History of the Second World War

This is a new series of episodes that are designed to solve one problem, this podcast is going to take a long time. One side effect of the amount of content the podcast needs to cover is that there are times when there is information from previous episodes or series that originally released years in the past which is now important background information for episodes that are about to release. This is where the summaries come in. Moving forward I will drop in a few summaries at appropriate times which will take a old series of episodes, in the case of today's episode the September Campaign series. Obviously this will not have the detail level of the earlier episodes, but it will allow for the key facts and themes of the earlier episodes to be brought back into everybody's memories right before it is most important.

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This is a new series of episodes that are designed to solve one problem, this podcast is going to take a long time. One side effect of the amount of content the podcast needs to cover is that there are times when there is information from previous episodes or series that originally released years in the past which is now important background information for episodes that are about to release. This is where the summaries come in. Moving forward I will drop in a few summaries at appropriate times which will take a old series of episodes, in the case of today's episode the Germany Prepares for War series. Obviously this will not have the detail level of the earlier episodes, but it will allow for the key facts and themes of the earlier episodes to be brought back into everybody's memories right before it is most important.

Contact [email protected] to advertise on History of the Second World War.

History of the Second World War is part of the Airwave Media podcast network.

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This is a new series of episodes that are designed to solve one problem, this podcast is going to take a long time. One side effect of the amount of content the podcast needs to cover is that there are times when there is information from previous episodes or series that originally released years in the past which is now important background information for episodes that are about to release. This is where the summaries come in. Moving forward I will drop in a few summaries at appropriate times which will take a old series of episodes, in the case of today's episode the Third Republic series, and condense the entire series down into one roughly 25 minute episode. Obviously this will not have the detail level of the earlier episodes, but it will allow for the key facts and themes of the earlier episodes to be brought back into everybody's memories right before it is most important.

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The campaign was almost over, but for the people of Norway the war was just beginning.

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In the areas around Narvik the fate of northern Norway would be decided.

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While the Norwegians were trying to hold back the German attacks, they believed that help was on its way.

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As the Germans invaded Norway, in Paris and London decisions had to be made about how to respond.

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After the German assault on Narvik it was only a matter of time until the Royal Navy responded.

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While the German invasion was occurring in central and southern Norway, the northernmost German forces were going ashore at Narvik.

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As news of the German invasion spread, the Norwegian government tried to determine what was happening and what they should do about it.

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Wondery’s podcast American History Tellers takes you to the events, times and people that shaped America and Americans — our values, our struggles and our dreams.

In the early 1800s, slavery rapidly expanded across the American South. But each year, thousands of courageous enslaved men, women, and children fled their owners in search of freedom. And in Philadelphia, secret allies came to their aid. Quaker abolitionists collaborated with free Black people to bring the freedom seekers to safety.

It was the start of the Underground Railroad, a clandestine network of activists, safe houses, and escape routes that would help tens of thousands of enslaved people flee bondage in the decades before the Civil War and challenge the very roots of American slavery.

This is just a preview of American History Tellers. You can listen to the full episode wherever you get your podcasts, or at Wondery.fm/AHTURHoSWW

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The German ships on their way to Oslo were in for a nasty surprise, courtesy of the Norwegian defenders of the fortress at Oscarsborg.

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The German invasion would begin with disconnected attacks which forced individual units in several areas to make critical decisions.

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With British and German ships both sailing off the coast of Norway, at some point they were going to run into one another.

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The Germans would quickly put together a plan to invade Norway after realizing that the British might get there first.

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The German military would invade Norway in April 1940, but not before the British and French came very close to beating them.

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Before the German invasion of Norway, the Altmark reenters the podcast as the centerpiece of an international incident.

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In June 1940 the war at sea was about to change.

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U-boats in Scapa Flow! Wolfpacks on the prowl!

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When the war started the German U-boats were already prepared to play their part.

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The threat that the U-Boats posed was well known after the First World War, so how did the British plan to protect their trade from them?

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After being sighted by the British cruisers under Captain Harwood, it was only a matter of time before the story of the Admiral Graf Spee came to an end.

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For a few weeks the Admiral Graf Spee would be on a rampage in the South Atlantic.

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The Germans would have their surface raiders in position even before the war started.

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From above soared the bombers from below floated the mines.

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When the war started in Poland, so did the war at sea.

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AUSA’s Army Matters podcast amplifies the voices of the Total Army – one story at a time.

Join hosts LTG (Ret.) Les Smith and SMA (Ret.) Dan Dailey every other Wednesday as they interview the modern chroniclers of the Army experience to discuss inspiring leadership stories, current issues faced by Soldiers and our military families’ journeys.

Start listening now wherever you listen to podcasts.

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The leaders of the Kriegsmarine did not want to repeat the mistakes of the last war, so what did they want to do?

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This week the narrative takes a bit of a detour into conversations of the British shipbuilding industry during the interwar years.

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We start the discussions about the naval war with the largest navy in the world: The Royal Navy.

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This episode sees another previously member only episode released on the main feed. This episode discusses one of the lasting legacies of the of the Washington Naval Treaties, the class of ships that would come to be known as Treaty Cruisers.

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This episode sees another previously member only episode released on the main feed. This episode discusses the Washington Naval Treaty, why it was signed, and some of the impacts it had on navies around the world.

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You can find more information about Mark's book here: https://ospreypublishing.com/us/leyte-gulf-9781472851727/

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This episode sees another previously member only episode released on the main feed. This episode discusses the state of the Imperial Japanese Navy after the First World War and the views of Japanese naval leaders.

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This episode sees another previously member only episode released on the main feed. This episode discusses the state of the Royal Navy after the end of the First World War to set up discussions around the creation of the Washington Naval Treaty.

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As February turned into March, the desire of the Finns to find a way out of the war would finally succeed.

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In early 1940 Timoshenko and Zhukov would arrive, it was time for the Red Army to get serious.

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During the December 1939 and January 1940 there was fighting occurring all over Finland north of Lake Ladoga.

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One of the most famous battles of the entire war would be fought in northern Finland in late December.

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North of Lake Ladoga, near Tolvajärvi the first successful Finnish counter attack would be launched.

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In a break from the Winter War series, here is an episode from the Member Archives, discussing what is one my top Second World War reading recommendations.

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On November 30th, 1939 the first bombers would appear over Helsinki. The Winter War had started.

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The Winter War was starting, how did both sides plan to fight the war?

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After the negotiations with the Baltic nations, the Soviet Union turned its eye northward with the hope of another easy diplomatic victory.

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While the Second World War was ongoing elsewhere in Europe, the Soviet leaders would use the distraction to achieve a few of their longstanding goals in the Baltic.

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The Five Year Plans were important to the Red Army, they would also be very important to the Soviet Air Force and Navy.

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How was the Red Army preparing for war?

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The military would not escape the purges.

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It was time to clean house.

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After the first Five Year Plan, there were two more!

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Eventually the agricultural areas of the Soviet Union would hit a breaking point, people were dying from starvation and something had to change.

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This episode will dive into what collectivization looked like in practice and the impact it had on those in the countryside.

United24: https://u24.gov.ua/

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Collectivization was the path forward for Soviet agriculture, regardless of whether not the people actually wanted it.

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Massive economic changes are hard, but that would not prevent the Soviet Union from trying.

