The Future of Everything

Guest Jeannette Bohg is an expert in robotics who says there is a transformation happening in her field brought on by recent advances in large language models. The LLMs have a certain common sense baked in and robots are using it to plan and to reason as never before. But they still lack low-level sensorimotor control — like the fine skill it takes to turn a doorknob. New models that do for robotic control what LLMs did for language could soon make such skills a reality, Bohg tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Jeannette Bogh: Website
• Stanford Profile: Website
• Jeannette's Lab: Website
• Robotics startup Jeannette discusses: Diligent Robotics

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ introduces guest Professor Jeannette Bohg, an expert in robotics from Stanford University.

(00:01:58) AI's Impact on Robotics

How AI is transforming robotics and the use of AI in high-level planning and reasoning in robotics.

(00:04:26) Challenges of Applying Language Models in Robotics

The challenges and potential of using large language models for robotic task planning and interaction between humans and robots.

(00:07:06) Data Shortages in Robotics

The scarcity of training data in robotics compared to other AI fields and its impact on development.

(00:10:43) Human-Robot Interaction and Augmentation

The potential for robots to augment human capabilities rather than replace them and different approaches to autonomy in robotics.

(00:16:41) The Future of Robotic Hardware

The current state of robotic hardware, its limitations, and what the future might hold for robotic development.

(00:19:53) The Financial and Practical Realities of Robotic Research

Cost and maintenance challenges associated with robotic research platforms, as well as practical applications of robotics in everyday life.

(00:25:11) Humanoid Robots vs. Practical Robots

The practicality and implications of designing robots that mimic human appearance and capabilities.

(00:27:55) Future Outlook and Commercial Viability

The future outlook for robotic platforms and when they might become commercially available.

(00:29:08) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Sergiu Pasca is a physician-scientist who turns skin cells into stem cells and then into brain tissues he calls “organoids” and “assembloids” in order to study psychiatric and neurological illness in a dish instead of in living human beings. With this knowledge, Pasca hopes to develop new treatments for conditions ranging from schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders to chronic pain, he tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Sergiu’s Lab: Pasca Lab
• Sergiu’s Stanford Profile: Website
• Center at Stanford Sergiu Leads: Stanford Brain Organogenesis
• Sergiu’s recently published paper: Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapeutic Approach for Timothy Syndrome
• Paper by Shinya Yamanaka Sergiu discusses: Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ introduces guest, Sergiu Pasca, professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University.

(00:02:43) The Science of Growing Brain Tissue from Skin Cells

The process of developing brain organoids from skin cells and the potential medical applications of these models.

(00:03:59) Enhancing Neurological Research Tools

Advancing the complexity of brain models to include various brain structures and their applications in modeling diseases.

(00:07:20) Introduction of Assembloids

Introduction to assembloids, detailing how combining different organoids can mimic complex brain structures

(0015:58) Testing Therapeutics Using Humanized Models

The innovative approach of using humanized rat models to test neurological therapies and drugs.

(00:21:03) Complex Circuit Modelling for Disease Understanding

The current capabilities of modeling complex brain circuits and their relevance in  understanding the neural pathways involved in diseases.

(00:23:36) The Future of Pain Modelling and Drug Testing

How assembled brain cells can model pain perception and response, leading to potential new treatments for chronic pain and psychiatric disorders

(00:27:46) Ethical Considerations and Public Engagement

Ethical concerns related to creating brain-like tissues and the importance of public engagement in scientific research.

(00:32:01) Future Directions and Global Collaboration

The future of brain organogenesis research and the potential impacts on treating neurological and psychiatric conditions.

(00:34:05) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

With TikTok in the hands of 170 million Americans, cybersecurity expert Amy Zegart says it’s time to talk about consequences. Foreign access to all that data on so many Americans is a national security threat, she asserts. For those as concerned as she, Zegart has good news and bad. The government has gotten better at fighting cyberthreats, but artificial intelligence is making things very complicated, very fast. The US needs to adapt quickly to keep pace, Zegart tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Amy Zegart's Stanford Profile
• Hoover Institution Profile: Website
• Ep.20 How Vulnerable Are We to Cyber Attacks? (Amy’s previous episode on The Future of Everything)

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction 

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Amy Zegart, a cybersecurity expert from Stanford University.

(00:02:37) Government and Cybersecurity Speeds

How AI has changed the pace at which both government and cyber attackers operate, and the evolving dynamics of cybersecurity efforts.

(00:04:12) Corporate Cybersecurity

The unexpected role of the SEC in regulating corporate cybersecurity efforts and how the cyber attack surface has expanded beyond traditional big industries

(00:07:30) Global Cyber Threats and Preparedness

Insights into the strategic use of cyber operations by other countries, and the multifaceted nature of international cyber relations.

(00:09:13) Cyber Dynamics in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

The cyber aspects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and its implications for global cybersecurity strategies.

(00:11:35) Misinformation and Disinformation Dynamics

The difference between misinformation and disinformation, their impacts on society and the challenges in combating them.

(00:15:04) TikTok and National Security

Risks associated with TikTok as a platform controlled by Chinese interests, discussing data privacy and potential for foreign influence.

(00:20:11) Corporate Power in AI and National Security

The role of corporations in national security through their control over AI, and the challenges this poses for regulation and innovation.

(00:22:47) Learning from Cybersecurity to Manage AI Risks

Lessons from cybersecurity that could help manage emerging AI risks, highlighting the need for developing independent AI research capacities.

(00:26:44) European Regulation and Global AI Safety

The European approach to AI regulation and data protection, advocating for international AI safety norms and collaborative efforts.

(00:29:21) AI's Role in Enhancing Intelligence

How AI can transform intelligence services, and advancements that could lead to significant efficiency gains in national security.

(00:31:23) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

A best of episode where Russ interviews one of his bioengineering colleagues,  Fan Yang, about some of the fascinating work she’s doing in the realm of tissue engineering. Hear more about the ways her lab is modeling human tissue to help develop a better understanding of how we might effectively replace damaged tissues and alleviate a number of health concerns.

Episode Reference Links:

• Fan Yang's Stanford Profile: Website
• Fan Yang’s Stanford Lab: Website
• Ep.174 Regenerating and Rejuvenating Human Tissues: Website / YouTube (original episode) 

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Fan Yang, a bioengineer at Stanford.

(00:03:15) The Basics of Tissue Engineering

The purpose and significance of tissue engineering, emphasizing its role in addressing critical medical needs like late-stage arthritis.

(00:04:23) Challenges in Tissue Engineering

Technical hurdles in creating viable tissues for clinical use, such as integrating these tissues into the human body.

(00:07:00) 3D Printing and In Situ Polymerization

Technological advances in shaping tissues using 3D printing and the benefits of in situ polymerization to adapt to complex tissue shapes.

(00:09:15) Specific Challenges with Cartilage

The challenges specific to cartilage regeneration, explaining why it has been a difficult tissue to replicate and heal.

(00:13:56) Micro Ribbon Based Hydrogels

Explanation of micro ribbon based hydrogels, a new development aimed at improving tissue regeneration.

(00:19:16) Cancer Research and Tissue Engineering

How tissue engineering technologies are not only pivotal for therapeutic uses but also crucial for understanding diseases and aiding drug discovery.

(00:24:38) Regulatory Challenges and Commercialization

The regulatory and commercialization challenges facing new medical technologies, including the need for industry partnerships and the role of the FDA

(00:26:20) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

A best of episode where Russ interviews computer scientist and electrical engineer, Dorsa Sadigh. They had a fantastic conversation about the work she’s doing to train robots to better understand humans, and as she shares, it turns out that one key to this work is better understanding human behavior.  If you’re curious about how we’re going to make human-robot interaction work, this is a great episode to tune into again. Enjoy.

Episode Reference Links:

• Dorsa Sadigh: Website
• Dorsa Sadigh: Stanford Profile
• Ep.171 - How do you Build a Better Robot? By Understanding People. YouTube /  Website (original episode)

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Dorsa Sadigh, a computer scientist and electrical engineer at Stanford.

(00:02:24) Bridging Robotics and Human Psychology 

The journey from focusing solely on robotics to incorporating human behavioural insights to enhance robot design and functionality.

(00:05:31) Blending Cognitive Science and Robotics

The integration of cognitive science with robotics to build better computational models of human behaviour.

(00:07:35) Addressing Suboptimal Human Decision Making

Exploring human decision-making biases and their impact on robot interaction, with focus on bounded rationality and prospect theory.

(00:10:39) Robot Adaptations to Human Imperfections

How robots can adapt to human imperfections in collaborative tasks, using theories from behavioural economics.

(00:14:57) Training Robots and Humans for Better Interaction

Strategies for teaching both humans and robots to improve their interactions, including active teaching and understanding each other’s capabilities.

(00:18:41) Partner Modelling in Robotics

Insights into partner modelling in robotics, demonstrated through a scalable model in an air hockey game setup.

(00:21:54) Complex Multi-Agent Interactions

Addressing the dynamics of multi-agent systems like traffic, where autonomous and human-driven vehicles interact.

(00:24:11) Robots in Healthcare

The role of robots in healthcare, particularly in assistive technologies, and the challenges and advancements in this area.

(00:26:26) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

We’re bringing back an episode about trust and AI. In a world where the use of Artificial Intelligence is exploding, guest computer scientist Carlos Guestrin shares insights from the work he’s doing to support the development of trust between humans and machines. We originally recorded this episode in 2022, but the insights are just as if not more relevant today. We hope you’ll take another listen and enjoy. 

Episode Reference Links:

• Carlos Ernesto Guestrin (Stanford Profile)
• Carlos Guestrin  (Carlos’ Website)
• Measuring Patients' Trust In Physicians When Assessing Quality Of Care (Paper Carlos discusses as comparison to his work with AI)
• Adding Glycemic And Physical Activity Metrics To A Multimodal Algorithm-Enabled Decision-Support Tool For Type 1 Diabetes Care (Carlos’ published paper about Stanford Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital diabetes type 1 project)
• XGBoost Documentation  (Carlos’ out-source project)
• Ep.172 - Why AI Must Embody the Value of Its Users YouTube / Website (Original Episode)

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction 

Russ Altman introduces the episode with guest Carlos Guestrin, a professor of computer science at Stanford, whose focus is bringing AI into broader use.

(00:02:58) Current Status of AI

The current capabilities of AI and machine learning and the widespread use and integration of these technologies.

(00:05:44) Deep Dive into Trust and AI

Three core components of trust in AI and how these factors influence the adoption and efficacy of AI systems.

(00:09:43) Technical Challenges in Implementing Trust

The challenges of translating the abstract concepts of trust into practical, implementable AI features.

(00:14:32) Enhancing AI Transparency and Generalization 

Methods to improve AI’s generalisation capabilities and transparency.

(00:18:00) The Role of Open-Source in AI Development

The impact of open-source software on the AI field, highlighting the benefits of shared knowledge and collaborative advancements.

(00:22:34) AI in Healthcare

Healthcare and the use of AI in enhancing data-driven decisions in medical treatments.

(00:27:11) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Anna Lembke is a psychiatrist and a specialist in the behavioral sciences who studies addiction. While there is tremendous variety in the things people can be addicted to, all forms are tied to dopamine, a biochemical that is key to human senses of pleasure, reward, and motivation. She says that new treatments are combining traditional abstinence with programs that help patients reenergize dopamine centers in the brain through physical exercise, which is a known producer of dopamine. If patients can reach 30 days of abstinence there is a good chance at recovery, Lembke tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Anna Lembke's Stanford Profile
• Anna Lembke's Website
• How do we fight the disease of addiction? (Anna's previous episode on The Future of Everything podcast)

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction 

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Anna Lembke, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University, and an expert on addiction.

(00:02:27) The Personal Nature of Addiction

Professor Lembke shares a personal story of addiction to romance novels, providing insight into how seemingly benign habits can become harmful addictions.

(00:06:02) The Brain Chemistry of Addiction

What happens in the brain during addiction, including dopamine's role in pleasure, reward, and the process of becoming addicted.

(00:11:10) Addressing Addiction in Healthcare

How the medical community has evolved in recognizing and treating addiction, partly due to the opioid epidemic.

(00:13:23) Strategies for Managing and Treating Addiction

Treatment approaches for addiction, including the concept of hormesis, and how engaging in challenging physical activities can help manage addictive behaviors.

(00:17:31) Treatment and Recovery from Addiction

Professor Lembke’s own experience with overcoming her addiction through self-intervention and “dopamine fasting”.

(00:22:05) The Addictive Personality and Genetic Vulnerabilities

The concept of an "addictive personality," genetic predispositions to addiction, and how these factors play into the challenge of treating and managing addiction.

(00:23:29) The Opioid Epidemic: Insights and Challenges

 An update on the opioid epidemic, the rise of fentanyl, and the ongoing challenges in addressing opioid addiction.

(00:29:08) The Future of Addiction

The broader context of addiction in society, emphasizing the importance of addressing addiction to digital media and other non-substance-related addictions

(00:29:57) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Humans and computers making music together, it’s the best of both worlds.

