explore the following questions:

• What made the state so prosperous before the 2020 downturn?
• What were the underlying issues impacting the economy?
• How will these issues be impacted by this decline?

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Communism vs Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Both of these opposing theories are very extreme and, for what it's worth, don’t exist in any modern economies anywhere around the world today, despite what some nations might have you believe. 

In this episode of Economics Explained, we'll explore the following questions:

So what are the economic arguments for and against a communist economic system? 

What are the economic arguments for and against a completely free market?

Are there any examples of these extreme systems actually working throughout history?

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The bottom line is the most important part of any functioning business.

Profit after costs, expenses, and taxes. 

The money that the founders and investors in companies get to put back into their pockets for the risk and effort they put into a business. 

Sounds like business 101 right? And it kind of is.

A business that doesn’t turn a profit is like a freezer that kind make ice, it’s more or less pointless. 

And sure there are things like non-profit charity organizations out there but most businesses exist to make money!

So why is it that some of the biggest companies in the world are not turning profits? Why is it that they don’t even plan to?

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Inflation is something we more or less take for granted these days. The idea that 5 dollars today is not going to be able to buy 5 dollars worth of stuff in the future, and the fact that you used to be able to buy a family home for 10 grand, are all the result of inflation. 

The idea that over time money becomes worthless and less influences a lot of decisions in out lives. Everything from retirement planning to salary negotiations take this relatively benign and constant force into account. 

But it is something that should be feared. 

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Inflation is something we more or less take for granted these days. The idea that 5 dollars today is not going to be able to buy 5 dollars worth of stuff in the future, and the fact that you used to be able to buy a family home for 10 grand, are all the result of inflation. 

The idea that over time money becomes worthless and less influences a lot of decisions in out lives. Everything from retirement planning to salary negotiations take this relatively benign and constant force into account. 

But it is something that should be feared. 

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This is Taiwan, or officially, the Republic of China, a country in east asia, which if you can’t tell by how delicate I am being with these titles here is consistently under a bit of ehh let’s call it scrutiny. 

So contentious in fact that any country that is doing business with the people's republic of china, you know China, has to officially declare that they recognize the island of Taiwan as the sovereign territory of China.

While this is all very confusing, the fallout is that the nation of Taiwan is only officially recognized by a tiny selection of countries from around the world. 

These countries include economic superpowers like Guatemala, Haiti, the Marshall Islands and Vatican city collectively making up only accounting for around 50 million people and covering a tiny portion of world trade.

So it's not exactly like they have brought their A team.

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GDP is one of the most universally recognized terms in economics. Even outside people with an interest in the subject most adults would be able to tell you that GDP is a measure of how large an economy is.... But they might not be able to tell you how it’s calculated, or even what it stands for.

In this episode of Economic Explained, we will explore the following questions:

• What are the limitations of GDP?
• Are there better figures to look at to get an idea of how prosperous an economy is?
• And how could focus on something outside of pure productive capacity be good for our economy?

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The Fire movement is a growing trend amongst young workers which is growing in popularity thanks to its very enticing goal which is spelled out in the name.

FIRE is an acronym of Financial Independence and Retiring Early. 

The idea is that by following a very aggressive saving and investing strategy people can get to a point where they are effectively retired at a very young age, sometimes younger than 30. 

Getting to that point is harder for some than others, but advocates of the movement argue that this difficulty has more to do with personal lifestyles rather than personal incomes. 

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Workers today are amongst the hardest worked individuals in history, while simultaneously being the most efficient. 

Sure, they have traded in grueling factory floors and coal mines for air conditioned offices so they probably don’t get quite as much sympathy as their industrial revolution contemporaries but the world today is marred by different challenges.

Hustle culture and the glorification of roles like surgeons, investment bankers, and corporate lawyers have set a precedent of on-call all the time, under the guise of professionalism or being a team player.

Expectations and key performance indicators are increasingly monitored, scrutinized, and increased year on year. 