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Stalin rises to complete power in the Soviet Union, and the Red Army goes through major changes during the 1920s.

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Season 3 begins with the story of a young man from Georgia, Joseph Stalin.

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https://www.historyoftheworldwars.com/the-podcast-in-2023/

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https://www.historyoftheworldwars.com/the-podcast-in-2023/

https://surveymonkey.com/r/airwave

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https://www.historyoftheworldwars.com/the-podcast-in-2023/

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Even though the September Campaign was over, for the people of Poland the war had just begun.

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The September Campaign was over, this episode evaluates the performance of some of its participants.

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In the last days of September and early October the final organized resistance in Poland ended.

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In the final days of September the Capital of Poland would finally surrender to German troops.

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After the invasion by the Soviet Union, for the remaining pockets of resistance all over Poland it was only a matter of time.

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Just when it looked like things could not get worse for Poland the Soviets would invade.

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By the end of the second week of the invasion the Germans were closing in on Warsaw.

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With the Polish defense collapsing throughout Poland, on September 9th the remnants of Army Poznan and Pomorze would launch Poland's largest counterattack of the campaign. Contact [email protected] to advertise on History of the Second World War. History of the Second World War is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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While they now had allies in the war against Germany, things were not going well in Poland.

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With the British and French now in the war they could come to the rescue of the Poles....maybe?

British Cabinet Papers: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/cabinet-gov/cab65-second-world-war-conclusions.htm

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After the start of the German invasion, Poland would place their faith in their allies of Western Europe who would not immediately enter the war.

Discussion of the change in the Membership Program: https://www.patreon.com/posts/time-for-change-74730428

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In Southern Poland the most important target of the German invasion was Krakow.

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The primary point of German focus would be an attack by Army Group South targeting the area between Army Poznan and Army Lodz.

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In the Polish Corridor Army Pomorze had the unenviable task of defending not just an attack by one, but two, German armies.

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We begin our story of the defense of Poland by starting in the north with the hopeless defense of Danzig and the Baltic sea coast before moving further east to Army Modlin north of Warsaw.

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September 1, 1939.

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On August 31st Europe was just hours away from the Second German Invasion of Poland.

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A brief look at some of the equipment and organization of the German Army that would move into Poland in September 1939.

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We have talked quite a bit about Poland the last few episodes, time to check in on the Germans.

Sources mentioned in the last few minutes of the episode:

Unsigned Memorandum: https://archive.org/details/documentsongerma0007unse/page/200/mode/2up

170th Day of Trial of German Major War Criminals: http://nizkor.com/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-18/tgmwc-18-170-03.shtml

Colonel General Halder Notes: https://archive.org/details/documentsongerma0007unse/page/556/mode/2up?view=theater

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Due to the reality of Poland's position in 1939, there were no great options, and the actions of others would force them into an even worse position.

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Throughout the 1930s Poland would prepare for war.

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On September 1, 1939 the German Wehrmacht would begin their invasion of Poland. But before we get there, we need to look at Interwar Poland. During this episode we will look at developments in Polish internal politics and foreign relations.

Sources: 

- Case White: The Invasion of Poland 1939 by Rober Forczyk

- Poland 1939: The Outbreak of World War II by Roger Moorhouse

- Appeasement: Chamberlain, Hitler, Churchill and the Road to War by Tim Bouverie

- The Origins of the Second World War: An International Perspective Edited by Frank McDonough

- The Polish Campaign 1939 by Steven Zaloga and Victor Madej

- The Foreign Policy of Jozef Pilsudski and Jozef Beck, 1926-1939: Misconceptions and Interpretations by Anna M. Cienciala

- The French Government and the Danzig Crisis: The Italian Dimension by P.R. Stafford

- Reflections from Rumania and Beyond: Marshal Smigly-Rydz in Exile by Stanley S. Seidner

- Macht Arbeit Frei? Chapter: The War against Poland and the Beginning of German Economic Policy in the Occupied Territory by Witold Wojciech Medykowski

- Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 Edited by Peter D. Stachura

- Poland's Preparation for World War Two by Michael Alfred Peszke

- The Rebirth and Progress of the Polish Military During the Interwar Years by Jacek Czarnecki

- The Eastern Pact, 1933-1935: A Last Attempt at European Co-operation by Lisanne Radice (1977)

- The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919-1933 by Zara Steiner

- Agreement of Mutual Assistance between the United Kingdom and Poland, August 25, 1939.

- Blitzkrieg Unleashed by Richard Hargreaves

- The Great Powers and Poland: From Versailles to Yalta by Jan Karski

- The History of the Panzerwaffe Volume 1: 1939-42 by Thomas Anderson

- September Storm: The German Invasion of Poland by Gordon Rottman & Stephen Andrew

- Britain and Poland, 1939-1943: The Betrayed Ally by Anita J. Prazmowska

- March 1939: The British Guarantee to Poland - A Study in the Continuity of British Foreign Policy by Simon Newman (1976)

- Poland 1939: The birth of Blitzkrieg by Steven J. Zaloga

- The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William Shirer

- Various Documents from the British Cabinet Papers, particularly CAB 55/19/15, CAB 65/1, CAB 65/3, and CAB 66/1

- Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945

- Reflections from Rumania and Beyond: Marshal Smigly-Rydz in Exile by Stanley S. Seidner

- The British War Blue Book: Documents Concerning German-Polish Relations and the Outbreak of Hostilities Between Great Britain and Germany on September 3, 1939

- The French Yellow Book: Diplomatic Documents (1938-1939)

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It has been 107 episodes, so for one episode I will take a step back and try and summarize some of the themes and events of all of the Interwar episodes before we jump into the fighting in Europe in September 1939.

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On August 23rd an important step would be taken that would completely shift the balance of power in Europe: Germany and the Soviet Union had signed a nonaggression pact.

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There was always the option of getting the band back together, the three amigos joining forces once again to fighter Germany.

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Everybody was preparing for war in their own way

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In the years before the war Italy would bring itself closer and closer into the German orbit, but then as the war began it would back away.

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All around Europe smaller nations would be stuck in a rough spot. Also, at sea replenishment? Amphibious operations?

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In August 1939, the Red Army would unleash an offensive that the Japanese did not expect, and would be incapable of defending against.

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With both sides deciding to bring in more resources to defend their definition of the border, the Japanese decide to launch an attack in early July, 1939.

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Dr. Matthew Powell joins the podcast to discuss tactical air power during the interwar years.

Author of: The Development of British Tactical Air Power, 1940-1943: A History of Army Co-operation Command 

https://twitter.com/tac_air_power

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The summer of 1939, near the Mongolian village of Nomonhan, would see the largest clash between the Soviet Union and Japan of the interwar years, and it would have important ramifications for relations between the two nations as the world was rapidly descending into war.

Sources:

• Anti-Russian and Anti-Soviet Subversion: The Caucasian-Japanese Nexus, 1904-1945 by Hiroaki Kuromiya and Georges Mamoulia
• Japanese Geopolitics and the Mongol Lands, 1915-1945 by Li Narangoa
• Khalkin-Gol: The Forgotten War by Amnon Sella
• The Lake Khasan Affair of 1938: Overview and Lessons by Alvin D. Coox (1973)
• Soviet-Japanese Confrontation in Outer Mongolia: The Battle of Nomonhan-Khalkin Gol by Larry W. Moses (1967
• Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939 by Alvin D. Coox
• Nomonhan, 1939: The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II by Stuart D. Goldman

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During 1938 the border tensions between the Soviet Union and Japan would explode on the hill of Changkufeng near Lake Khasan.