Ge Wang is a professor of music, a computer scientist, and director of the Stanford Laptop Orchestra – an orchestra in which human musicians and computers collaborate to make music. “I once thought computer music was abstract and inaccessible, but it can be very playful, too,” he says. Humans and computers making music together, it’s the best of both worlds, Wang tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Ge Wang's Stanford Profile
• Ge Wang's Personal Website
• Stanford Laptop Orchestra (SLOrk) Ge Wang directs: Stanford Laptop Orchestra
• Music programming language Ge Wang built: ChucK
• Ge Wang’s book: Artful Design: Technology in Search of the Sublime
• Artful Design | Pi-shaped Person
• Artful Design | Ocarina
• Scott A. Lindroth (Ge Wang’s professor at Duke who taught his first computer music class)
• Perry R. Cook (Ge Wang’s Computer Science professor at Princeton who inspired him to merge computers and music)

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction 

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Ge Wang and his work around the intersection of AI, computer science, and music.

(00:02:48) Early Inspirations and Merging Music with Technology

Ge Wang shares his early experiences with music and computers, leading to his unique career path combining both passions.

(00:07:42) Developing Musical Tools and Instruments

Significance of playfulness in merging music with computer science, illustrated by projects like the Ocarina app and the Stanford Laptop Orchestra.

(00:13:27) The Role and Impact of AI in Music

The evolution of AI in music, with deeper questions about AI's role and the value of human creativity.

(00:18:28) Music, AI, and Future Generations

The future of music and AI in the context of a parent, and the cultural dimensions and values that will shape the use of technology in art.

(00:20:19) Ethical and Cultural Concerns of AI in Music

Ethical dilemmas and cultural implications of using AI in music, copyright issues and the potential for generic AI-generated content.

(00:25:09) Rethinking the Role of AI in the Creative Process

AI’s role in creativity, the value of the creative process over the mere output, and the potential for AI to enrich rather than replace human creativity.

(00:29:32) The Concept of a Pi-Shaped Person

The "Pi-Shaped Person," with emphasis on the importance of disciplinary expertise, domain knowledge, and an aesthetic lens.

(00:33:52) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Laura Simons is a clinical psychologist and an authority on pain, particularly chronic pain in childhood, which is much more common than widely understood. Most people don't even think chronic pain happens in children, says Simons. The consequences, however, are serious, ranging from learning gaps from missed school to social isolation and even depression. Better treatment begins with a better understanding of the science of pain, as Simons tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Laura Simons | Stanford Medicine 
• International Association for the Study of Pain | IASP  (Website for the association Laura mentions)
• Beth Darnall  (Beth Darnall’s website, founder of Empowered Relief) 
• Empowered Relief  (Program Laura works with for pain management)
• TrainPain  (Program Laura is working with on virtual realities studies for pain relief)

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction 

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Laura Simons and her research on chronic childhood pain.

(00:02:34) Understanding the Scope and Causes of Childhood Chronic Pain

Common forms of childhood pain, its underlying causes, and the impact of unrecognized chronic conditions.

(00:05:08) Diagnostic Challenges and Family Dynamics

The difficulties in diagnosing chronic pain in children and adolescents, and the role of family in recognizing and managing a child's chronic pain.

(00:07:38) The Impact of Chronic Pain on Children's Lives

How chronic pain affects children's daily lives, from school attendance and social interactions to the broader family impact.

(00:10:15) Transitioning from Adolescent to Adult Pain Management

The challenges young people face as they move from pediatric to adult pain management systems and the importance of tailored transitional programs.

(00:12:07) Treatment Approaches and Innovations

Treatment strategies for childhood chronic pain, emphasizing non-pharmacological approaches such as behavioral interventions and physical therapy.

(00:19:14) Empowered Relief Program and Its Adaptation for Teens

The Empowered Relief program, adapted for teens, focusing on pain science education and the development of coping strategies. 

(00:23:48) Exploring Virtual Reality and Sensory Retraining Techniques

Advanced treatment methods, including the use of virtual reality to enhance physical therapy and sensory retraining techniques to manage pain sensitivity.

(00:28:57) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Olivier Gevaert is an expert in multi-modal biomedical data modeling and recently developed new methods in the new science of “spatial transcriptomics” that are able to predict how cancer cells present spatially and will behave in the future. 

Tumors are not monolithic, he says, but made up of various cell types. Spatial transcriptomics measures cells in the undisturbed organization of the tumor itself and enables a more detailed study of tumors. This new technology can be used to determine what type of cells are present spatially and how each cell influences neighboring cells. It paints a picture of tumor heterogeneity, Gevaert tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Olivier Gevaert:  Standford Profile
• Olivier Gevaert’s Research Lab
• The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA)

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction to Olivier Gavaert

His work in the advancement of spatial transcriptomics technologies.

(00:02:52) The Basics of Transcriptomics

Transcriptomics’ significance in identifying active genes in cancer cells and the technological advancements enabling this research.

(00:05:34) Heterogeneity and Cell interaction in Cancer

Heterogeneity within cancer cells and the importance of analyzing the interactions between various cell types to develop treatments.

(00:07:19) Advancements in Brain Cancer Research

Recent studies on brain cancer using spatial omics techniques to understand tumor cell types and their spatial organization for prognosis prediction.

(00:10:53) AI and Whole Slide Imaging in Oncology

How AI and machine learning are combined with whole slide imaging to enhance data resolution and interpret spatial transcriptomic data.

(00:14:49) Enhancing Pathology with AI

Integrating AI with pathology to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment by analyzing whole slide images and predicting cell types.

(00:18:40) Multimodal Data Fusion in Cancer Treatment

Importance of combining different data modalities to create comprehensive models for personalized cancer treatment.

(00:24:49) The Future of Synthetic Data and Digital Twins

Synthetic data and digital twins in oncology, and how these technologies can simulate treatment outcomes and support personalized medicine.

(00:29:16) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Rebecca Silverman is an expert in how humans learn to read. It’s a complex process, she says. First we must connect letters and sounds to decode words in texts. Researchers know a lot about the decoding process and how to teach it. But, beyond that, we must also comprehend what the words in texts are conveying. Comprehension is complex, and researchers know much less about the comprehension process and how to teach it, Silverman tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

•  Rebecca Silverman’s Research Lab: Language to Literacy Lab

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction to Reading Challenges 

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Rebecca Sliverman and her research into the complexities of reading.

(00:03:53) Decoding vs. Comprehension 

The breakdown of reading into decoding and comprehension, the challenges associated with each, and the lifelong process of improving these skills.

(00:07:18) Variability in Learning to Read  

How children learn to read, including the impacts of linguistic comprehension, memory and socio-emotional contexts.

(00:09:55) Cross-Cultural Differences in Reading 

The variability of reading acquisition across languages and cultures, highlighting the components of reading that vary in their developmental trajectory.

(00:11:35) Research Challenges and Interventions in Reading 

Current research on the challenges of reading, particularly in identifying and supporting children with difficulties.

(00:15:03) The Role of Technology in Reading 

The impact of technology on reading, the differences between reading on paper and digital formats, and the potential of educational technology in literacy development.

(00:20:38) Importance of Family in Reading Development

How families play a role in early reading, with emphasis on storytelling and culturally relevant practices. 

(00:23:52) Challenges for Teachers in Literacy Education

Responsibilities of teachers in teaching literacy and the need for comprehensive support and training for teachers.

(00:27:44) Future Directions and the Potential of AI 

Future research on AI in literacy education, and the importance of human oversight in technological interventions.

(00:29:29) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Professor and cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand’s latest book, Rule Makers, Rule Breakers, explores notions of what she calls “tight” and “loose” cultures, and how each shapes us as individuals and the world around us. Tight cultures closely follow unwritten cultural norms, while those on the looser side have more latitude. Culture is complicated, she says, but understanding its nuances is key to understanding the world, Gelfand tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Michele Gelfand Website / Bio
• Rule Makers, Rule Breakers: How Tight & Loose Cultures Wire Our World (Michele Gelfand’s Book)
• Mindset Quiz  (Quiz on Michele’s Website)
• Threat Dictionary
• Tight-Looseness Across the 50 United States  (PNAS paper on reclassifying states from red/blue to tight/loose)
• The Culturally Intelligent Negotiator: The Impact on Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on Negotiation Sequences & Outcomes   (Michele Gelfand & Lynn Imai Study)
• Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: 33 Nation Study (Michele’s study published in Science on factors that predict strict and permissive social norms)
• Together From Afar: Introducing a Diary Contact Technique for Improving Intergroup Relations  (US / Pakistan Study)

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ introduces Michele Gelfand and her research on the study of culture and cultural intelligence.

(00:02:33) Defining Culture

A working definition of culture and the invisible impact of cultural norms, values, and beliefs.

(00:03:46) The Tight-Loose Spectrum

The concept of tight and loose cultures and how social norms vary across cultures.

(00:06:30) Cultural Variance within and between Societies

Variations of tight-loose norms at national, state, and organizational levels,  and the role of threat in shaping these norms.

(00:11:34) Cultural Intelligence in Global Leadership

How the tight-loose spectrum and cultural studies inform leadership, and the significance of cultural intelligence (CQ) in global interactions.

(00:18:59) Cultural Evolutionary Mismatch

Implications for global threats and societal responses.

(00:23:56) Applying Cultural Insights in Business

Insights on applying cultural understanding to improve business mergers, negotiations, and the success of expatriate assignments.

(00:26:09) Enhancing Cultural Intelligence

Improving cultural intelligence and steps individuals can take to enhance their CQ and adapt to cultural differences.

(00:28:48) Urban vs. Rural Cultural Differences

Tight-loose division in politics and societal contexts, and the cultural divide between urban and rural areas.

(00:31:19) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

We’re taking you into our archive of over 250 episodes to re-share an interview Russ Altman did in 2022 with Stanford Medicine Professor of Surgery, Carla Pugh.  Performing surgery is profoundly complex and requires precision, dexterity and lots of practice. Dr. Pugh shares about how she’s studying the movements of skilled surgeons to better understand what makes them successful, which can in turn help to improve training for new surgeons.

Episode Reference Links:

• Technology Enabled Clinical Improvement Center
• Dr. Pugh’s Research: Use of sensors to quantify procedural idle time 

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction
Host Russ Altman introduces the episode with Dr. Carla Pugh discussing her research studying the movements of surgeons to improve surgical training.

(00:02:27) Dr. Carla Pugh's Research and Goals
Introduction of Dr. Carla Pugh and her research utilizing sensor technology to quantify physician performance and the long-term goals of her research.

(00:04:32) Wearable Sensors in Surgical Training
How wearable sensors are being used, and the reaction of surgeons to being monitored.

(00:06:21)  Expertise Identification & Universality of Movement
How idle time and motion tracking can distinguish between novice and expert surgeons  & how expert surgeons exhibit similar motion patterns.

(00:10:10) Expert vs. Novice Surgeon Behaviors
Observed differences in speed and precision between expert and novice surgeons, & working volume.

(00:12:48) Ethical Considerations
The ethical considerations of measuring surgeon performance, with a focus on
managing the careers of aging surgeons through data-driven decisions.

(00:16:03) The Role of Robotics in Surgery
The current and future roles of robots in surgery, debunking myths, setting realistic expectations & how this research can be applied.

(00:20:29) Demand for Robotic Surgery and Tech Trust
Patients' trust in technology and robots for surgery and the pitfalls of relying too much on the technology, using orthopedic surgery as a specific example.

(00:23:07) Preserving Human Skills in Medicine
Dr. Pugh elaborates the importance of capturing human surgical skills amidst the rise of automation in order to maintain a record of traditional practices.

(00:24:49) Evolution of Surgical Procedures and Techniques
The evolution of surgical procedures due to technological advancements, and how surgeons transition between different surgical technologies.

(00:27:17) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Mark Skylar-Scott is one of the world’s foremost experts on the 3D printing of human tissue, cell by cell. It’s a field better known as bioprinting. But Skylar-Scott hopes to take things to a level most never imagined. He and his collaborators are working to bioprint an entire living, working human heart. We’re printing biology, Skylar-Scott tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Skylar-Scott Lab

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode, guest Mark Skylar-Scott and his work bioprinting the heart.

(00:02:15) What is Bioprinting & Tissue Engineering?

Explanation of bioprinting and its distinction from traditional 3D printing. Overview of the technology and its applications in tissue engineering and how to get the cells for this purpose.

(00:06:37) Engineering the Cells of the Heart

The 11 different cell types of the heart that are being created, and the steps involved in printing them, scaffolding them, and how they form tissue.

(00:12:23) Building Hearts: Size and Growth Considerations

The scale of bio-printed hearts, potential strategies for growth and integration, & technical challenges in controlling cell growth and development. 

(00:15:05) Scaling Up Cell Production

The importance of scaling up cell production for efficient experimentation. Exploration of the transition from laboratory research to clinical implementation. 

(00:18:40) Vascularization: The Key to Functional Bioprinted Organs

Critical importance of creating a comprehensive vascular network & the challenges of integrating capillaries and ensuring nutrient delivery to all cells. 

(00:23:00) Ethical Considerations in Bioprinting

Examination of the ethical issues surrounding the use of human cells in bioprinting, focusing on consent and the potential for inequality in access due to cost.

(00:26:12) The Future of Bioprinting: Timeline and Field Dynamics

Projections about the timeline for the clinical application of bio-printed organs and the state of collaborative competition within the fabrication field. 

(00:28:28) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Cognitive scientist Michael Frank studies differences in how children and AI learn language. There is a “data gap” between the billions of words ChatGPT has to work with and the millions of words a toddler is exposed to. But, says Frank, children learn in a rich social context that supports their learning. He’s currently conducting the “BabyView Study,” where he puts cameras on young children's heads to help him understand their learning experience, as Frank tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Reference Links:

• Wordbank: An open database of children's vocabulary development
• ManyBabies
• The SAYCam
• BabyView Study

Connect With Us:

• Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website
• Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X
• Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman, host, introduces the episode's focus on the future of language learning and guest, Michael Frank, an expert on how children acquire language

(02:05) Child Vs AI Language Acquisition

Child language acquisition and the comparison with AI systems like ChatGPT, the differences in language learning between humans and AI, including the vast data exposure AI systems have compared to children.