Now the discussion around overworking is not a new one, but it tends to focus on the mental health implications of this reality rather than the economic impacts. 

Now we are going to be leaving that aspect of this discussion to the side for this video and instead focus just on the economics of the overworked world.

Partially this is because there are many people far more qualified to talk about mental health and partially because well, sometimes for things to get changed it needs to make economic sense for them to be changed. 

So the health implications of 100 hour weeks aside, we really only need to answer one question. 

Does people working longer and harder make for a more prosperous economy? 

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The economic impacts of 2020 have been felt far and wide and we have covered these problems in-depth in a handful of videos on this channel. But the logical question that most people are asking is what comes next? 

Disasters happen and they are never pleasant but part of being a nation, a business, or even an individual is being able to deal with adversity and come out the other side. Because of this people are expecting a recovery of sorts, and it seems like the only point of contention will be what letter of the alphabet this recovery will represent.  

Other speculations include a W-shaped recovery where we will see 1 recovery then another decline as the effects of government stimulus and relief packages wear off only to be followed by another genuine recovery later on.  

But amongst all of this, there is one type of recovery that we should all be very afraid of, one that is not getting nearly as much airtime and one that is actually being hurt by a lot of current policies and that is a K shaped recovery.

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Economics is considered a social science, and although some other scientists from more “rigorous” fields don’t always welcome it into their little club, it still follows the same processes to explore the world around us.  

And, as with science, or anything that is extremely complex for that matter, there are disagreements between practitioners at all levels of academia and throughout the entire history of the subject.

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The market for alternative investments has been a really exciting field in recent years, with everything from Bitcoins, to beanie babies being touted as the next must-have to outperform the boring old stock market. 

Now some of these investments have been good some of these investments have been bad, and many haven’t been around long enough to really tell yet, but the aftermarket for high fashion is a really interesting entrant into this world. 

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Vietnam is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world today. In 2019 its growth was only beaten out by a selection of far smaller and far more unstable national economies.  

With a huge and very hardworking population not to mention a powerful ally to it’s north this could be the country to watch out for in the next 10 years. But this success is by no means guaranteed. As with many other nations in the Southeast Asian region, it has many hurdles it needs to deal with to become a fair dinkum developed economy.  

So, what has been behind Vietnam’s Economic Growth? What will the impacts of 2020 do to this growth? And perhaps most importantly How will this nation break into the Developed Nations club?

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China is not playing fair in the game of global trade, they are cheating other countries, companies, and consumers out of business by Manipulating their own currency.  

So how does a nation like china control their currency? Can this actually be used to give an unfair advantage in global trade? If it can, why doesn’t every country do it? Can businesses profit from this man-made market failure? And does a currency price even matter?

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Student loans are financial tools that have been put in place to give promising individuals the ability to get an education and increase their potential for future earnings with a strong professional career.  

On a nationwide level having a well educated and skilled workforce is one of the strongest determinants of economic success. We have seen this time and time again with nations like South Korea, Japan, Switzerland and Germany, who are not necessarily blessed with a wealth of natural resources or great geography but nonetheless hold their own as some of the world's wealthiest nations.  

For all of these reasons, young men and women from around the world have grown up with the idea that their education is the best investment they can make…

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Physical cash is one of the easiest ways to instantly and reliably conduct commerce.  

It has been well-documented that the ease of transactions within a nation is as big of a determinant of a country’s success as is access to natural resources like oil and natural gas, or even a well-educated population. 

So, what would happen if we got rid of cash?

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There are a lot of things that we take for granted in our day to day lives, and one of the big ones is how we spend a good portion of our waking hours. 

Based on sophisticated youtube analytics we can determine that a majority of people watching this video are full-time employees working 40 hour weeks at their jobs 

So is 40 hours really the optimal work week, and are their alternatives that are based more on economics rather than tradition?