Sources:

• Anti-Russian and Anti-Soviet Subversion: The Caucasian-Japanese Nexus, 1904-1945 by Hiroaki Kuromiya and Georges Mamoulia
• Japanese Geopolitics and the Mongol Lands, 1915-1945 by Li Narangoa
• Khalkin-Gol: The Forgotten War by Amnon Sella
• The Lake Khasan Affair of 1938: Overview and Lessons by Alvin D. Coox (1973)
• Soviet-Japanese Confrontation in Outer Mongolia: The Battle of Nomonhan-Khalkin Gol by Larry W. Moses (1967
• Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939 by Alvin D. Coox
• Nomonhan, 1939: The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II by Stuart D. Goldman

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As tensions in Europe continued to increase, Hungary would be provided with opportunities to settle its own scores.

Remember, Athletic Greens is going to give you a FREE 1 year supply of immune-supporting Vitamin D AND 5 FREE travel packs with your first purchase. All you have to do is visit athleticgreens.com/WW2HISTORY to take ownership over your health and pick up the ultimate daily nutritional insurance! 

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During this episode we dive into the story of one of the smaller players in European politics during the interwar years, Hungary.

Be sure to check out World War II On Topic from the National World War II Museum: World War II On Topic | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans (nationalww2museum.org)

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Author of The Next War in the Air Britains Fear of the Bomber 1908-1941

Also the author of an upcoming book _Home Fires Burning: Emotion, Spectacle, and Britain’s First War from the Air_

Find more of Dr. Holman's work at Airminded

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During the 1930s the RAF would spend a lot of time and effort trying to make its dreams a reality.

Remember, Athletic Greens is going to give you a FREE 1 year supply of immune-supporting Vitamin D AND 5 FREE travel packs with your first purchase. All you have to do is visit athleticgreens.com/WW2HISTORY to take ownership over your health and pick up the ultimate daily nutritional insurance! 

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The Italian and German air forces enter the war at very different points of their interwar evolution. One of was fading from power, the other was at its zenith. 

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Check out History Daily for your daily history podcast fix: History Daily - podfollow.com

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In which we look at the development of air power theory and capabilities in several nations that will be very important to the future course of events.

Remember, Athletic Greens is going to give you a FREE 1 year supply of immune-supporting Vitamin D AND 5 FREE travel packs with your first purchase. All you have to do is visit athleticgreens.com/WW2HISTORY to take ownership over your health and pick up the ultimate daily nutritional insurance! 

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A major topic of conversation during the interwar years was the ideas, power, and future of strategic bombing.

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Remember to check out Private Internet Access at privateinternetaccess.com/HistorySWW

Airpower was an important feature of the First World War, but after the conflict was over it entered into the great unknown - peace.

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During 1939 British rearmament efforts would escalate rapidly, but was it going to be enough?

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The British Army would be in a very clear third position when it came to defense spending during the interwar years, but that did not mean that it did not have moments of innovation and thought leadership. Money would be a real problem though.

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During the last half of the 1930s the British needed to get serious about rearmament, but they had some problems to solve first.

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Dr. Alan Allport has written the excellent Britain at Bay: The Epic Story of the Second World War, 1938-1941. He joined me to chat about various topics relating to interwar Britain, and of course Lord of the Rings (I really cannot resist, I am sorry).

Find out more about Dr. Allport: Alan Allport, Professor (syr.edu)

Check out Britain at Bay: Britain at Bay by Alan Allport: 9781101974698 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books

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While the Pacific ocean was on the other side of the world, far closer to home for the British was the Mediterranean, where there were also many problems.

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The British Empire spanned the entire globe, which was great...except for the fact that it meant defending the entire globe.

Sources:

• Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force 1919-1939 by David E. Omissi
• Anglo-American Strategic Relations and the Far East 1933-1939: Imperial Crossroads by Greg Kennedy
• The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600-2000 Volume III: The Military Dimension Edited by Ian Gow and Yoichi Hirama with John Chapman
• 'A Fearful Concatenation of Circumstances': The Anglo-Soviet Rapprochement, 1934-6 by Michael Jabara Carley
• Brave New World: Imperial and Democratic Nation-building in Britain Between the Wars Edited By Laura Beers and Geraint Thomas
• Britain at Bay by Alan Allport
• The British Defence of Egypt 1935-1940: Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean by Steven Morewood
• British Establishment Perspectives on France, 1936-1940 by Michael Dockrill
• The British General Election of 1935 by James C. Robertson
• Patterns of the Future? British Mediterranean Strategy and the Choice Between Alexandria and Syprus 1935-8 by Manolis Koumas
• 'Living the Blackshirt Life': Culture, Community and the British Union of Fascists, 1932-1940 by Michael A. Spurr
• Economics, Rearmament, and Foreign Policy: The United Kingdom before 1939 - A Preliminary Study by R.A.C. Parker
• Fascism, Communism, and the Foreign Office, 1937-1939 by Donald Lammers
• Fighting the People's War: The British Commonwealth Armies and the Second World War by Jonathan Fennell
• Forgotten Armies by Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper
• Franco-British Relations and the Question of Conscription in Britain, 1938-1939 by Daniel Hucker
• The Battle for Britain: Interservice Rivalry between the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy; 1909-40 by Anthony J. Cumming
• Malta and British Strategic Policy 1925-1943 by Douglas Austin
• Pacifism and Politics in Britain, 1931-1935 by Michael Pugh
• The Royal Air Force, Air Power and British Foreign Policy, 1932-37 by Malcolm Smith
• British Rearmament in the 1930s: A Chronology and Review by J.P.D. Dunbabin
• The Royal Air Force - Volume 2: An Encyclopedia of the Inter-War Years 1930-1939: v. 2 by Ian Philpott
• British Seapower and Procurement Between the Wars: A Reappraisal of Rearmament by G.A.H. Gordon
• The British Government and the South African Neutrality Crisis, 1938-39 by Andrew Stewart
• Strategy versus Finance in Twentieth-Century Great Britain by Paul M. Kennedy
• The British General Staff: Reform and Innovation, 1890-1939 Edited By David French and Brian Holden Reid
• Deterrence and the European Balance of Power: the Field Force and British Grand Strategy, 1934-1938 by B.J.C. McKercher
• The Tradition of Appeasement in British Foreign Policy 1865-1939 by Paul M. Kennedy
• British Rearmament 1936-39: Treasury, Trade Unions and Skilled Labour by R.A.C. Parker
• Winston Churchill's Parliamentary Commentary on British Foreign Policy, 1935-1938 by Richard Howard Powers
• British Rearmament and the 'Merchants of Death': The 1935-36 Royal Commission on the Manufacture of and Trade in Armaments by David G. Anderson
• Whitehall and the Control of Prices and Profits in a Major War, 1919-1939 by Neil Rollings
• Thinking the Unthinkable: British and American Naval Strategies for an Anglo-American War, 1918-1931 by Chistopher M. Bell
• Britain's War: into Battle, 1937-1941 by Daniel Todman
• British Armour Theory and the Rise of the Panzer Arm: Revising the Revisionists by Azar Gat
• Changing American Perceptions of the Royal Navy Since 1775 by John B. Hattendorf
• Military Innovation and Technological Determinism: British and US Ways of Carrier Warfare, 1919-1945 by Kendrick Kuo
• British Military Policy between the Two World Wars by Brian Bond

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During the interwar period there were some areas in which British politics would change, but in many ways it would be more of the same.