(05:23) Data-driven Approaches

The importance of big data in understanding language acquisition and the Wordbank database.

(08:04) The Early Stages of Language Learning

The universal aspects of language learning across different languages and cultures, specifically babbling and its evolution into language-specific sounds.

(10:30) Exploring Multimodal Language Learning

Introduction to the SAYcam project, and the BabyView study both using camera footage from children to gather multimodal information. 

(13:12) Social Learning and Language Acquisition

Insights into how social interactions and grounded contexts facilitate children's language learning. Exploration of active learning strategies in children.

(18:22) The ManyBabies Project

A Global research consortium to understand child development across cultures, their first study documented infants' global preference for infant-directed speech. Michael outlines the funding challenges

(21:28) Understanding Pragmatics and AI Common Sense

Explanation of pragmatics in language acquisition and its importance in social cognition and inference making. The connection between pragmatic language skills in children and the challenge of instilling common sense in AI systems.

(24:21) The Role of Reading in Language Learning

The benefits of reading to children for language development while still recognizing diverse learning paths and early auditory learning.

(27:54) Multilingualism and Early Learning Flexibility

The natural ease of learning multiple languages in childhood  and when and why the flexibility in language learning begins to decline.

(30:35) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

We’re re-running an important episode on Alzheimer’s disease — a topic that touches many people. We still don’t have a complete understanding of the disease and that makes it hard to design effective therapies. In 2022, Russ Altman sat down with mechanical engineer Ellen Kuhl who offered a glimpse into the way she’s using computational modeling to help improve our understanding of Alzheimer’s disease.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction 
Russ introduces the episode on Alzheimer's disease, highlighting its global impact, challenges treating it, and Dr. Ellen Kuhl’s research on it.

(00:02:08) The Approach and Research Methods
Ellen Kuhl discusses her lab's interdisciplinary approach, and method of using existing data to create dynamic models to study the brain's lifecycle and degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

(00:03:46) Key Features of Alzheimer's Disease and Detection
Biomarkers of Alzheimer's, their role in brain cell death and cognitive decline, and the possibilities for early detection methods of these protein issues.

(00:07:20) How Computational Models Function
How the models integrate various data points and physics principles to comprehensively understand Alzheimer's progression.

(00:08:43) Spread of the Disease
Exploring the mechanisms of how Alzheimer's spreads from cell to cell in the brain, and the progression through the lobes of the brain, regardless of the cause genetic or trauma induced.

(00:12:33) Interdisciplinary Collaboration 
The challenges and benefits of working as a mechanical engineer in Alzheimer's research and the opportunities of a multidisciplinary approach.

(00:14:33) Alzheimer's Drug Development 
Modeling a controversial Alzheimer's drug, its potential impact, and the importance of early diagnosis for effective treatment.

(00:16:04) Transition to COVID Research and Modeling
How the Alzheimer's model was rapidly adapated to study the spread of COVID-19, drawing parallels between brain regions and city networks.

(00:18:38) Covid Modeling Learnings and Applications
How their COVID models highlighted the importance of asymptomatic transmission and helped governments with reopening strategies.

(00:20:24) Responsible Model Application 
The rampant and at times irresponsible use of  models during the pandemic, and metrics for measuring credibility of models

(00:23:59) COVID Data Sharing
The positive legacy of COVID-19, focusing on the accelerated progress facilitated by open and transparent data sharing.

(00:24:53) Model Interpretability and Closing
Insights into the importance of model interpretability and the value of reducing complexity to enhance understanding.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Ran Abramitzky studies the economic history of immigration by tapping into now-public government records and using AI to chart changing attitudes on immigration captured in written documents and official speeches. What’s revealed is a remarkable story that often diverges from conventional wisdom. Not all streets were paved with gold, Abramitzky tells host Russ Altman, himself a descendant of immigrants, on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction
Host Russ Altman introduces the episode's focus on immigration myths, and the data story behind them with economist Ran Abramitzky.

(00:01:56) The Methods & Data used 
Ran explains his approach to researching immigration using quantitative methods, data sets, and text analysis.

(00:03:39) Who is an Immigrant?
A conversation on the scope of the term 'immigrant' and the focus on voluntary immigration in this work

(00:05:01) Personal Anecdotes and Immigrant Experiences
Russ & Ran discuss the truth behind opportunities presented through immigration, illustrated by Russ’s family experience. 

(00:07:11) The Rags to Riches Myth
Debunking this story, looking at the economic status of immigrants on arrival and the generational improvements, often driven by taking jobs beneath their skill levels.

(00:09:17) Cultural Assimilation
Examining the cultural assimilation of immigrants, including marriage patterns, naming children, and citizenship.

(00:10:53) Current Relevance of Historical Immigration Patterns
The consistency of historical immigration trends across nationalities and generation, despite policy changes regarding borders

(00:13:09) Crime Myths
Exploration of resistance to immigration, debunking of myths linking immigrants to increased crime rates,  incarceration data

(00:15:39) Historical and Contemporary Polarization
Examining how political rhetoric and attitudes towards immigrants have evolved over the last 150 years, focusing on polarization.

(00:18:00) Immigrant Beliefs on Immigration
Discussion on how immigrants' attitudes towards immigration change after settling in the U.S.

(00:20:34) Refugees & Ellis Island Interviews
Interviews with immigrants from Ellis Island provide insights into the experiences of refugees versus economic immigrants and the convergence of immigrant paths by the second or third generation.

(00:24:36) Impact of Research on Government Policy
The influence, or lack, of immigration research on government policy and public perception. Abramitzky shares the importance of a long-term view of immigration success.

(00:27:15) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

We’re re-releasing a wonderful episode about the positive impact art has on individual and societal health. Guest Deborah Cullinan, vice president for the arts at Stanford, shares how including just 10-20 minutes of art in your day — whether through drawing or dancing to your favorite song — can contribute to improved health. Her insights remind us, and hopefully will remind you as well, that art plays a valuable role in both individual and societal well being. 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

(00:02:04) The Power & Appreciation of Art

Discussion on the societal shift and increased appreciation and demand  for art activities.

(00:05:30) Expansive Definition of Art 

Discussion on potential pushback and challenges in defining art boundaries.

(00:07:55) Art and Health 

The intersection of art and health, emphasizing its significance and the book “Your Brain on Art” and some of the neuroscience based benefits.

(00:11:33) Art in Healthcare 

Highlighting some of the programs integrating art and healthcare at Stanford including, Stanford Medicine's program "Medicine in the Muse" art programs for healthcare providers, and supporting mental health services for students.

(00:13:30) Micro Art Moments 

The potential benefits of small doses of art and demand for art programs 

(00:15:19) Fluidity in Creating and Consuming Art 

The symbiotic relationship between creators and consumers of art and the way creating makes you appreciate art more.

(00:18:04) Technology and the Arts 

(00:22:44) Exciting Art Collaborations at Stanford

(00:25:53) The Importances of Art Spaces as safe spaces and community hubs

(00:28:27) Conclusion

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

As the pandemic made a doctor visit as easy as a Zoom call and computer vision proved able to distinguish a benign blemish from something more worrisome, guest Eleni Linos, MD, DrPH, grew fascinated with the many ways digital technologies will impact all of medicine, not just her specialty, dermatology. She now believes the future of digital health is the future of health, period. But much work remains to ensure those benefits extend to every sector of society. Linos previews the future of digital health for host and fellow physician Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Contact Links:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces Professor Eleni Linos and they discuss a future where digital health encompasses all aspects of healthcare and how we have moved towards that. 

(02:10) Defining Digital Health

The challenge of defining digital health and envisioning a future where it integrates seamlessly into healthcare without differentiation.

(03:33) Dermatology and Digital Health

Eleni explains her interest in digital tools for dermatology, how they have been applied in dermatology and why they are useful.

(06:41) Challenges in Examining Diverse Skin Types

Addressing challenges in dermatological exams for patients with diverse skin tones and backgrounds.

(09:05) Impact on Patients and Health Disparities

Assessing patient reactions & benefits to remote interactions and studying health disparities concerning age, ethnicity, and technology literacy.

(10:56) LLMs, Digital Health, & Bias

How large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT are used in digital health, and their biases, and the need for and how Dr. Linos is working to reduce these.

(15:24) Empathy and AI 

Dr. Linos tells a personal story about empathy demonstrated by Chat GPT, and reflects on the potential of AI to enhance patient interactions and care.

(18:47) Social Media in Public Health

Insights into leveraging social media for public health campaigns, the strategies used to influence behavioral changes in specific demographics, and how it was employed during COVID

(24:33) Challenges in Digital Medicine Education

Exploring the challenges & opportunities in preparing future clinicians for a digital medicine-infused future. 

(28:20) Stanford Center for Digital Health

The vision and purpose of the Center for Digital Health at Stanford, emphasizing the collaboration between academia, tech companies, and a global perspective to tackle future health challenges.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

To kick off 2024, we’re bringing you an episode that’s been one of our most popular. The timing is just right as many of us are headed into the new year thinking about how to live better. In this episode, Professor Helen Blau, a stem cell biologist, tells us all about how she’s recruiting stem cells to regenerate youthful muscle in older people. We’re thrilled to bring this episode out of the archives for another listen and renewed hope about possibilities ahead in the world of health.  Happy New Year from Russ and the team here at The Future of Everything. 

Contact Links:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction & Importance of Muscles in Aging
Host Russ Altman introduces the episode, the ways that muscles weakening with age affects us, and how guest, Professor Helen Blau’s work with stem cells  is addressing this.

(00:02:03) Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cells

The goals of regenerative medicine in enhancing the quality of life as people age. Overview of different types of stem cells and their potential.

(00:04:28) Focus on Muscle: Sarcopenia and Aging

Emphasizing the desire to age well, and the centrality of muscles in daily activities and how they atrophy with age.

(00:07:44) Approaches to Combating Muscle Aging

Lack of available drugs addressing muscle wasting and potential research directions. Targeting stem cells and mature muscle fibers for rejuvenation.

(00:09:09) Lab Discoveries and Challenges

Dr.  Blau's lab experiments to identify and maintain functional stem cells, the breakthrough in bioengineering microenvironments & it’s impact.

(00:12:41) Stem Cell Rejuvenation

Insights into rejuvenating stem cell functions through cell therapy that lead to. 

(00:14:37) Inflammatory Pathways and Stem Cell Response

Dr Blau explains the importance of the wave of inflammation for stem cells, and the discoveries this lead to. 

(00:17:55) Broad-Scale Muscle Rejuvenation

Exploring systemic alterations targeting inflammation pathways for global muscle regeneration. Identification of PGE-2 degrading enzyme and results of limiting this enzyme.

(00:21:33) Human Trials, Challenges & Drug Development

Discussion on the prospects of translating findings to human treatments and developing an oral drug

(00:24:42) Timeline and Clinical Trials

Anticipated timelines for the drug's availability for human trials and potential applications.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Russ's curated playlist of six episodes from our archive to accompany you through the holiday season & into the new year.

Curated Episode Links:

• Is it time to rethink philanthropy? (Robert Reich) --> YouTube or Episode Page
• The future of the gut microbiome (KC Huang) --> YouTube or Episode Page
• How 3D printing is changing medicine (Joseph DeSimone) --> YouTube or Episode Page
• The future of computational linguistics (Chris Manning) --> YouTube or Episode Page
• Why physical books will always be with us (Elaine Treharne) --> YouTube or Episode Page
• A mobile app can be the gateway for helping communities improve their health and well-being (Abby King) --> YouTube or Episode Page

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Professor Michael Fischbach, tells us that the “gut biome” – that is, the complex community of bacteria that lives in our gastrointestinal tract – is what makes digesting and extracting nutrients from those meals possible. We hope you’ll tune in.

Contact Links:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction to Microbiome: A Primer

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode and its focus on the gut biome with guest Professor Michael Fischbach. Russ discusses the importance of bacteria & the influence of diet on maintaining a healthy microbiome, specifically yogurt

(00:04:08) The Role of Bacteria

An explanation of how bacteria are utilized by our body for digestion

(00:06:16) Antibiotics and Gut Microbiome Disruption

The repercussions of antibiotic use on the gut microbiome's composition and its effects on digestion.

(00:07:14) Bacterial Chemicals in the Body

A detailed explanation of how bacteria create chemicals that enter the bloodstream & example of one of these chemicals, of TMAO (trimethylamine N oxide) and its connection to heart disease risk. 

(00:09:48) Vegans and TMAO

Insight into a study involving vegans and their lack of TMAO production due to the absence of specific gut bacteria & its implications.

(00:12:31) Bacteria's Use of Chemicals for Survival

Dr. Fischbach explains how bacteria utilize chemicals in food due to the absence of oxygen in the gut. The concept of electrons and their role in bacterial survival.

(00:14:17) Microbial Communities

Discussion on manipulating microbial communities and the challenges associated with making precise changes. 

(00:15:22) Fecal Transplants and Community Dynamics

Insight into the success of fecal transplants in treating gut infections. Understanding the dynamics of microbial communities and their role in combating infections.

(00:18:30) Building Complex Microbial Communities

Exploring efforts to construct diverse communities and the stability of ecosystems. Early observations on the interactions between various bacterial species in complex communities

(00:21:16) Precision Fecal Transplants

Discussion on the limitations of fecal transplants and the need and potential for precision in microbial composition for treating diseases. 