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The wealthiest generation in history is starting to retire, and die. In doing so they will be responsible for the greatest wealth transfer in history, as they pass along a collective 30 trillion dollars to their beneficiaries over the next few decades, just in the United States alone.   

That kind of capital movement is going to have some extremely significant impacts on the economy some of which we are already starting to feel.

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On the 30th of July 2020, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis released its 2nd quarter Gross Domestic Product report. The report noted a 32.9% contraction in annual GDP growth in the months of April, May, and June.  

For reference, the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis of 2008 saw an 8% drop in annualized GDP figures at its peak.

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Ancient Egypt was amongst the first major human civilizations in existence.  Outside of being genuinely fascinating the economy of ancient Egypt is enlightening to really pull apart because it represents an economy in it’s most basic form.  

Targeted inflation, debt cycles, derivatives contracts, and even the financial sector are all crucial components of our modern and hyper-advanced economies. Egypt, had none of these...

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The big short was a fantastic movie, for finance nerds and regular viewers alike. One of the lines that stood out the most, amongst many memorable lines, was the claim that for every 1% increase in unemployment 40,000 people die.  

This is an incredibly significant claim, that adds even more weight to the already significant societal issues that come along with people out of the job.  So is this claim actually true?

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Black Market Economics - What Drives the Underground Economy?

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This is Vatican city. The smallest widely recognized sovereign state in the world. 

This tiny nation exists entirely within these walls, but its influence is felt the world over.

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There are all manner of factors that make poor countries poor and rich countries rich. Many of these factors we have explored in depth when we have looked at economies like the democratic republic of the Congo all the way up to places like Switzerland and Norway.  Political Stability, industry, natural resource wealth are all incredibly important variables but there is something extra here that just doesn’t seem to make sense.

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The wealthiest among us today live a life unparalleled by any other human throughout history. The greatest Kings and emperors could only dream of the life afforded to today’s billionaires. It doesn’t end there, even mere multi-millionaires are living through a time where they have access to limitless information, unhindered mobility, and personal comforts. But this is all taking place at a time where a swelling population of people is struggling to make ends meet.

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The justification was that this was necessary to restore balance to a universe that was overpopulated and putting too much of a drain on resources.  Now instantly hazing half of the universe, is a bit extreme, but…  When the same world can’t go a week without some news article telling us that global climate catastrophe is inevitable, natural resources are running dry, or that if everybody lived like the average American we would need 4 Earths to sustain them it starts to sound like we should hear this Thanos guy out.

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Our world is home to over 190 countries using 180 currencies to trade, invest, and collect taxes. The global economy is complex at the best of times and the foreign exchange, or forex market only looks to add an additional layer of confusion and complexity. So this begs the question could the world adopt a single universal currency?

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People are told from the time they get their first job to save money. Save for a car, have an emergency fund, send your kids to college, a house deposit, oh and not to mention retirement (if that is still a thing). There are a million things to save for and on an individual level, it is almost always a good idea. So why is it then, that governments and businesses from around the world are so terrified of people saving money?

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The 2008 Global Financial crisis was kicked off by major structural issues in the global banking system and exacerbated by record levels of household debt. Today the world is on the brink of yet another major financial downturn, and yet again household debts are at record levels.

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Australia is a major world economy, with highly developed industries and close to 25 million of the wealthiest citizens in the world.  But Australia is harboring a deep, dark secret ... it is an American company!

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In two short decades, Amazon has grown from a modest online bookstore to an international conglomerate. A conglomerate that seems hellbent on moving into every growing industry out there. Amazon will only be the second company this channel has ever explored but it is extremely important to understand for a few reasons. most curiously, why amazon is pushing for reform in key areas that wouldn't really be expected...

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Adam Smith was a Scottish philosopher and author who is probably best known for writing a book titled “An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of … The Wealth of Nations!” This book effectively marked the beginning of economics as an academic discipline as Adam Amith, (now heralded as the father of economics) laid the foundation for economic rules and principles that guide decision making the world over.

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