Sources:

• Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force 1919-1939 by David E. Omissi
• Anglo-American Strategic Relations and the Far East 1933-1939: Imperial Crossroads by Greg Kennedy
• The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600-2000 Volume III: The Military Dimension Edited by Ian Gow and Yoichi Hirama with John Chapman
• 'A Fearful Concatenation of Circumstances': The Anglo-Soviet Rapprochement, 1934-6 by Michael Jabara Carley
• Brave New World: Imperial and Democratic Nation-building in Britain Between the Wars Edited By Laura Beers and Geraint Thomas
• Britain at Bay by Alan Allport
• The British Defence of Egypt 1935-1940: Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean by Steven Morewood
• British Establishment Perspectives on France, 1936-1940 by Michael Dockrill
• The British General Election of 1935 by James C. Robertson
• Patterns of the Future? British Mediterranean Strategy and the Choice Between Alexandria and Syprus 1935-8 by Manolis Koumas
• 'Living the Blackshirt Life': Culture, Community and the British Union of Fascists, 1932-1940 by Michael A. Spurr
• Economics, Rearmament, and Foreign Policy: The United Kingdom before 1939 - A Preliminary Study by R.A.C. Parker
• Fascism, Communism, and the Foreign Office, 1937-1939 by Donald Lammers
• Fighting the People's War: The British Commonwealth Armies and the Second World War by Jonathan Fennell
• Forgotten Armies by Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper
• Franco-British Relations and the Question of Conscription in Britain, 1938-1939 by Daniel Hucker
• The Battle for Britain: Interservice Rivalry between the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy; 1909-40 by Anthony J. Cumming
• Malta and British Strategic Policy 1925-1943 by Douglas Austin
• Pacifism and Politics in Britain, 1931-1935 by Michael Pugh
• The Royal Air Force, Air Power and British Foreign Policy, 1932-37 by Malcolm Smith
• British Rearmament in the 1930s: A Chronology and Review by J.P.D. Dunbabin
• The Royal Air Force - Volume 2: An Encyclopedia of the Inter-War Years 1930-1939: v. 2 by Ian Philpott
• British Seapower and Procurement Between the Wars: A Reappraisal of Rearmament by G.A.H. Gordon
• The British Government and the South African Neutrality Crisis, 1938-39 by Andrew Stewart
• Strategy versus Finance in Twentieth-Century Great Britain by Paul M. Kennedy
• The British General Staff: Reform and Innovation, 1890-1939 Edited By David French and Brian Holden Reid
• Deterrence and the European Balance of Power: the Field Force and British Grand Strategy, 1934-1938 by B.J.C. McKercher
• The Tradition of Appeasement in British Foreign Policy 1865-1939 by Paul M. Kennedy
• British Rearmament 1936-39: Treasury, Trade Unions and Skilled Labour by R.A.C. Parker
• Winston Churchill's Parliamentary Commentary on British Foreign Policy, 1935-1938 by Richard Howard Powers
• British Rearmament and the 'Merchants of Death': The 1935-36 Royal Commission on the Manufacture of and Trade in Armaments by David G. Anderson
• Whitehall and the Control of Prices and Profits in a Major War, 1919-1939 by Neil Rollings
• Thinking the Unthinkable: British and American Naval Strategies for an Anglo-American War, 1918-1931 by Chistopher M. Bell
• Britain's War: into Battle, 1937-1941 by Daniel Todman
• British Armour Theory and the Rise of the Panzer Arm: Revising the Revisionists by Azar Gat
• Changing American Perceptions of the Royal Navy Since 1775 by John B. Hattendorf
• Military Innovation and Technological Determinism: British and US Ways of Carrier Warfare, 1919-1945 by Kendrick Kuo
• British Military Policy between the Two World Wars by Brian Bond

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PREORDER NOW: A CANLOAN Officer – a VMGCRA Reprint (PRE-ORDER) - The Vickers Machine Gun (vickersmg.blog)

In this interview I was joined by Rich Fisher from the Vickers MG Collection & Research Association to talk about the Vickers, how the Association got started, and a new book that is available for pre-order today which is a reprint of a memoir of a CANLOAN officer, Lieutenant Rex Fendick.

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During November 1938, a man would be murdered in Paris, and it would have drastic consequences for Jewish Germans.

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The interwar period of military evolution was a complicated web of influences, decisions, and inferences.

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There were many different opinions about the best method of projecting air power, in this episode we touch on some of the choices that the Luftwaffe would make.

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The two most well known German military leaders from the First World War would have two very different experiences in postwar Germany. But both who have interactions with one very particular person who would later be quite important.

You can find Hindenburg, Ludendorff, and Hitler by Alex Clifford here.

History's Most Podcast: History's Most (libsyn.com)

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During the late 1930s the expansion of the Kriegsmarine would get serious.

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Because you know I'm all about them boats, about them boats, no aircraft.

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In the last 18 months before the war Germany's desires far outstripped its available resources.

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Preparing for war is a delicate balance of short and long term preparations, but not everybody in Germany agreed about what those should be.

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In 1936 Germany began to seriously prepare for a future conflict, and almost immediately began to run into some economic problems.

Sources:

• The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy by Adam Tooze
• War and Economy in the Third Reich by R.J. Overy
• The Wehrmacht and German Rearmament by Wilhelm Deist
• The Third Reich and Yugoslavia: An Economcy of Fear, 1933-1941 by Perica Hadzi-Jovancic
• Hitler A Biography
• Hitler's Eagles by Chris McNab
• Quest for Decisive Victory: From Stalemate to Blitzkrieg in Europe, 1899-1940 by Robert M. Citino
• The Blitzkrieg Myth by John Mosier
• The Path to Blitzkrieg: Doctrine and Training in the German Army, 1920-1939 by Robert M. Citino
• 1930s German Doctrine: A Manifestation of Operational Art by Tal Tovy
• The Blitzkrieg Myth: How Hitler and the Allies Misread the Strategic Realities of World War II by John Mosier
• The Origin of the Term "Blitzkrieg": Another View by William J. Fanning Jr.
• Storm of Steel: The Development of Armor Doctrine in Germany and the Soviet Unition 1919-1939 by Mary R. Habeck
• Hitler's Eagles by Chris McNab
• Military Innovation in the Interwar Period Edited By Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett
• Ship-of-the-Line or Atlantic Raider? Battleship Bismarck Between Design Limitations and Naval Strategy by Timothy P. Mulligan
• Strategy for Defeat the Luftwaffe 1933-1945 by Williamson Murray
• Battleship Bismarck: A Design and Operational History by William H. Garzke Jr., Robert O. Dulin Jr., and William Jurens

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The Munich Agreement had been signed, the territory transfers had started, it was time for the whole area to calm down....right?

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On September 30th, just before 2AM, the Munich Agreement was signed. Territory transfers were scheduled to begin less than 24 hours later.