(00:22:29) Microbiome Diagnostics for Disease Detection

The potential of microbiome analysis as a diagnostic tool for diseases like Crohn's, based on differences in gut community rosters. The debate around whether changes in the microbiome precede or result from diseases, as well as genetic & environmental factors.

(00:25:39) Fermented Foods and Microbiome Impact

Discussion on the potential health benefits of fermented foods and predictions about future interventions involving bacteria 

(00:26:29) Microbiome and Aging Effects

Early research on the impact of aging on the microbiome and the potential for programmed microbiome composition at different life stages.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Professor Stephen Quake's research has helped countless patients avoid the pain and suffering that can come with invasive diagnostic testing. Russ and Stephen discuss his work to develop a number of noninvasive blood tests to help detect preterm births, genetic disorders like Down Syndrome, cancer, and organ transplant rejection. It’s an episode that reminds us of the power of good science. We hope you’ll take another listen and enjoy.

Links:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode featuring Dr. Stephen Quake, highlighting his contributions to non-invasive blood tests. 

(00:00:46) Understanding DNA in Diagnostics

Introduction to the revelation of detecting DNA in the bloodstream, shedding light on various bodily processes.

(00:02:24) The Beginning of Dr. Quake’s work with Cell Free DNA

Dr. Quake tells the story of his journey into research with cell free DNA beginning with searching for a less risky alternative to an amniocentesis

(00:05:11) Impact on Prenatal Testing

The transformation in prenatal diagnostics, replacing invasive tests  & understanding the detection capabilities for prenatal genetic disorders like using cell-free DNA.

(00:06:39) Transplant Rejection Monitoring

The discovery of cell free DNA & it’s use in heart & lung transplant patients detecting early rejection & the real-life implications of this technology.

(00:10:35) Unveiling Infectious Agents

The detection of infectious agents in blood & the real life applications of this discovery

(00:14:52) Advances in Cancer Detection

Discussion shifts to cancer detection using cell-free DNA, emphasizing the important application of monitoring cancer progression and treatment efficacy. 

(00:17:18) Predicting Preterm Birth

Dr. Quake delves into the groundbreaking research predicting preterm births using cell-free RNA and DNA, sharing insights into discoveries indicating preterm birth risks and gestational age predictions and the significance of this.

(00:21:42) The Chan Zuckerberg Biohub's Mission

The origins and bold mission of Steve Quake’s current work at the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, to cure, treat, or prevent all human diseases by the end of the century and the feasibility of such an ambitious goal. 

(00:24:03) Biohub's Research Strategy

Biohub's strategy focusing on cell biology and infectious diseases internally, while funding nearly a hundred faculty across diverse areas in Bay Area Universities.

(00:26:26) Conclusion 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Percy Liang is an authority on AI who says that we are undergoing a paradigm shift in AI powered by foundation models, which are general-purpose models trained at immense scale, such as ChatGPT. In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast, Liang tells host Russ Altman about how foundation models are built, how to evaluate them, and the growing concerns with lack of openness and transparency.

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction
Host Russ Altman introduces Percy Liang, who runs the Stanford Center on Foundation Models 

(00:02:26) Defining Foundation Models

Percy Liang explains the concept of foundation models and the paradigm shift they represent. 

(00:04:22) How are Foundation Models Built & Trained?

Explanation of the training data sources and the scale of training data: training on trillions of words. Details on the network architecture, parameters, and the objective function.

(00:10:36) Context Length & Predictive Capabilities

Discussion on context length and its role in predictions. Examples illustrating the influence of context length on predictive accuracy. 

(00:12:28) Understanding Hallucination

Percy Liang explains how foundation models “hallucinate”, and the need for both truth and creative tasks which requires “lying”.

 (00:15:19) Alignment and Reinforcement in Training

The role of alignment and reinforcement learning from human feedback in controlling model outputs. 

(00:18:14) Evaluating Foundation Models

The shift from task-specific evaluations to comprehensive model evaluations, Introduction of HELM & the challenges in evaluation these models. 

(00:25:09) Foundation Models Transparency Index

Percy Liang details the Foundation Models Transparency Index, the initial results and reactions by the companies evaluated by it.

(00:29:42) Open vs. Closed AI Models: Benefits & Risks

The spectrum between open and closed AI models , benefits and security impacts

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Alex Konings studies fundamental links between the global cycle of water percolating into the ground and evaporating into the skies and a similar cycle of carbon moving through the world, shaping ecosystems, droughts, and fires. These cycles are inextricably bound, she says, and understanding how they function individually and in tandem is key to life on planet Earth. These important cycles may be easily overlooked but they cannot be ignored, Konings tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introductions 

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode's focus on plant water with Dr. Alex Konings.

(00:02:37) Understanding Global Carbon and Water Cycles

Dr. Konings defines and explains the global carbon and water cycles and their interconnectedness, and significance

(00:05:08) Transpiration

Detailed explanation of transpiration: the movement of water through plants, from soil to leaves and into the atmosphere. Significance of transpiration in the context of water loss and its impact on available resources.

(00:07:25) Implications of Transpiration

Discussion on how transpiration affects weather, solar energy, weather forecasts & water cycling via transpiration.

(00:10:21) Transpiration and Climate Change

Dr. Konings elaborates on the changing dynamics of transpiration in response to rising atmospheric temperatures &  how plants adapt to increased transpiration, as well as their area of research.

(00:13:48) Using Satellites to measure Plant Water Content

Explanation of how satellites utilize microwaves and radar technology to measure water content in plants & challenges associated with it.

(00:18:37) Impact of Transpiration on Droughts

Dr. Konings elaborates on how increased transpiration in higher temperature intensifies and speeds up the onset of drought conditions.

(00:21:37) Satellite Gravity Measurements for Groundwater Assessment

An explanation of how satellites can be utilized to measure groundwater by measuring the force of gravity. 

(00:22:30) Plant Water Dynamics, Fire Risk & Predictions

Dr. Konings discusses the intricate relationship between plant water dynamics and fire risk, and how satellite-derived plant water data can be utilized in fire risk assessment models.

(00:26:39) Satellite Sources and Public Data Accessibility

Insight into the satellites used for measurements & accessibility of satellite data from federal agencies for research and public use.

(00:27:51) Role in Governmental Agencies and Policy

Dr. Konings elaborates on how her measurements and research is being utilized by government bodies and the potential for it.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

We’re re-running a fascinating conversation Russ had with Zhenan Bao back in 2017 about the work she and her lab are doing to develop artificial skin. The possible applications of a material that could replicate properties of human skin range from restoring a sense of touch for amputees to creating bendable electronics. Thank you for tuning in, we hope you enjoy this episode from the archives.

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction and Understanding the Significance of Skin

Russ Altman introduces the episode, guest, Dr. Zhenan Bao, and the topic of artificial skin technology. 

(00:02:40) Exploring the Science Behind Artificial Skin

Dr. Bao explains the materials and mechanisms behind artificial skin.

(00:05:51) Practical Applications and Future Possibilities

Potential applications, including foldable cell phones, sensors on prosthetic limbs, paint, and clothing, the opportunities and concerns. 

(00:10:06) Self-Healing Properties of Artificial Skin

Dr. Bao explains the concept of self-healing materials, inspired by biological systems, enabled by shape memory materials.

(00:12:33) Exploring Applications in Energy Sources

Potential applications of flexible materials in solar cells and lithium-ion batteries, & safety concerns  and battery health monitoring using these materials.

(00:15:05) Integrating Multiple Sensory Functions

Russ asks about  the possibility of integrating various sensory functions into a single material, and Dr. Bao explains options for layering using inkjet  and 3d printing.

(00:17:56) Interface Challenges and Communicating with the Human Brain

The conversation delves into the challenges of interfacing electronic materials with the human brain.

(00:19:54) Research Motivation and Collaborative Approach

Dr. Bao shares her journey into her field of research, the collaborators she chooses and her studentès innovations.

(00:22:51) Bendable Cell Phones: A Glimpse into the Future

Insights into the future of smartphones, describing bendable devices that offer a transformative user experience.

(00:25:11) University Research and Transformative Impact

Dr. Zhenan Bao explains the focus of university research, emphasizing the importance of dreaming about the future, training the next generation, and balancing transformative impact with long-term goals.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Space exploration and travel are two topics that are always exciting, and that have sparked a lot of enthusiasm about the future. Debbie Senesky, a previous guest on the show, researches ways to develop tiny, tough electronics that could help augment our abilities to further explore extreme environments, such as those found in space. Today we’re re-running a conversation Russ had with Debbie in 2017 on this topic.  Enjoy.

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces the episode, guest, Dr. Debbie Senesky and electronics for extreme environments.

(00:04:29) Challenges in Space Exploration

Dr. Senesky's insights into the challenges of space exploration, focusing on the need for tiny and tough electronics and introduces wide bandgap semiconductor materials.

(00:07:38) Operation Temperatures of New Materials

Discussion on the operational temperatures of wide band gap semiconductor materials, & contextualization of these temperatures in everyday life.

(00:10:13) Venus and it’s harsh environment

Introduction to Venus, and its unique characteristics as well as the scientific goals and reasons for studying it.

(00:13:10) History of Venus Missions and Exploration

Overview of past Venus missions, including the Venera program by Russia, and the challenges faced in engineering for these missions

(00:16:21) Engineering Challenges in Other Space Exploration

The conversation moves on to some of the other challenges posed by exploring other planets and areas of space including cold temps and power sources.

(00:18:03) Collaboration with Space Agencies

Discussion on collaborations between research labs and space agencies like NASA; Dr. Senesky explains her current area of research and opportunities for testing. 

(00:21:15) The Space Industry Renaissance and Access to Space

Russ & Debbie discuss the current boom of the space industry, the technology and developments, as well as the challenges raised by it.

(00:23:34) Nanoscale Materials and Engineering Challenges

Introduction to nanoscale materials, their production, and  their applications in space technologies. 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Using math to improve photographs, with expert guest Gordon Wetzstein. Such methods have exploded in recent years and have wide-ranging impacts from improving your family photos, to making self-driving cars safer, to building ever-more-powerful microscopes. Somewhere in between hardware and software, he says, is the field of computational imaging, which makes cameras do some pretty amazing things. Wetzstein and host Russ Altman bring it all into focus on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introductions 

Host Russ Altman introduces the guest, Gordon Wetzstein as well as the concept of non-line-of-sight imaging.

(00:02:58) Computational Imaging 

Gordon Wetzstein explains the concept of computational imaging and the way it integrates hardware and software for optimal image capture.

(00:04:22) High Dynamic Range (HDR) Imaging  & Focal Stacking

An explanation of what HDR is and how it captures high-contrast scenes, and the similar process of focal stacking, using multiple images to create depth. 

(00:09:56) Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging 

(00:15:51) Optical Computing: Extending Hardware Capabilities 

Insights into optical computing, explaining how specially designed hardware can preprocess data for AI algorithms.

(00:18:08) Applications of Optical Computing 

Exploration of applications for optical computing in power constraint systems and increased efficiency in data centers.

(00:23:07) The Intersection of AI, Physics, and Computer Graphics 

Synergy between AI, physics, and computer graphics in creating 3D content and models. 

(00:25:47) Generative AI to Create 3D from 2D 

Exploring the challenge of generating 3D digital humans from unstructured 2D images using algorithms

(00:32:02) Challenges & Advancements in VR and AR Design 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Almost everyone knows someone who has battled cancer. Today, on The Future of Everything, we’re re-running our episode with Professor Jennifer Cochran who is bringing some hope in this area through work she and her lab are doing to find ways to localize therapies directly to the site of cancer tumors for more efficient and effective treatment. You won’t want to miss this one, it’s full of inspiring insights that will hopefully move us toward a future of improving outcomes for cancer patients.

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode, highlighting the widespread impact of cancer and the need for innovative treatment methods.

(00:00:45) Traditional Cancer Treatments

Overview of conventional cancer treatments: surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Challenges and limitations associated with existing treatments.

(00:03:30) New Approaches to Cancer Therapy

Exploration of targeted therapies utilizing biological understanding of cancer cells. 

(00:05:46) Guided Chemotherapy Missiles

Introduction of guest Dr. Jennifer Cochran and her work developing ‘guided chemotherapy missiles’. Dr Cochran explains how they work and the benefits of them.

(00:09:04) Directed Evolution and Designer Proteins

Introduction to the concept of directed evolution, the process of driving evolution in a test tube to create designer proteins with specific properties.

(00:11:16) Utilizing Squirting Cucumber Seed Peptides for Chemotherapy

Dr. Cochran discusses how they transformed a peptide from the seeds of the squirting cucumber into a tumor-targeting agent, the challenges of the process and the current state of the research.

(00:14:56) Immunotherapy and Cancer Treatment

Introduction to immunotherapy and how these therapies work in our body to fight cancers

(00:16:45) Orchestrating Immune Responses: Combining Immunotherapy and Targeted Molecules

Dr. Cochran explains the collaboration between tumor targeting technology and immunotherapy and current developments.

(00:20:08) Making Immunotherapy Accessible: Challenges and Innovations

Dr. Cochran discusses the availability of immunotherapies for cancer patients and the need for broader accessibility.

(00:21:30) Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Technology Application

Exploration of interdisciplinary collaborative research, the challenges and opportunities.