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It seemed clear that nobody wanted to force the government in Prague to accept the Godesberg Memorandum and its demands, and war loomed on the horizon.

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Chamberlain would triumphantly arrive at Bad Godesberg with the agreements from Prague in hand, the Munich Crisis was now over....and then it absolutely was not.

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...because we were left alone.

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One of the major events leading up to the Munich agreement was a series of two personal conversations between the British Prime Minister Nivelle Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler. The original idea for these conversations originated in London during conversations that would occur in late August

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After the events of May and the phantom invasion and Czechoslovakian mobilization, the overall vibe in the area was tense. It also had a real effect on many governmental ministers all over Europe as for the first time in 20 years they had been pushed to what felt like the brink of a European wide war.

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In May 1938 a rumor would begin circulating, based on intelligence gathered by Czechoslovak and British sources, that Germany was about to launch an invasion.

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On September 30, 1938 one of the more controversial events of the interwar period would occur. But first, some background.

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We have talked about the Maginot Line and rearmament, now it is time to look at what the French army was planning to do.

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If France wanted to compete militarily with the growing power of Germany, it was going to have to start a serious effort to rearm itself.

Email: [email protected]

Twitter: WorldWar2Pod

Website: historyofthesecondworldwar.com

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In the last years before the war there were many different concerns in Paris, honestly too many to cover in one episode, but this episode discusses a few of them.

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After the wars were over, there were millions of veterans and each nation and each group of veterans found themselves in different positions. In this interview I was joined by Dr. Martin Crotty, Dr. Neil Diamant, and Dr. Mark Edele to discuss their book that looks at the experiences of veterans from many different nations after both World Wars.

Check out The Politics of Veteran Benefits in the Twentieth Century here https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501751639/the-politics-of-veteran-benefits-in-the-twentieth-century/#bookTabs=1

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With the victory of the Popular Front it was time to completely transform French society, to fix all of the problems they had identified in the previous years....right? RIGHT?!

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The events of February 6th 1934 would result in a new unity on the French Left, enter the Popular Front.

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Among the most important projects by France during the 1930s would be relations with other nations.

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After their victory during the First World War the French had some very real problems. Those problems and their possible solutions would shape French policy during the interwar years.

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When the Anschluss occurred, there would be no fighting.

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During February 1938 relations between Austria and Germany begin to spiral out of control.

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On November 5th 1937 a meeting would take place where Hitler would outline the situation in Europe as he saw it, and why Germany would soon have to go to war.

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The concept of joining Austria and Germany was not a new idea though, and certainly not one that originated in Nazi Germany. It was instead something that was quite popular at various points in the past, and during this episode we will look at the roots of Pan-Germanism as a movement in the months and years immediately following the end of the First World War, and also why those Pan-Germanist dreams were not fulfilled after 1918. The movement would then have an interesting evolution as its strongest supporters in 1919 would be its strongest opponents in 1938, and shift that we will touch on both in this episode and in episode 58.

Website: http://www.historyofthesecondworldwar.com

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Twitter: @WorldWar2Pod

Facebook: historyofthesecondworldwar

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After the fall of Nanking, there was still no end in sight for the fighting in China.

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After the Japanese Army took Nanking in December, what would follow was pain, death, and suffering.

Jutland Stream: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymr1u5hy1XQ&t=1s

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With the Japanese landings from Hangzou Bay the Chinese positions in and around Shanghai become completely untenable.

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After the fighting spilled outside the city with Japanese landings on the river, the fighting would continue for months.

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The establishment of the puppet state of Manchuria would not be the end of the adventures of the Japanese in China, and instead they would endeavor over the course of the next decade to extend their influence, and during that expansion they would eventually fall into a full scale war with China. This episode will first look at why the Japanese felt they had to constantly increase the territory under their control, before looking at the Marco Polo Bridge incident, which would ignite the Second Sino-Japanese War.

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During the 1930s China would experience a devastating invasion. This invasion was launched by the Japanese who were trying to obtain greater access to the natural resources available in Manchuria and northern China. The result would be the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, a devastating conflict, and perhaps the start of the Second World War.

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The Spanish Civil War was over, but its legacy would live on, both inside Spain and in a Europe that was soon plunging into a much larger conflict.

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Everything that has a beginning has an end.

MERCH! https://www.teepublic.com/stores/history-of-the-second-world-war-podcast

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After the defeat at the Battle of Teruel, and with Valencia under threat, the Republic launches yet another attack, this time across the River Ebro.

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The large Republican attacks on the city of Teruel would backfire, and result not in victory, but with the Nationalists reaching the coast, cutting Republican Spain in two.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Tom Wardle. Tom's research focuses on memory activism and how the Spanish Civil War is remembered, and how that memory is fought over, in modern day Spain. When discussing history it can be easy to fall into just discussing Person A did thing B on date C, when in fact one of the most important aspects of history is not just what happened, but also what the effects of those events were, and how we today remember those events. Near the end of our discussions Tom mentions the award winning 2018 documentary The Silence of Others, which I recommend to anybody who wants to learn more about some of the subjects we discuss.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Dr. Louis Dean Valencia. Our conversation covered several different topics, including the concept of alt/histories, or the purposeful misrepresentation of history to serve a specific, often political, purpose. This idea is in no way limited to the history of the Spanish Civil War, or the Second World War, but is a concept that can be found throughout history.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Dr. Stephanie Wright. The author of “Glorious Brothers, Unsuitable Lovers: Moroccan Veterans, Spanish Women, and the Mechanisms of Francoist Paternalism.” We discussed the treatment of wounded war veterans in post-Civil War Spain and Morocco. We also discuss Dr. Wright's current research into sexual violence in Francoist Spain.

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Two Republican attacks were launched in the hope of forcing forces to be moved from the north to other areas of Spain. These two attacks, at Guadarrama and Huesca will be our first topic for this episode. However, the primary focus will be on the battle of Brunete. This attack would be launched in July 1937 by the Republican Army and it would achieve one of its goals of forcing the Nationalists to move troops away from their attacks in the north, even if it was in reality too late to halt the collapse of the enclave. The Republicans would commit their best troops, and most of their armor assets, to the attack at Brunete and the failure of the attack would begin a clear decline in the fighting capabilities of the Republican forces, from which they would never really recover.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Stephen Rainbird. Stephen's research focuses on the political relationship between Spain, Britain, and Portugal in the years before and during the Second World War. Our conversation focused mostly on the reaction of British political leaders to the events in Spain that led up to the Civil War, and then some of the reasons that the British government chose the path that it did during the conflict. We also discuss the very important matter of piracy in the Mediterranean during the war, where the pirates somehow got ahold of Italian submarines, spoke Italian, and were getting paid by the Italian government, weird situation really.

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After the opening battles of the Civil War, behind the front the political maneuverings would continue.

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https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-scots-and-the-spanish-civil-war.html

On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Dr. Fraser Raeburn. This interview continues our series of regional specific discussions, in this case about Scotland and how people in Scotland reacted to the Spanish Civil War, why some of them chose to go to Spain to fight in the International Brigades, and the humanitarian efforts that originated in Scotland.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Dr. Charles Esdaile. Unlike some of the other interviews I have done for this series, this interview focuses very heavily on the military side of the conflict. At the end of the day the Spanish Civil War was a military conflict, and the military side of the story does deserve some attention. One of the interesting items that we discussed was how a seemingly small decision, how military units were organized, could have consequences that caused issues for the Republicans even outside the military theater.