(00:22:59) Translating Lab Discoveries into Treatments

Russ & Jennifer discuss the process and challenges of translating lab research from academia into actual drug development including “ the valley of death”

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Transformational research techniques shaping our understanding of how the brain works.

Guest Karl Deisseroth is a bioengineer and a psychiatrist who has developed two of the most transformational research techniques shaping our understanding of how the brain works — optogenetics, which allows neuroscientists to control brain cells with light, and CLARITY, a way to render the brain’s gray matter transparent yet retain all its intricate wiring for easier study.  There is a vast chasm between neuroscience and psychiatry, Deisseroth says of the reasons he felt compelled to develop technology ahead of pursuing science. It was never a trade-off of one over the other, however. It was simply where we had to go to get better at the science, Deisseroth tells fellow bioengineer and host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapters:
(00:00:00)  Introduction to Karl Deisseroth

Russ Altman introduces the episode and Karl Deisseroth, highlighting his roles as a professor of bioengineering and psychiatry. Explanation of Karl Deisseroth's approach to addressing challenges in neuroscience through technology development and application.

(00:03:23) Balancing Technology Development and Scientific Exploration

Discussion on the challenges of balancing technology development with scientific exploration. Karl Deisseroth's perspective on integrating technology development as a primary goal in neuroscience research.

(00:05:03) Optogenetics: Controlling Neurons with Light

Introduction to optogenetics as a method for precise control of individual cells using light. Explanation of the historical challenges in controlling neurons and the need for precise techniques.

(00:07:25) Importance of Bioengineering in Innovation

Highlighting the role of bioengineering in translating scientific ideas into practical tools. Importance of collaboration and interdisciplinary approaches in bioengineering and neuroscience.

(00:10:04) Discovering Microbial Rhodopsins and Opsins

Karl Deisseroth explains the class of proteins known as microbial rhodopsins and their genes, microbial opsins. Discussion on the historical knowledge of these proteins and their presence in biochemistry textbooks.

(00:12:50) Realizing Optogenetics in Human Brains

Karl Deisseroth discusses the practical application of optogenetics in the central nervous system of human beings. An example of a successful experiment by Karl's colleague Botond Roska, enabling a blind person to see objects.

(00:16:01) Bridging Psychiatry and Neurotechnology

Transition to discussing Karl Deisseroth's role as a practicing psychiatrist and the challenges faced in patient care. Integration of clinical experiences into scientific research and its impact on experimental design and understanding disease processes.

(00:16:54) The Intersection of Science and Medicine

Examination of the balance between clinical practice and scientific research in Karl Deisseroth's work. Importance of firsthand patient experiences in shaping research goals and addressing clinical challenges.

(00:20:25) Unraveling Brain Complexity with Optogenetics

Discussion on the complexity of the brain's parts list and challenges in categorizing cell types. Utilizing optogenetic tools to explore specific brain cell types and their functions. The intersection of clinical psychiatry, technology, and neuroscience in advancing our understanding of the brain.

(00:21:00) Integrating Optogenetics into Neuroscience

Exploration of the significance of having a detailed parts list for the brain and its impact on optogenetic research. Integrating optogenetic tools to study diverse brain functions and disorders. The evolving landscape of neuroscience research and the potential applications of optogenetics in the future.

(00:24:53) The Interconnectedness of Brain Cells

Examination of experiments recording from tens of thousands of cells while observing a thirsty mouse's behavior. Insights into the rapid and interconnected nature of the brain, lead to widespread correlations among neurons.

(00:28:05) Writing "Projections": Balancing Science and Literature

Karl Deisseroth's motivation for writing "Projections" was to share the inner worlds of psychiatric patients and communicate scientific advancements. Challenges in balancing literary creativity with scientific accuracy, capturing patients' experiences while staying grounded in truth.

(00:31:02) Receiving Feedback and Impact of "Projections"

Reflection on the reception of "Projections" and feedback received from readers, including patients with psychiatric disorders.Karl Deisseroth's satisfaction in capturing the experiences of patients and the impact of the book on diverse readers.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

A perspective on the need for diversity and empathy in the engineering profession.  As we enter a new academic year, it’s an opportune time to think about how we’re educating the next generation of engineers. Russ's conversation in 2020 with Sheri Sheppard, an emeritus professor of mechanical engineering and founder of the Designing Education Lab at Stanford, sheds light on this important topic. 

Professor Sheppard shares about ways that will help us educate engineers who not only are technically trained but also bring empathy into their work.

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces the episode and the importance of engineering education in society.

(00:00:46) The Core of Engineering

Russ Altman discusses the overarching themes of engineering education: problem-solving, scientific grounding, social context, and design.

(00:02:11) The Need for Diversity in Engineering

Introduction to Professor Sheri Sheppard and her efforts in expanding engineering education. Discussion on the lack of diversity in the engineering profession and its implications. The influence of engineers on everyday life and the need for diverse perspectives in product design.

(00:06:51) Beyond Traditional Sciences

Reflecting on the historical shift from a focus on sciences to incorporating design and social sciences in engineering education.

(00:09:11) Human-Centered Engineering

Examining the importance of considering human factors, ergonomics, and cognitive aspects in engineering solutions.

(00:10:35) Student Challenges and Responses

Addressing student responses to the expanded approach in engineering education. Discussing the importance of learning to interpret qualitative data and the openness to learning in various fields.

(00:12:26) Diverse Perspectives in Engineering Education

Russ Altman discusses the expansion of engineering education beyond traditional sciences and mathematics. Professor Sheri Sheppard emphasizes the importance of empathy, ethics, and diverse perspectives in engineering problem-solving. Exploring the challenges of integrating these principles into the curriculum and industry practices.

(00:14:42) Industry Response and Cultural Change

How companies are recognizing the positive impact of diversity on innovation and bottom-line performance. Challenges faced by companies in integrating diversity into their organizational culture and recognizing it in job descriptions.

(00:17:00) Challenges Faced by Trailblazers

Professor Sheri Sheppard shares her experiences as a woman engineer in the automotive industry. Navigating the feelings of isolation and strategies for finding allies and support within organizations.

(00:18:34) Industry Perspectives and Evidence of Diversity Impact

The evidence supports the positive impact of diverse teams on innovation. Challenges faced by companies in recognizing diversity efforts and integrating them into performance evaluations.

(00:21:50) Empowering Change Agents

Strategies for individuals to become change agents within their organizations. Introduction to the concept of "Tempered Radicals" and navigating organizational change while maintaining professional integrity.

(00:25:35) Building Relationships and Gaining Respect

The challenges faced by young and female engineers in gaining respect and credibility in their roles. Encouraging students to find allies and create a supportive network in the workplace.

(00:26:58) Navigating Workplace Dynamics

Advice for students entering the workforce as potential change agents. The significance of finding allies and creating spaces for diverse voices to be heard. Developing soft skills, such as networking and communication, as essential tools for success in engineering careers.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Discover how quantum mechanics is reshaping our understanding of time, reestablishing computational capabilities, and ensuring the security of sensitive data transmission.  Guest Monika Schleier-Smith is a physicist who says that quantum principles, like entanglement, can make atoms do funny things, such as allowing two atoms to share secrets across great distances. While entanglement opens tantalizing possibilities like quantum computing, there’s still much we don’t know about quantum mechanics. She now uses lasers to “cool” atoms to near motionlessness as a starting point for controlling and proving entanglement, as she tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapter Timestamps:

(00:00:00) Opening Remarks 
Monika Schleier Smith, a distinguished professor of physics at Stanford University, kickstarts the episode by introducing the enthralling world of quantum mechanics.
Russ Altman introduces the episode and welcomes Monika Schleier Smith to discuss quantum mechanics and entanglement. And he encourages listeners to engage with the podcast by rating and reviewing it.

(00:02:50) Quantum Mechanics Fundamentals

Monika provides insights into the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, including the concept of quantum uncertainty.

(00:04:22) Embracing Entanglement 

The episode delves into the concept of entanglement, highlighting its non-local properties and the intriguing correlations between particles.

(00:06:55) Initiating Quantum Entanglement 

Monika explains the initial interactions required to establish quantum entanglement between particles. Explore the challenges in preserving entanglement and the impact of quantum measurement.

(00:10:12) Laser-Cooled Atoms in Research 

Monika Schleier Smith sheds light on her lab's laser-cooled atoms research and their vital role in entanglement studies.

(00:11:39) The Doppler Effect and Slowing Atoms

Monika explains the Doppler effect and its role in slowing down atoms using laser beams. Russ Altman connects the Doppler effect to everyday experiences, like the sound of approaching vehicles.

(00:13:04) Tracking and Holding Atoms

Monika describes the next steps in their experiments, involving tracking and holding well-controlled atoms in a vacuum. Russ Altman mentions the challenges of maintaining atoms at low temperatures and in isolation.

(00:14:49) Getting Atoms to Talk

Monika explores the need for entanglement and how it involves making atoms interact. Different approaches, including using Rydberg states and optical resonators, are mentioned.

(00:16:17) Leveraging Light as a Messenger

Monika introduces the concept of using light to convey information between atoms. The discussion includes optical resonators and controlling interactions on different length scales. Russ Altman jokingly mentions the potential size of the lab.

(00:16:32) Preserving Entanglement

Monika highlights the challenge of preserving entanglement and preventing information leakage to the outside world. The importance of maintaining secrecy for entangled states is emphasized.

(00:17:34) Proving Entanglement

Monika explains the need for proving entanglement, distinguishing it from classical correlations. She mentions John Bell's contributions to the theory of proving entanglement. Russ Altman seeks clarification on classical correlations.

(00:20:13) Measuring Incompatible Observables

Monika outlines the measurement of incompatible observables as a way to prove entanglement. The discussion touches on the concept of spin for atom measurements.

(00:22:19) Quantum Computing Potential 

The conversation shifts to quantum computing, where Monika discusses how quantum bits (qubits) can provide computational advantages over classical bits, paving the way for solving complex problems like drug discovery and material science.

(00:28:15) Quantum Communication Secrets 

Monika sheds light on quantum communication's ability to secure data transmission by leveraging the principles of entanglement and quantum error correction.

 (00:32:39) Conclusion & closing

 Russ and Monika wrap up their enlightening conversation, emphasizing the ongoing pursuit of quantum knowledge and technology.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Discover the astonishing intricacies of microbial ecosystems and their potential to improve healthcare.  Guest KC Huang is many things: A bioengineer. A microbiologist. An inventor. But mostly he’s an expert on the ecology of the human gut. He and his collaborators have developed a device that can sample bacterial DNA and create a living map of the gut microbiome from mouth to … ah, well … you know. Every step of the way, he says, we play host to trillions of guests we know very little about. It’s time we got to know them, Huang tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapter Timestamps:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ introduces the gut microbiome and its impact on health. The potential for engineering ourselves through microbiome manipulation.

(00:00:57) Overview of Gut Microbiome

Russ Altman introduces the guest, KC Huang. KC provides an overview of the gut microbiome and its impact on health and everyday life.

(00:05:21) Challenges in Studying the Gut Microbiome

KC Huang discusses the challenges in studying the gut microbiome, including the limited data and the difficulty in accessing the ecosystem.The unique interface between human cells and gut microorganisms is emphasized.

(00:07:02) Poop as a Data Source

Russ Altman humorously mentions the collection of poop for research purposes. The difficulties in studying the bowel's internal microbiome are discussed.

(00:08:53) Diversity of Gut Microorganisms

KC Huang addresses the diversity of microorganisms in the gut microbiome. The challenges of characterizing the complex ecosystem are highlighted.KC Huang corrects a common misconception about the location of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome as an external influence on the human body is explained.

(00:10:45) The Impact of Gut Microbiome Beyond Bowel Movements

Russ Altman mentions the gut microbiome's influence on brain function, diet, exercise, and more. The far-reaching effects of the gut microbiome are introduced.KC Huang addresses the connection between the gut microbiome and brain function. The constant interaction between microorganisms and the brain is emphasized.

(00:12:22) Impact of Gut Microbiome on Sleepiness

The relationship between post-meal sleepiness and gut microbiome activity is mentioned. The gut as a source of constant growth and activity is explained.

(00:13:19) The Device for Studying the Gut Microbiome

KC Huang introduces an innovative device designed to study the gut microbiome by collecting samples at different points in the gut. The device's simplicity and capabilities for multi-dimensional analysis are highlighted.

(00:17:32) Exercise and Its Effect on Body Temperature

The role of exercise in increasing body temperature and its potential influence on the gut microbiome is explored. Possible connections between exercise, temperature, and gastrointestinal effects are mentioned.

(00:21:55 ) The Student Survey on Microbiome Therapies

KC Huang shares the results of a student survey about microbiome-based therapies, highlighting changes in perception after studying the field. The evolving excitement and uncertainty surrounding the field's future are mentioned.

(00:23:52) The Need to Embrace Ecosystem Complexity

KC Huang emphasizes the importance of embracing the complexity of the gut microbiome ecosystem. The limitations of reductionist approaches in the field are highlighted.

(00:28:20) Complexity with a Thousand Species

KC Huang explores the challenges of dealing with complex microbial ecosystems containing thousands of species. The significance of interactions between these species is discussed.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Jane Willenbring is a geoscientist who studies accelerating coastal erosion. The challenge lies not in understanding why coasts are receding today, but in determining what they looked like a thousand years ago to know how much they’ve changed — a secret revealed in coastal rocks through isotopes shaped by cosmic radiation. But measurement is only one part of the equation, she says. We must now think about erosion’s impact on humans, Willenbring tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapter Timestamps:

(00:00:00) Introduction by Jane Willenbring 
Jane Willenbring, a distinguished expert in coastal erosion and a professor at Stanford University, joins Russ Altman to explore "The Future of Coastal Erosion."