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After the failure to take Madrid, the Nationalist shift their focus, and in their sights is the Republican Enclave in northern Spain.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Jess Thorne to discuss the treatment and experiences of prisoners during the Civil War and after. Discussing prisoners during a Civil War is always interesting because their experiences are often quite different than what is experienced by more traditional Prisoners of War. There was a political dimension for why they were imprisoned during the war, and then why they were kept in prison after the war was over and we discuss that dimension and the consequences of it.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Charlotte Walmsley a PhD researcher focusing on post-conflict gender violence. Gender violence is a phrase that we use several times in this interview, and so I thought it would be good to give a clear and concise definition of the term. I am by no means an expert on the topic, but there is a good quote from the European Institute for Gender Equality: "Gender-based violence and violence against women are terms that are often used interchangeably as it has been widely acknowledged that most gender-based violence is inflicted on women and girls, by men. However, using the ‘gender-based’ aspect is important as it highlights the fact that many forms of violence against women are rooted in power inequalities between women and men."

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After the Nationalist attack on Madrid was stopped, they shifted tactics and attempted to surround the capital with an attack from the south across the Jarama river and from the north near Guadalajara.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Jess McIvor, a PhD researcher to discuss the portrayal of women fighters during the Spanish Civil War. One of the really interesting pieces of the story of the Civil War is how it interacted with the views of the different groups around what they felt Spanish society was and should be. The presence of women within the militia units early in the war gave this ideological conflict a greater urgency and focus. Jess also mentions several excellent authors throughout the interview, which you can find linked to on the website over at historyofthesecondworldwar.com/interviews.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Dr. Karl Qualls to discuss his research into the Spanish child refugees that would make their way to the Soviet Union during the Spanish Civil War. These children would have unique experiences during their time within the Soviet Union, first expected to be a few months, turned into years and then decades. Many of them would never be able to openly return to Spain, and the Soviet Union would become their new home.

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While the Spanish Civil War was Spanish in both origin and participation, there would be both diplomatic and military involvement from other nations around the world.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Ed Packard from the Basque Children Association. We discussed the story of the 4000 children that were brought to Britain in 1937. These children came to Britain at a time when their homes and their families were in serious danger, and their story is a mixture of fascinating and heartbreaking. If you want to learn more you go go to basquechildren.org, which I have included a link for in the show notes and on the podcast's website.

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Madrid was the capital of Spain, and with its location in the center of the Iberian peninsula it was within striking distance of a nationalist advance. Capturing the city would be a huge political victory for the Nationalists, and so it would be the site of one of the first major battles of the Civil War.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Alexander Clifford to discuss the International Brigades which would be such an important part of the Spanish Civil War. These groups of international volunteers would bolster the Republican cause, both from a public relations perspective as well as on the battlefields of Spain. We discussed why these individuals chose to go to Spain, what they experienced during their time fighting in the war, and their view of the war when it was over.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Harry Taylor, a PhD researcher who focuses on the reaction of Britain to the Spanish Civil War. Harry has done a lot of research into information like how the Civil War was portrayed in British newspapers and the grassroots efforts to try and assist those experiencing hardship in Spain. We talked about many different topics, including milk tokens, a very ingenious way of bringing awareness to the public and of raising money for powdered milk to send to Spain.

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In this episode we will discuss how the Republican zone of control was organized and some of the disagreements between the various factions. As these disagreements will be an essential theme of this entire series of episodes, this will not be the last time we discuss it. We will also end this episode with some discussion of the role of women within the Republic, and how that participation differed from the gender expectations before the war, and also how the Nationalists used that difference as part of their propaganda campaign. A few of the interviews will also focus on this topic, with some excellent individuals who are far more knowledgeable about the subject than I am.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Dr. Ariel Lambe from the University of Connecticut to discuss her book No Barrier Can Contain It: Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War as well as her ongoing researching into Cuban antifascism in the period surrounding the Spanish Civil War. My conversation with Dr. Lambe was fascinating, and provided unique insight into events in Cuba before and after the Civil War, and how those events were both related to events in Spain and uniquely Cuban. Cuba was in a somewhat unique position given its colonial past and its continuing connections with Spain and its rich history. We also discussed the somewhat unique role that Cuban volunteers in Spain would play due to their bilingual and international nature. One of the topics that I knew nothing about that we touched on near the end of our interview was the effects that the civil war had on the political situation within Cuba, and how it played a role in altering the course of Cuban history.

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We check in with the leadership situation in the aftermath of the coup, and then discuss the violence of the opening months of what was rapidly becoming a civil war.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Dr. Morris Brodie. One of the major reasons I wanted to do this interview series was to talk to people who had done research into the reactions of people outside of Spain to the events occurring within Spain. It can be challenging to research this myself given the scale of the world, and I was very excited with Dr. Brodie agreed to do the interview. Dr. Brodie is the author of Transatlantic Anarchism During the Spanish Civil War and Revolution, 1936-1939: Fury Over Spain which discusses the anarchist movements in Britain, Ireland, and the United States before and during the Spanish Civil War. This will be just the first of several interviews in which we discuss how various groups around the world viewed the Spanish Civil War.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War series I chatted with Dr. Danny Evans. Some of our previous interviews in this series revolved around Anarchism, and this time I discussed the Anarchist movement during the Civil War. We discussed the preparedness of the Anarchist groups for the war, their reactions to the start of the conflict, and then many of the political developments that occurred within the Republican camp as the Civil War developed. One topic that we discuss, that I think is worth reiterating here before the episode begins is that it can be easy to categorize people into certain political ideologies based on their self-categorization or due to the groups that they belong to. However, when looking at historical individuals or movements, it is far more important to look not at their statements or titles, but instead at their actions. This is true for Communists like we discuss in this episode, but can also be applied to many other groups at almost any time in history.

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As political unrest escalated military leaders all across Spain and Morocco began to put in place a plan to drastically alter the situation in Spain.

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On this episode of our Spanish Civil War Interview Series I was joined by Dr. Matthew Kerry the author of Unite, Proletarian Brothers! Radicalism and Republicanism in the Second Spanish Republic which was released earlier this year. Our discussion focused on the events in Asturias, a region of Spain, in 1934. During October 1934, there would be a national strike throughout Spain, and in most areas this strike would be either quickly broken up or would rapidly burn itself out. However in Asturias the strike would morph into a true revolution and for two weeks Asturias would be under the control of revolutionary committees. In the end 1700 people would be killed in Asturias, and 260 members of the Spanish military. One of the topics that we touch on near the end and which I think is really important is the role that Asturias would play in Franco's narrative of imminent and very possible revolution during and after the events of the Civil War.

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This is our first episode in our Spanish Civil War interview series. In the decades before the Spanish Civil War Spain had experienced a very rocky political period. The Spanish economy had been somewhat precarious even before the economic upheavals of the First World War, and the resulting economic booms and busts of that war would set the country up for a tumultuous 1920s and 1930s. There were many different political beliefs present in Spain at this time, and one political ideology that would gain a lot of traction within Spain was Anarchism. In the following interview I chatted with Dr. James Yeoman to discuss why the Anarchist movement was so well supported within Spain, and how the role of anarchist groups both within Spain and as viewed by international Anarchists, played an important role in the years before the Civil War.