(00:01:42) Defining Coastal Erosion

Dr. Willenbring provides an overview of coastal erosion, explaining its causes and effects on coastlines around the world. She discusses the natural processes and human influences contributing to coastal landscape erosion.

(00:04:56) Challenges of Coastal Erosion

The conversation delves into the challenges of coastal erosion, including the impacts on infrastructure, property, and communities. Dr. Willenbring highlights the complexities of addressing erosion in different geographical regions and the importance of understanding erosion rates.

(00:06:44) Erosion Rates and Predictions

Dr. Willenbring discusses the methods used to measure erosion rates and predict future coastal changes. She explains how these predictions can guide policy and planning decisions to mitigate the impacts of erosion.

(00:10:49) Impacts on the Infrastructure 
Dr. Willenbring shared the impacts on the infrastructure and on the actual coast. Also shared all the different kinds of reasons to be concerned about the same.

(00:12:44) Interplay with Policy and Planning

The conversation shifts to the intersection of coastal erosion with policy and planning. Dr. Willenbring explores how episodic erosion events and long-term projections influence decision-making for infrastructure and land use.

(00:15:49) Building Bridges vs. Managed Retreat 
Exploration of options for addressing coastal erosion, such as building bridges.Consideration of the downsides of building bridges and hardening infrastructure. Examination of landscape "unzipping" and its implications for erosion.

(00:18:15) Sea Level Rise and Its Coastal Impact
Delve into the ways in which sea level rise affects coastlines and the Impact of flooding and potential changes in coastal shapes. Explore the significance of wide beaches in protecting coastlines.

(00:22:33) Displacement and Human Impacts 
Delve into the potential displacement caused by coastal erosion. Focus on the impact on low-income communities and indigenous villages. Reflection on the ethical considerations of policy responses.

(00:25:16) Health Implications and Infrastructure Challenges

Examining the potential health risks associated with coastal erosion.Consideration of compromised water treatment plants and their consequences.Discussion on the uncertainties and challenges of responding to erosion-related threats.

(00:26:34) Role of Vegetation in Coastal Defence

Explore the role of vegetation in protecting coastlines. Difference between invasive and native plants in coastal environments.Insights into the potential use of kelp for wave buffering.

(00:27:50) Human Activities and Cliff Stability

Examining the impact of human activities, such as irrigation, on cliff stability. Discussion on the potential consequences of excessive water use on erosion.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Join host Russ Altman with guest Rania Awaad, M.D.,  a Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the Stanford University School of Medicine where she is the Director of the Stanford Muslim Mental Health & Islamic Psychology Lab.  Delve into the intersection of mental health and spirituality, shedding light on the importance of holistic approaches for comprehensive healing. Drawing from historical wisdom, Awaad introduces the concept of Maristans, ancient healing centers that integrate physical, mental, and spiritual therapies to offer a holistic model of care. 
As the conversation unfolds, listeners gain a deeper understanding of how these principles can be applied in modern healthcare, fostering patient-centric approaches that consider mind, body, and spirit. From addressing diverse faiths to collaboration between medical and spiritual practitioners, Awaad's insights pave the way for a future where holistic healing is at the forefront of medical practice.

Chapter Timestamps:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Rania Awaad discusses her journey in studying the connection between Islam and mental health, including historical understandings of mental illness and treatments, such as talk therapy.

(00:03:05) Special Challenges in Studying Muslim Mental Health

Professor Awaad discusses the challenges of providing mental health care to the diverse Muslim community in the United States. The impact of immigration, intergenerational trauma, and racial diversity on mental health is highlighted. Factors like acculturation, family dynamics, and historical trauma are considered.

(00:06:50) The Intersection of Faith and Mental Health

Professor Awaad shares insights into how the Islamic faith intersects with mental health. The concept of holistic health in Islam and its implications for mental health are explained. Early Muslim scholars' references to scripture in understanding and treating mental illness are discussed.

(00:13:13) Faith and Resistance to Treatment

The conversation delves into addressing resistance to medical treatment based on religious beliefs. The concept of "spiritual bypassing" is introduced, where religious frameworks are used to explain mental health issues. Professor Awaad shares her unique approach as a dual-trained psychiatrist and theologian.

(00:14:22) Transferring Knowledge to Practitioners

Russ Altman inquires how to transfer Professor Awaad's insights and dual training to other practitioners. The role of her nonprofit, Maristan, in providing training and resources is highlighted. The development of integrated psychotherapy models and training is discussed.

(00:17:09) Common Threads in Different Faiths

The discussion explores commonalities in mental health challenges and solutions across Abrahamic faiths. The potential for sharing insights and strategies among different religious communities is emphasized.

(00:19:19) The Impact of COVID-19 on Muslim Mental Health

The challenges faced by the Muslim community during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially during Ramadan, are discussed. Professor Awaad shares findings from a global study on Muslims' mental health perceptions during the pandemic.

(00:23:00) Maristan: A Place of Healing

The nonprofit organization Maristan is introduced, and its name's historical significance is explained. The role of Maristan in integrating spirituality and mental health care is discussed, along with its goal of making mental health care more accessible to all communities. While modern languages have introduced alternative terms for hospitals, the historical terminology persists in some regions.

(00:25:10) Bringing Holistic Healing to Modern Medicine

Russ Altman discusses the concept of healing centers and the need to reintroduce holistic healing into modern medicine. Professor Awaad shares her vision of Maristans serving as a model for modern healthcare, emphasizing holistic care for the mind, body, and soul.

(00:27:21) Maristans: A Model for Holistic Healing

Russ Altman reflects on the patient's desire for holistic care and the limitations of current medical practices. Professor Awaad describes the architectural and therapeutic aspects of Maristans, highlighting their use of water fountains, greenery, acoustics, and sound therapy. The contrast between Maristans and historical asylums/prisons for the mentally ill is discussed.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Bad science is a big problem for society, says guest Jonathan Osborne, an expert in science education, but we don’t have to surrender to it. Beating bad science requires young people to learn three skills, Osborne says. First is an ability to size up conflicts of interest. Second, to evaluate a source’s qualifications. And third, to more rigorously question those who go against consensus. The whole goal of science is consensus, Osborne tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapter Timestamps:
(00:00:00) Introduction to the Episode

Welcome to this episode featuring an insightful conversation with Jonathan Osborne about the nuances of scientific argumentation and its implications for education.

(00:2:00) The state of science education

The situation is a pretty dire, and we need to act soon to make sure that we outfit the future generations with the tools they need to navigate truth and falsehoods in science.

(00:03:01) The Importance of Science Education

The role of science education in society and the need for a new approach to science education

(00:08:31) Developmental Learning Progression in Science Education

Discussion on when young people are cognitively ready to understand the challenges of science education. The Finnish curriculum in media literacy as an example.

(00:09:31) Student Attitudes and the Fundamentals of Science Education

The importance of student attitudes towards science. The role of science education in preparing students to be citizens in a rapidly changing world.

(00:11:31) The Shortcomings of Current Science Education

Critique of the current state of science education. The need for focusing on big ideas rather than just facts.

(00:14:51) The Key Stakeholders in Changing Science Education

Discussion on who holds the keys to curricular practices. The role of boards of education, textbook writers, and faculty members in shaping science education.

(00:15:21) The Challenges of Changing Science Education

Jonathan Osborne's career reflections on trying to make changes. The resistance faced from institutional conservatism. The impact of government changes on science education

(00:17:01) The Problem with Current Curriculum

Lack of opportunities for teachers to pursue their interests. The need to cut back on performance expectations. Giving teachers more freedom and agency.

(00:18:29) Misinformation and Science Education

Concerns about misinformation in science. Tools needed to help young people vet information.

(00:19:31) The Role of Scientific Argumentation

Different forms of scientific argumentation. The importance of teaching scientific argumentation to students.

(00:22:36) The Power of Storytelling in Science

The need for more stories in science education. How stories can make science more relatable and convincing.

(00:27:21)  The Urgency of Updating Science Education

The rate at which teaching standards are updated. The need for flexibility in science education standards.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

The Future of computer chip design: delve into a revolutionary approach to chip design.  A re-run of a conversation Russ had in 2021 with Priyanka Raina, an assistant professor of electrical engineering. Priya is an expert in computer chip design. Whether or not you realize it, chips are everywhere and power everything from your toaster to your car. Priya discusses the slowing pace of progress in improving chip efficiency, and how she sees a future where chip makers will need to shift away from general-purpose computer chips to task-specific chips.

Chapter Time Stamps:
(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode and the guest, Professor Priyanka Raina, an expert in electrical engineering.

(00:01:15) The Traditional Chip Design Paradigm

Explore the traditional chip design process and its challenges, including long development times and limitations in reusability.

(00:04:28) The Role of Specialized Chips

Understand the emergence of specialized chips and how they target specific applications for improved performance.

(00:07:56) The Promise of Core-Grain Reconfigurable Arrays (CGRAs)

Learn about core-grain reconfigurable arrays and how they bridge the gap between specialization and adaptability.

(00:10:12) Balancing Flexibility and Specialization

Discover the concept of specialized compute units within CGRAs and how they can be tailored to various applications.

(00:13:25) Agile Hardware Design

Explore the concept of agile hardware design and how it enables faster chip development iterations.

(00:16:40) Overcoming Hardware and Software Challenges

Understand the challenges of combining adaptable hardware with rapidly changing software and applications.

(00:19:02) The Role of Compilers in Chip Design

Explore the significance of compilers in translating high-level programming into efficient hardware instructions.

(00:21:30) Adapting Compilers for CGRAs

Discover how compilers are adapted to work seamlessly with core-grain reconfigurable arrays, enabling automatic updates as hardware changes.

(00:23:40) Benefits of Agile Chip Development

Learn about the potential benefits of agile chip development, including reduced time-to-market and adaptability to evolving applications.

(00:26:15) Revolutionizing Chip Development with CGRAs

Discuss how CGRAs can reshape the landscape of chip design, offering a new approach to balancing specialization and adaptability.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Today we're rerunning a conversation Russ had in 2020 with Mykel Kochenderfer, a professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford University.

Mykel's research has impacted anyone who has been on a plane recently for any kind of travel. His research led to the creation of a program known as the Airborne Collision Avoidance System, or ACAS X , which as he explains in more detail, is a critical tool in keeping air travel safe.

Thank you for tuning in, and we hope you enjoy this episode from the archives.

Chapter Time Stamps:

(00:00:50) ACAS X Origins

Russ Altman sets the stage by revisiting a conversation from 2020 with Professor Mykel Kochenderfer, a pioneer in aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University. They discuss Mykel's groundbreaking research leading to the creation of the Airborne Collision Avoidance System, ACAS X.

(00:03:10) Ensuring Trustworthy Autonomous Vehicles

Exploring the challenges in building trustworthy autonomous systems, Mykel discusses the complexities of imperfect sensor systems, uncertainty in predicting future trajectory, and the trade-off between safety and operational efficiency.

(00:07:20) Dynamic Programming: The Key to ACAS X

Mykel explains the role of dynamic programming in ACAS X, transforming complex computations into tractable tasks through offline modeling and a lookup table, balancing safety and efficiency.

(00:10:30) Balancing Safety and Efficiency

Russ and Mykel delve into the intricate balance between safety and operational efficiency in ACAS X, highlighting the need for AI systems to make sound decisions even in rare, low-probability scenarios.

(00:14:15) ACAS X Implementation and Use Cases

Mykel elaborates on the role of ACAS X in aviation safety, detailing its advisory nature and its integration with air traffic control systems, while addressing the potential automation in specific aircraft models.

(00:17:40) Broadening Horizons: Urban Air Mobility

Exploring the expansion of ACAS X to urban air mobility systems, Russ and Mykel discuss the challenges of modeling and validating models for a wide range of aircraft, and the importance of incorporating human expertise.

(00:21:05) Global Collaboration and AI Consensus

Mykel emphasizes the collaborative nature of ACAS X implementation, involving different stakeholders, such as the FAA, Eurocontrol, and ICAO, and the role of AI in reaching a consensus on safety objectives.

(00:23:30) The Journey Ahead

As the conversation draws to a close, Mykel reflects on the evolution of ACAS X, its future applications, and the fusion of AI and human wisdom shaping the skies of tomorrow.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest David Rehkopf is an expert in population health who says that where we live is one of the strongest influences on how long we live. While we know diet and health care are important, it has been tough to tease out what about these places allows people to live longer and healthier lives. By examining environmentally induced changes in DNA, we may be able to more quickly and more accurately quantify what aspects of environments promote longer, healthier lives, Rehkopf tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapter Time Stamps:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman delves into the fascinating world of longevity with Dr. David Rehkopf from Stanford University. Discover the surprising links between government policies, corporate practices, and their impact on health.

(00:02:14) The Quest for Centenarians

Explore Dr. Rehkopf's research on centenarians in Costa Rica and how these long-lived individuals offer insights into the factors influencing longevity.

(00:06:20) Unraveling the Genetics of Longevity

Learn how genetic factors play a role in determining how long we live, and how centenarians possess unique genetic signatures that may hold the key to extended lifespans.

(00:09:45) Lifestyle and Environment

Discover the impact of lifestyle choices and environmental factors on longevity. From the benefits of traditional diets to the potential effects of infectious disease exposure, the picture becomes clearer.

(00:10:55) The Role of Exercise

Dive deeper into the significance of physical activity on long-term health and how regular exercise can contribute to increased lifespan and overall well-being.

(00:11:40) Social Connections and Longevity

Explore the intricate relationship between social connections, community engagement, and the potential impact on living longer and healthier lives.

(00:13:30) Government Policies and Health

Dr. Rehkopf sheds light on the influence of government policies, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), on health outcomes. Find out how these policies can positively impact maternal health and sickness absence rates.

(00:15:20) The Power of Public Health Initiatives

Learn about the importance of public health initiatives in promoting healthy behaviours, preventing diseases, and potentially extending the human lifespan.

(00:16:05) Access to Healthcare

Explore the crucial role of accessible healthcare in longevity, and how disparities in healthcare access can affect different populations.

(00:18:30) Work-Life Balance

Delve into the concept of work-life balance and its potential impact on employee health and happiness in the long run.

(00:19:45) Corporate Wellness Programs

Learn about the various corporate wellness programs and initiatives aimed at improving employee well-being and how they might influence longevity.

(00:21:05) Hybrid Work Models and Longevity

As the world adapts to the pandemic-driven hybrid work models, Dr. Rehkopf discusses the potential long-term effects on workforce health and well-being.

(00:23:40) The Road Ahead

In this final chapter, we speculate on the future of longevity research and how understanding the intricate connections between government, corporations, and individual choices can shape a healthier and longer life for all.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

As anyone with chronic disease knows, access to health care doesn’t always equate with equitable health care outcomes, says guest Alyce Adams, an expert in innovations in health policy. Too often, care delivery breaks down along racial and socioeconomic lines. Our focus should be on better outcomes for all people, she says. Adams now develops interventions to help communities and health systems improve care delivery — and health equity — as she tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode and welcomes Professor Alyce Adams from Stanford University to discuss how new approaches in communities and health systems are improving care delivery for traditionally underserved populations.

(00:01:29) Unraveling Health Disparities

They discuss the disparities present in healthcare, particularly among underrepresented populations, and the importance of integrating patient voices in research.

(00:02:42) Addressing Socioeconomic Factors

The role of socioeconomic factors in health disparities and how they influence access to quality care. The discussion also examines efforts to eliminate barriers and provide equitable healthcare.

(00:04:15) Cultural Competence in Medicine

The conversation shifts to the significance of cultural competence in healthcare delivery. Prof. Adams explains the need for healthcare professionals to understand and respect diverse cultural backgrounds to ensure effective patient care.

(00:07:50) Bridging the Knowledge Gap

Insights into understanding patient knowledge and disease understanding, focusing on the example of tobacco use. The efforts to integrate patient and caregiver perspectives early in the research process are discussed.

(00:09:15) Empowering Patient Decision-Making 

The discussion explores strategies to empower patients in their healthcare decisions. Prof. Adams explains the importance of personalized care plans that align with patient values and priorities.

(00:11:30) Digital Health Literacy 

The increasing role of digital health tools and the importance of health literacy in utilizing these technologies effectively. The challenges of ensuring equitable access to digital health resources are also addressed.

(00:15:10) Qualitative Methods in Research

Insights into qualitative research methods and their significance in understanding patient experiences and priorities. The need for collaboration with community partners to shape research questions is emphasized.

(00:17:05) The Power of Patient Stories 

The conversation discusses the impact of patient narratives in healthcare research. Prof. Adams explains how patient stories provide valuable context and humanize data, leading to more comprehensive and patient-centric research outcomes.

(00:20:30) Building Patient-Centric Algorithms  

The development of AI algorithms to assess patient risk and facilitate decision-making for clinicians. Prof. Adams discusses the challenges of encoding priorities in these algorithms while considering potential biases.

(00:22:12) Algorithmic Transparency 

The discussion delves into the importance of algorithmic transparency and its role in building trust between patients and AI-driven healthcare systems. Prof. Adams explains the need for clear and interpretable AI models.

(00:27:45) Ethical Considerations in AI Implementation

The conversation explores ethical considerations in implementing AI technologies in healthcare. Prof. Adams discusses the potential risks and benefits and the importance of continuous evaluation and oversight.

(00:30:15) Engaging Policy Makers

The episode concludes with an optimistic view of policymakers' receptivity to research insights. Prof. Adams explains the importance of proactive engagement and communication in policy decisions.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

We’re on the cusp of another election season. As people across the country educate themselves on the issues and candidates on this year’s ballot, one question they will have to ask themselves is, how do I tell fact from fiction? In early 2022, my guest Johan Ugander shared his research to better understand the ways information spreads online. We’re re-running this episode today, and I hope you’ll take the time to hear a few of the strategies he recommends for preventing the spread of misinformation.

Chapter Time Stamps:

(00:00:45) Exploring the Spread of Information with Johan Ugander

Johan Ugander joins Russ Altman to discuss the intriguing dynamics behind the spread of information, drawing parallels to viral infections and shedding light on the battle between true and false news.

(00:01:14) Matching Methods and Treatment Control Analysis

Discover how matching methods and treatment control analysis play a crucial role in understanding the differences between true and false news, helping us unravel the complexities of information dissemination.

(00:02:22) The Tree Analogy: True News vs. False News

Exploring the tree analogy to understand how the spread of false news resembles that of true news, raisins intriguing questions about their results.

(00:04:14) The Battle on One Front: False News Infectiousness

Dive into the heart of the debate surrounding false news, as Johan uncovers a startling finding - false news not only spreads more but also exhibits higher infectiousness, challenging the notion of battling on multiple fronts.

(00:05:34) Epidemiological Metaphors and the Spread of Information

Johan elucidates the long-standing connection between epidemiological metaphors and information spread, revealing the fascinating interplay between social psychology and cognition in the dissemination process.

(00:08:34) Information Spreading vs Viral Infections

Distinctions between information spread and viral infections, as Johan highlights the critical role of decision-making and cognition in the former, in contrast to the particle-based interactions in the latter.

(00:10:22) The Common Basic Toolkit of Spread Processes

Discover the underlying commonalities between information spread and viral infections, as Johan emphasizes the presence of a shared basic toolkit while acknowledging the specific inquiry methods unique to each domain.

(00:12:40) Lessons for Stopping the Spread of False News

Uncover valuable insights on combatting the spread of false news, as Johan explores the power of drawing attention to accuracy, introducing frictions in information sharing, and leveraging product changes for differential control.

(00:14:25) Drawing Attention to Accuracy and Decision Consequences

Explore the psychology behind information spread and decision-making, as Johan highlights how drawing attention to content accuracy can differentially limit the propagation of false information, exemplified by Twitter's retweet validation feature.

(00:16:12) Adding Friction to Information Sharing

Learn about the significance of adding frictions to information sharing, exemplified by Twitter's prompt to prompt users to reconsider retweeting unread content, and its impact in curbing the spread of false information.

(00:18:30) The Value of Computational Auditing in Parole Systems

Shift gears as the discussion transitions to the world of parole systems, where Johan and Russ delve into the significance of computational auditing in shedding light on inconsistencies and arbitrariness within the California parole system.

(00:21:40) Analyzing Parole Grant Rates Across Commissioners

Explore the disparities in parole grant rates across different commissioners, as Johan explains the computational techniques employed to evaluate the system's fairness by shuffling commissioner assignments and examining deviations from expected outcomes.

(00:23:15) Unveiling Inconsistencies and Arbitrariness

Dive into the discoveries made through computational auditing, as Johan reveals the presence of inconsistencies and arbitrariness in the parole system, raising important questions about its fairness and potential avenues for improvement.

(00:25:16) Conclusion and Future Impact of Computational Audit

Reflect on the transformative potential of computational auditing in parole systems, as Johan and Russ discuss the broader implications of their work, including increased transparency, societal impact, and collaboration with criminal justice reform groups.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Delve into the possibilities of silicon photonics as a game-changer in chip manufacturing. This is a re-run of a show that Russ did with David Miller back in 2021. David is an electrical engineer, and works in the field of photonics. As he shares in this conversation, there’s great potential for the field of photonics to help solve the problems posed by an increasing demand for computing power. Silicon-chip computers are starting to hit fundamental limits, and advances in the field of photonics – technology that uses light waves – may be just the help we need. David’s research offers a bright spot as we look to a future that continuously demands more computing power. Enjoy!

Chapter Notes

(00:00:00) Introduction

Join us as we delve into the world of optical computing, exploring its potential to revolutionize information processing and overcome the limitations of traditional electronic systems.

(00:00:27) Limitations of electronic systems

Gain insights into the current constraints faced by electronic systems, such as speed and energy efficiency, and discover why alternative approaches are necessary.

(00:01:42) Challenges of copper wire interconnects 

Understand the challenges associated with copper wire interconnects and how optical interconnects offer a promising solution with their potential for increased speed and bandwidth.

(00:04:12) Optical interconnects explained

Dive deeper into the concept of optical interconnects, exploring the principles behind transmitting data through light and the advantages they hold over traditional copper wires.

(00:06:08) Optics in long-distance communication

Learn about the significant role optics plays in long-distance communication, from transmitting data through undersea cables to interconnecting cities with optical fiber networks.

(00:07:41) Growing demand for high-speed data transmission

Discover the growing demand for high-speed data transmission in data centers and the need for scalable solutions that can handle the increasing volume of information.

(00:09:50) Silicon photonics

Explore the cutting-edge technology of silicon photonics, which leverages existing manufacturing processes to create photonic chips, opening new possibilities for optical computing.

(00:11:08) Transparency of materials, germanium's role & integration challenges

Delve into the optical properties of materials like silicon and glass, the potential of germanium as a complementary material to silicon, and the challenges of integrating new materials into existing silicon-based manufacturing processes.

(00:13:37) Overcoming device energy limitations

Learn about the progress made in reducing the energy consumption of devices that convert electrical signals into optical signals, a crucial step in achieving efficient optical computing.

(00:15:48) Introduction to "deep optics" and future prospects

Explore the concept of "deep optics," which goes beyond interconnects to encompass the potential use of optics for processing tasks within computing systems, and discover the immense potential of deep optics to transform computing systems and pave the way for a new era of information processing.

(00:19:04) Programmable and self-configuring optical systems

Gain insights into the development of programmable and self-configuring optical systems that can adapt their behavior, optimize light streams, and open up possibilities for advanced information processing.

(00:23:36) Future prospects

Explore the immense potential of deep optics to transform computing systems and pave the way for a new era of information processing.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Chaitan Khosla is a chemical engineer who says that the world’s most advanced drug factories are not behemoths of the industrial age, but microscopic bacteria. These tiny creatures have evolved enzymatic assembly lines that ingest raw materials and churn out valuable other molecules, like life-saving antibiotics. By engineering new microbes, we hope to create next-generation drugs, Khosla tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapter Show Notes:

(00:00:43) Introduction to Assembly Lines and Antibiotics

Russ welcomes Professor Khosla and introduces the intriguing world of bacterial assembly lines and their crucial role in antibiotic synthesis. He emphasizes the significance of antibiotics and their intricate molecular structures.

(00:06:19) Enzymatic Assembly Lines: The Automotive Analogy

Drawing an analogy between assembly lines in nature and automotive assembly lines, discussion highlights the remarkable efficiency and meticulous organization of bacterial assembly lines.

(00:08:17) The Scale of Antibiotic Assembly Lines

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla delve into the scale of antibiotic assembly lines, using erythromycin as a prime example. They explore the multitude of enzymes involved in the assembly line process.

(00:10:34) Challenges in Antibiotic Synthesis

The conversation centers around the challenges faced by human chemists in synthesizing antibiotics compared to the remarkable efficiency and complexity of bacterial assembly lines.

(00:12:00) Uncovering Nature's Engineering Marvels

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla discuss the awe-inspiring engineering feats found in nature's assembly lines, exploring the intricacies of their construction and their functional significance.

(00:15:15) Expanding the Search for Assembly Lines

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla broaden the scope of assembly line research, discussing the potential for discovering novel assembly lines in previously unexplored organisms and environments.

(00:19:00) The Mystery of Orphan Assembly Lines

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla explore the enigmatic world of orphan assembly lines, discussing the fascination and curiosity surrounding these assembly lines whose functions remain unknown.

(00:22:00) Decoding the Language of Genes

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla delve into the process of deciphering the genetic code to unravel assembly line functions. They discuss the techniques and strategies employed in this intricate decoding process.

(00:24:00) Leveraging Artificial Intelligence in Assembly Line Analysis

The hosts discuss the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in analyzing assembly line data, showcasing the potential of these technologies to accelerate the discovery of assembly line functions.

(00:26:00) A Window into Nature's Medicine Cabinet

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla explore the remarkable potential of assembly lines in antibiotic discovery, unveiling how studying these assembly lines can unlock nature's vast repertoire of medicinal compounds.

(00:28:32) Novel Insights from Recent Assembly Line Discoveries

Russ Altman and Chaitan Khosla highlight the groundbreaking insights gained from recent assembly line discoveries, discussing the exciting prospects and implications of these findings.

(00:30:30) Conclusion and Show Wrap-up

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Explore the frontiers of 3D printing in healthcare and its potential to revolutionize personalized medicine, reshape prosthetics, and reimagine drug delivery systems.

In this episode we're re-sharing a conversation Russ had in 2021 with Joseph DeSimone, a professor of chemical engineering at Stanford University. This one is about health, and Joe tells us how 3D printing is transforming healthcare. His group is using it to make vaccine delivery easier and more effective. They're also creating implantable chemotherapy that kills tumors, while having fewer side effects for the patients. 