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This episode is the first interview for the podcast, but certainly not the last. Last week I released the Warspite special, when I did that I did the normal social media stuff, and when I posted on Twitter Iain Ballantyne was tagged. For every series of episodes for the podcast there is a foundational source, it is sometimes the book I read first, sometimes the book I find the most useful, but there is always something that functions as the baseline for all of my other research. For the Warspite special that episode was Mr. Ballantyne's Warspite. After a bit of back and forth on Twitter we ended up arranging an interview that was done just the past Wednesday, and I wanted to get it out as soon as possible. I hope you enjoy it, our conversation discussed a few pieces of the podcast, and some of the research that Mr. Ballantyne did for the book. If you would like to check out any of Mr. Ballantyne's books you can find a link in the show notes or on the website over at historyofthesecondworldwar.com/interviews. You can look forward to more interviews starting on Sunday December 13th, at which point the Spanish Civil War Interview series will begin.

Find other works by Iain Ballantyne at http://iainballantyne.com/

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Spanish politics would have a rough and rocky century before the First World War, and the uncertainty was only beginning.

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After the Italians moved into Ethiopia there was little doubt in how the war would end, unless another European power became involved.

Sources:

* Great Britain and the Abyssinian Crisis, 1935-1936 by Louis John Smith

* Black Nationalism and the Italo-Ethiopian Conflict 1934-1936 by William r. Scott

* 'No More Hoares to Pairs': British Foreign policymaking and the Abyssinian Crisis, 1935 by Andrew Holt

* Canada, Sanctions, and the Abyssinian Crisis of 1935 by Brock Millman

* Between Rome and London: Pius XI, the Catholic Church, and the Abyssinian Crisis of 1935-1936 by Peter C. Kent

* The Catholic Missions, British West African Nationalists, and the Italian Invasion of Ethiopia, 1935-36 by S.K.B. Asante

* The Effect of Italy's Expansionist Policies on Anglo-Egyptian Relations in 1935 by L. Morsy

* The Ethiopian Intelligentsia and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1941 by Bahru Zewde

* Imperial Links: The Italian-Ethiopian War and Japanese New Order Thinking, 1935-36 by Reto Hofmann

* Imperial Defense in the Mediterranean on the Eve of the Ethiopian Crisis (July-October 1935) by Rosario Quartararo

* The Japanese and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1935-36 by S.O. Agbi

* The League's Handling of the Italo-Abyssinian Dispute by Alfred Zimmern

* The Machinery of British Policy in the Ethiopian Crisis by Gaines Post Jr.

* The Test of Aggression in the Italo-Ethiopian War by Quincy Wright

* The Hoare-Laval Plan: A Study in International Politics by Henderson B. Braddick

* The Royal Navy and the Ethiopian Crisis of 1935-36 by Arthur Marder

* The World Crisis of 1936 by Marquess of Lothian

* British West Indian Reaction to the Italian-Ethiopian War: An Episode in Pan-Africanism by Robert G. Weisbord

* British Policy in East Africa, March 1891-May 1935 by James C. Robertson

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In October 1935 Italian forces would invade Ethiopia ending months of negotiations and discussions that attempted to find a peaceful end to tensions that had been growing for over a year.

Sources:

* Great Britain and the Abyssinian Crisis, 1935-1936 by Louis John Smith

* Black Nationalism and the Italo-Ethiopian Conflict 1934-1936 by William r. Scott

* 'No More Hoares to Pairs': British Foreign policymaking and the Abyssinian Crisis, 1935 by Andrew Holt

* Canada, Sanctions, and the Abyssinian Crisis of 1935 by Brock Millman

* Between Rome and London: Pius XI, the Catholic Church, and the Abyssinian Crisis of 1935-1936 by Peter C. Kent

* The Catholic Missions, British West African Nationalists, and the Italian Invasion of Ethiopia, 1935-36 by S.K.B. Asante

* The Effect of Italy's Expansionist Policies on Anglo-Egyptian Relations in 1935 by L. Morsy

* The Ethiopian Intelligentsia and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1941 by Bahru Zewde

* Imperial Links: The Italian-Ethiopian War and Japanese New Order Thinking, 1935-36 by Reto Hofmann

* Imperial Defense in the Mediterranean on the Eve of the Ethiopian Crisis (July-October 1935) by Rosario Quartararo

* The Japanese and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1935-36 by S.O. Agbi

* The League's Handling of the Italo-Abyssinian Dispute by Alfred Zimmern

* The Machinery of British Policy in the Ethiopian Crisis by Gaines Post Jr.

* The Test of Aggression in the Italo-Ethiopian War by Quincy Wright

* The Hoare-Laval Plan: A Study in International Politics by Henderson B. Braddick

* The Royal Navy and the Ethiopian Crisis of 1935-36 by Arthur Marder

* The World Crisis of 1936 by Marquess of Lothian

* British West Indian Reaction to the Italian-Ethiopian War: An Episode in Pan-Africanism by Robert G. Weisbord

* British Policy in East Africa, March 1891-May 1935 by James C. Robertson

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In early 1936 German troops would move into the Rhineland, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles.

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The Nazi leaders were planning for a war, but to fight a war they needed an army, equipment, and an economy that could support both.

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This episode is a bit of a grab bag of topics. The Nazi government would put in place the Nuremberg Laws to further their discrimination against Jews, while also being unable to define who actually should be discriminated against. In early 1935 a small part of Germany would decide whether to join with France.

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The Nazi leaders had goals, and those goals required changes to be made. The people, the church, and the children would be only some of the areas effected.

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After attaining power changes would be made to German society, but before those changes could be made control had to be guaranteed.

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The Nazi government would come to power at the height of the worst unemployment crisis in Germany since the First World War. It was a problem that had to be addressed, and they would do so in many different ways.

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While not a priority for the new Nazi government, the German economy would have to be considered if it wanted to accomplish its goals.

Sources:

The Coming of the Third Reich by Richard J. Evans

Germany and the Second World War Volume 1: The Build-Up of German Aggression by Wilhelm Deist, Manfred Messerschmidt, Hans-Erich Volkmann, and Wolfram Wette

Hitler: A Biography by Ian Kershaw

The Third Reich by Thomas Childers

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy by Adam Tooze

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William Shirer

France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936 by Stephen A. Schuker

The First Capitulation: France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 by R.A.C. Parker (1956)

France, Germany, and the Saar by A.J.P. Taylor (1952)

The Franco-Polish Alliance and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland by George Sakwa

French Intelligence and Hitler's Rise to Power by Peter Jackson

Great Britain and the Saar Plebiscite of 13 January 1935 by C.J. Hill

Hitler, Intelligence and the Decision to Remilitarize the Rhine by Zach Shore

Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933 by Henry Ashby Turner Jr.

Prologue to Peacekeeping: Ireland and the Saar, 1934-35 by Michael Kennedy

Fantasy and Reality in Nazi Work-Creation Programs, 1933-1936 by Dan P. Silverman

Franz von Papen, the German Center Party, and the Failure of Catholic Conservatism in the Weimar Republic by Larry Eugene Jones

Causes and Consequences of the Plebiscite in the Saar by E.W (1955)

The Purge of the SA Reconsidered: "An Old Putschist Trick"? by Eleanor Hancock

The Remilitarization of the Rhineland and its Impact on the French-Polish Alliance by Roman D. Bicki (1969)

Rohm and Hitler: The Continuity of Political-Military Discord by David Jablonsky

The German Roman Catholic Hierarchy and the Saar Plebiscite of 1935 by Guenter Lewy (1964)

Saar Coal After Two World Wars by O.R. Reischer

Schacht's Regulation of Money and the Capital Markets by Arthur Schweitzer (1948)

The Myth of Chancellor Von Schleicher's Querfront Strategy by Henry Ashby Turner Jr.

The Struggle for Control of the German Economy by Amos E. Simpson

The Nazi State and German Society: A Brief History with Documents by Robert G. Moeller

Franz von Papen, Catholic Conservatives, and the Establishment of the Third Reich, 1933-1934 by Larry Eugene Jones

Franz von Papen, the German Center Party, and the Failure of Catholic Conservatism in the Weimar Republic by Larry Eugene Jones

British Establishment Perspectives on France, 1936-1940 by Michael Dockrill

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After asserting power in the political realm, it was time for the Nazi party to deal with the demon that it had created, the SA.

Sources:

The Coming of the Third Reich by Richard J. Evans

Germany and the Second World War Volume 1: The Build-Up of German Aggression by Wilhelm Deist, Manfred Messerschmidt, Hans-Erich Volkmann, and Wolfram Wette

Hitler: A Biography by Ian Kershaw

The Third Reich by Thomas Childers

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy by Adam Tooze

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William Shirer

France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936 by Stephen A. Schuker

The First Capitulation: France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 by R.A.C. Parker (1956)

France, Germany, and the Saar by A.J.P. Taylor (1952)

The Franco-Polish Alliance and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland by George Sakwa

French Intelligence and Hitler's Rise to Power by Peter Jackson

Great Britain and the Saar Plebiscite of 13 January 1935 by C.J. Hill

Hitler, Intelligence and the Decision to Remilitarize the Rhine by Zach Shore

Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933 by Henry Ashby Turner Jr.

Prologue to Peacekeeping: Ireland and the Saar, 1934-35 by Michael Kennedy

Fantasy and Reality in Nazi Work-Creation Programs, 1933-1936 by Dan P. Silverman

Franz von Papen, the German Center Party, and the Failure of Catholic Conservatism in the Weimar Republic by Larry Eugene Jones

Causes and Consequences of the Plebiscite in the Saar by E.W (1955)

The Purge of the SA Reconsidered: "An Old Putschist Trick"? by Eleanor Hancock

The Remilitarization of the Rhineland and its Impact on the French-Polish Alliance by Roman D. Bicki (1969)

Rohm and Hitler: The Continuity of Political-Military Discord by David Jablonsky

The German Roman Catholic Hierarchy and the Saar Plebiscite of 1935 by Guenter Lewy (1964)

Saar Coal After Two World Wars by O.R. Reischer

Schacht's Regulation of Money and the Capital Markets by Arthur Schweitzer (1948)

The Myth of Chancellor Von Schleicher's Querfront Strategy by Henry Ashby Turner Jr.

The Struggle for Control of the German Economy by Amos E. Simpson

The Nazi State and German Society: A Brief History with Documents by Robert G. Moeller

Franz von Papen, Catholic Conservatives, and the Establishment of the Third Reich, 1933-1934 by Larry Eugene Jones

Franz von Papen, the German Center Party, and the Failure of Catholic Conservatism in the Weimar Republic by Larry Eugene Jones

British Establishment Perspectives on France, 1936-1940 by Michael Dockrill

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Throughout the Spring and Summer of 1933 the new Nazi regime would start to make changes, some big, some small, some just a small part of larger plans.

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Sources

The Coming of the Third Reich by Richard J. Evans

Germany and the Second World War Volume 1: The Build-Up of German Aggression by Wilhelm Deist, Manfred Messerschmidt, Hans-Erich Volkmann, and Wolfram Wette

Hitler: A Biography by Ian Kershaw

The Third Reich by Thomas Childers

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy by Adam Tooze

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William Shirer

France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936 by Stephen A. Schuker

The First Capitulation: France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 by R.A.C. Parker (1956)

France, Germany, and the Saar by A.J.P. Taylor (1952)

The Franco-Polish Alliance and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland by George Sakwa

French Intelligence and Hitler's Rise to Power by Peter Jackson

Great Britain and the Saar Plebiscite of 13 January 1935 by C.J. Hill

Hitler, Intelligence and the Decision to Remilitarize the Rhine by Zach Shore

Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933 by Henry Ashby Turner Jr.

Prologue to Peacekeeping: Ireland and the Saar, 1934-35 by Michael Kennedy

Fantasy and Reality in Nazi Work-Creation Programs, 1933-1936 by Dan P. Silverman

Franz von Papen, the German Center Party, and the Failure of Catholic Conservatism in the Weimar Republic by Larry Eugene Jones

Causes and Consequences of the Plebiscite in the Saar by E.W (1955)

The Purge of the SA Reconsidered: "An Old Putschist Trick"? by Eleanor Hancock

The Remilitarization of the Rhineland and its Impact on the French-Polish Alliance by Roman D. Bicki (1969)

Rohm and Hitler: The Continuity of Political-Military Discord by David Jablonsky

The German Roman Catholic Hierarchy and the Saar Plebiscite of 1935 by Guenter Lewy (1964)

Saar Coal After Two World Wars by O.R. Reischer

Schacht's Regulation of Money and the Capital Markets by Arthur Schweitzer (1948)

The Myth of Chancellor Von Schleicher's Querfront Strategy by Henry Ashby Turner Jr.

The Struggle for Control of the German Economy by Amos E. Simpson

The Nazi State and German Society: A Brief History with Documents by Robert G. Moeller

Franz von Papen, Catholic Conservatives, and the Establishment of the Third Reich, 1933-1934 by Larry Eugene Jones

Franz von Papen, the German Center Party, and the Failure of Catholic Conservatism in the Weimar Republic by Larry Eugene Jones

British Establishment Perspectives on France, 1936-1940 by Michael Dockrill

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In the aftermath of the Reichstag Fire, the scheduled election would be held in Germany. The results were surprising, but it did not prevent the Nazi leaders from moving forward with the next part of their plan, the Enabling Act.

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Sources

The Coming of the Third Reich by Richard J. Evans

Germany and the Second World War Volume 1: The Build-Up of German Aggression by Wilhelm Deist, Manfred Messerschmidt, Hans-Erich Volkmann, and Wolfram Wette

Hitler: A Biography by Ian Kershaw

The Third Reich by Thomas Childers

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy by Adam Tooze

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William Shirer

France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936 by Stephen A. Schuker

The First Capitulation: France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 by R.A.C. Parker (1956)

France, Germany, and the Saar by A.J.P. Taylor (1952)

The Franco-Polish Alliance and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland by George Sakwa

French Intelligence and Hitler's Rise to Power by Peter Jackson

Great Britain and the Saar Plebiscite of 13 January 1935 by C.J. Hill

Hitler, Intelligence and the Decision to Remilitarize the Rhine by Zach Shore

Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933 by Henry Ashby Turner Jr.