We hope you enjoy this glimpse of how 3D printing technologies are being used in novel and unexpected ways.

Chapter show notes:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces the episode and welcomes Joseph DeSimone, a renowned 3D printing expert and bioengineer.

(00:01:14) Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing in Healthcare

Altman and DeSimone discuss the transformative possibilities of 3D printing in personalized medicine, prosthetics, and drug delivery.

(00:04:25) Advancements in Personalized Prosthetics

The advancements in 3D printing technology for personalized prosthetics are explored, highlighting the benefits of customized solutions for patients.

(00:07:36) Innovations in Implantable Devices

DeSimone discusses the groundbreaking use of 3D printing for creating implantable devices, such as bone replacements and joint implants, with improved functionality and longevity.

(00:09:19) Custom Prosthetics and Implants

The use of 3D printing for custom prosthetics and implants is highlighted, showcasing its potential for improving patient outcomes.

(00:11:05) Enhancing Drug Delivery through 3D Printing

DeSimone explains how 3D printing has revolutionized drug delivery systems, allowing for precise control and targeted release of medications to enhance therapeutic outcomes.

(00:13:10) Precision Drug Delivery for Cancer Treatment

DeSimone discusses the implantable devices used for targeted chemotherapy delivery, including a description of their appearance and components. 

(00:15:40) Applications of localized drug delivery in various cancers are explored.

(00:20:10) Advanced Materials for Bioprinting

The use of bioprinting and the development of advanced materials for creating functional tissues and organs are discussed, highlighting their potential impact on regenerative medicine.

(00:22:15) Harnessing 3D Printing for Regenerative Medicine

The potential of 3D printing in regenerative medicine, including tissue engineering and organ transplantation, is examined, highlighting its ability to create patient-specific solutions.

(00:23:35) Ensuring Data Security and Patient Privacy

The importance of data security and patient privacy in the context of 3D printing healthcare solutions is emphasized, exploring strategies to safeguard sensitive information.

(00:25:05) Trust and Ethics in 3D Printing Healthcare

The ethical considerations and challenges surrounding 3D printing in healthcare, including regulatory frameworks and patient privacy, are discussed.

(00:27:14) Diversity and Trust in Bioengineering and Healthcare

DeSimone discusses his involvement in issues of diversity and trust within bioengineering and healthcare. The connection between values, diversity, and fostering an innovative environment is examined.

(00:28:30) The Mathematical Impact of Diversity

Altman and DeSimone discuss the tangible benefits of diverse teams in driving progress and innovative solutions. The concept of combinatorial approaches and the need for diversity in disciplines and human experiences is highlighted.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Neuroscientist Kalanit Grill-Spector studies the physiology of human vision and says that the ways computers and people see are in some ways similar, but in other ways quite different. In fact, she says, rapid advances in computational modeling, such as deep neural networks, applied to brain data and new imaging technologies, like quantitative MRI and diffusion MRI, are revolutionizing our understanding of how the human brain sees. We’re unraveling how the brain “computes” visual information, as Grill-Spector tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Chapter Time Stamps:

(00:01:30) Episode introduction: Exploring the fascinating field of cognitive neuroscience and brain development with Kalanit Grill-Spector.

(00:02:45) Dr Grill-Spector's background and research interests: The intersection of cognitive neuroscience, psychology, and computer science.

(00:04:00) The crucial role of experience in shaping brain development: Understanding how environmental factors influence neural specialization.

(00:09:55) The development of word processing regions in the brain: Investigating the emergence and evolution of brain regions associated with reading and word recognition.

(00:11:30) The evolution of word specialization and its implications: Exploring how the brain acquires the ability to read and process words.

(00:14:20) Shift in research focus to studying brain development in infants: Exploring the critical early phases of brain development and the impact of experience on neural circuits.

(00:16:40) Pokemon, Brain Representation, and Perception: The surprising findings on the continued development of word and face processing regions. Discovering the extended period of specialization and plasticity in these brain areas.

(00:19:10) Unexpected decline in specialization for body parts, particularly hands: Examining the trade-off between different cognitive abilities as brain regions specialize.

(00:22:00) Understanding the potential impact of experience on brain organization: Examining how environmental factors shape the neural pathways and cognitive capabilities.

(00:25:00) Investigating the influence of Pokemon on brain representation and perception: Analyzing the effects of exposure to specific visual stimuli on brain organization.

(00:27:15) The unique characteristics of Pokemon stimuli: Exploring how visual features, animacy, and stimulus size affect brain responses.

(00:29:00) Specificity of brain representation for Pokemons: Uncovering whether the brain develops distinct neural pathways for Pokemon stimuli.

(00:31:45) Comparing the effects of word learning: Understanding the potential trade-offs in brain specialization.

(00:32:45) Technical challenges in studying infant's brains: Discussing the need for new tools and analysis methods to study developing brains.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Debra Kaysen is a psychologist specializing in treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who says that promising new cognitive and behavioral therapies are, quite literally, giving people “their lives back.” These therapies work without drugs to help patients manage their disease and its symptoms and, perhaps, even cure PTSD. We’re providing tools to change how they think, Kaysen tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

For interested listeners, Kaysen offers a list of PTSD resources:

Resources

• Previous TFoE episode with Shaili Jain on treatments for PTSD
• https://istss.org/public-resources/trauma-basics
• https://istss.org/public-resources/find-a-clinician
• https://adaa.org/learn-from-us/from-the-experts/blog-posts/consumer/what-youre-feeling-ptsd-what-do-help

Free apps from the VA for PTSD and other related concerns

• https://www.ptsd.va.gov/appvid/mobile/
• https://www.abct.org/get-help/

For a Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) trained therapist

• https://cptforptsd.com/cpt-provider-roster/

Stanford’s PTSD clinic

• https://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/patient_care/ptsd.html

International resource for a Prolonged Exposure (PE) trained therapist

• https://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/find_pe_therapist.html

Chapter Timestamps:

(00:00:00) Introduction to Trauma Therapy and Digital Mental Health

 Russ Altman introduces the topic of trauma therapy and discusses the advancements in digital mental health.

 (00:01:45) Support Apps for Trauma Survivors

Debra Kaysen explores the use of mobile applications as a means of support for sexual assault survivors in the immediate aftermath of trauma.

(00:03:15) Overcoming Barriers

Finding Therapists: Debra Kaysen highlights the challenges survivors face in finding therapists and the potential of apps to bridge that gap.

(00:05:10) Bridging the Gap: Challenges in Accessing Support

Debra Kaysen discusses the difficulties survivors face in accessing timely support and how apps can provide a solution.

(00:08:00) The Power of Telehealth for PTSD Treatment

Debra Kaysen emphasizes the effectiveness of telehealth in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its growing acceptance in the field.

(00:10:15) Equivalence of Telehealth and In-Person Therapy

Debra Kaysen shares her personal experience of providing therapy to her patients via telehealth and highlights its equivalence to in-person sessions.

(00:12:30) Exploring Asynchronous Therapy with Text Messages

Debra Kaysen delves into the use of text messages as a form of asynchronous therapy for PTSD treatment, offering flexibility and convenience.

(00:14:20) Enhancing Support: Immediate Response and Accessibility  

Debra Kaysen discusses the immediate response and accessibility benefits of asynchronous therapy with text messages.

(00:16:00) Building Trust and Establishing Rapport  

Debra Kaysen emphasizes the importance of building trust and establishing rapport in digital therapy settings.

(00:18:00) Honesty and Reduced Fear of Judgment 

Russ Altman discusses the potential for reduced fear of judgment in digital therapy, allowing individuals to be more open and honest in their communication.

 (00:20:00) Exploring Effective Therapeutic Techniques

Debra Kaysen explores various therapeutic techniques used in trauma therapy and their effectiveness in promoting healing.

(00:24:15) Long-Term Outcomes and Prevention

Debra Kaysen explores the long-term outcomes of trauma therapy, highlighting its potential to prevent symptom recurrence and equip individuals with lifelong resilience skills.

(00:26:00) Empowering Individuals: Coping Strategies

Debra Kaysen discusses empowering individuals with effective coping strategies to navigate future traumas.

(00:28:00) Sustaining Progress: Follow-up and Resilience

Debra Kaysen discusses the importance of follow-up care and how trauma therapy helps individuals develop resilience.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Hi everyone, Russ here, we’re running a best-of episode this week to re-share a conversation I had in 2021 with Karen Liu, an associate professor of computer science here at Stanford Engineering. The conversation is relevant today because, as we all know, AI is having a moment, and robotics is an important part of that. Karen and her lab have a goal of enabling robots to contribute in caregiving roles - think of tasks like helping medical patients get dressed each day - and they’re using physics-based simulations to do that. I hope you’ll take some time to tune into this discussion, it’s a timely and relevant one given larger societal conversations about AI. Enjoy!

Chapter Time Stamps:
(00:00:00) Introduction 

Russ Altman interviews Karen Liu, a Stanford professor in computer science, to explore the advancements in exoskeleton technology and their impact on human augmentation.

(00:01:12) Defining Exoskeletons

Karen Liu provides an overview of exoskeletons as wearable devices that enhance human capabilities and become an integral part of the wearer's body.

(00:02:30) Wearable Devices and Human Augmentation 

The discussion delves into the concept of wearable devices augmenting human abilities, drawing parallels to popular culture references such as Iron Man.

(00:05:40) Incorporating Sensors and Cameras

Karen Liu explains how sensors and cameras are integrated into exoskeletons to understand the wearer's environment, enabling the exoskeleton to anticipate future actions.

(00:07:55) Parallels with Self-Driving Car Technologies

Exploring similarities with self-driving cars, the conversation highlights how exoskeletons can leverage environmental awareness to guide the wearer's movements.

(00:09:20) Modeling Human Behavior and Intentions

The discussion shifts to the modeling of human behavior and predicting user intentions to ensure exoskeleton assistance aligns with user expectations and maintains their independence.

(00:11:30) Ensuring User Safety and Comfort 

The focus turns to designing exoskeletons that prioritize user safety and comfort, considering factors such as ergonomics and personalized adjustments.

(00:13:45) Real-Time Adaptive Assistance

The conversation explores the potential for exoskeletons to dynamically adapt assistance levels in real time based on the wearer's needs and changing circumstances.

(00:15:20) Balancing Assistance and User Independence

The importance of finding the right balance between providing assistance and preserving user independence is discussed, ensuring that exoskeletons empower rather than hinder.

(00:17:05) Ethical Considerations and Accessibility

The discussion touches upon ethical considerations surrounding exoskeleton technology, including accessibility, affordability, and ensuring equal opportunities for all users.

(00:18:30) Optimizing Performance and Efficiency

The conversation dives into strategies for optimizing the performance and efficiency of exoskeletons, including advancements in energy management and battery technologies.

(00:19:45) User Feedback and Iterative Design

Karen Liu highlights the significance of user feedback and iterative design processes in refining exoskeleton technology to better meet user needs and preferences.

(00:20:30) Future Possibilities and Advancements 

Looking ahead, the conversation explores potential advancements in exoskeleton technology, including advancements in artificial intelligence and personalized exoskeleton designs.

(00:22:00) Collaborations and Interdisciplinary Research

The importance of interdisciplinary collaborations in advancing exoskeleton technology is discussed, emphasizing the need for expertise from various fields.

(00:23:10) Summary and Key Takeaways

Russ Altman summarizes the main points discussed throughout the episode, highlighting key takeaways for listeners to reflect upon.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Bill Mitch says it’s no secret the world is running short of fresh water. As a civil and environmental engineer, he sees wastewater as a potential solution, if only we can eliminate the impurities. Mitch designs systems to remove toxic chemicals from wastewater to enable its reuse as a drinking water supply. It’s not easy, but it costs half as much as desalinating seawater, Mitch tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Show Notes & Chapters: The future of Wastewater

(00:00:05) Introduction

Russ introduces the podcast and guest, William Mitch, who discusses the future of wastewater treatment.

(00:00:38) Nitrogen in Wastewater Treatment

Russ and William kick off the conversation with an insightful discussion on the issues surrounding the nitrogen cycle in wastewater treatment. They discuss the nitrogen cycle, the role of nitrogen in wastewater treatment, and the challenges of removing it from wastewater, including the current technologies being used.

(00:02:28) The Basics of Wastewater Treatment

Mitch explains the fundamental process of wastewater treatment, highlighting the initial step of removing solids and the biological process of removing organic matter.

(00:07:35) Understanding Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Mitch explains the concept of BOD, its importance in water treatment, and how technology has evolved to measure it.

(00:10:19) The Challenge of Nitrogen Removal

Discussion about the difficulties and processes involved in removing nitrogen from wastewater, focusing on the traditional and newer approaches.

(00:14:02) Energy Consumption in Wastewater Treatment

Mitch talks about the substantial energy demand involved in wastewater treatment, especially in the nitrogen removal process.

(00:17:32) Research on Nitrogen Removal

Mitch discusses his lab's research on a more energy-efficient process for nitrogen removal from wastewater, explaining the concept of anammox bacteria and their role in this process.

(00:20:49)  Phosphate Removal and Regulation

Mitch talks about the lack of regulatory pressure for phosphorus removal from water and its potential future implications.

(00:21:30) Public Acceptance of Wastewater Treatment Technologies

Russ probes into the public acceptance of wastewater technologies, specifically potable reuse of wastewater. William discusses the changes in public attitudes towards recycled water over the past decades, the importance of public relations campaigns and community education in shaping these attitudes, and the future of potable reuse facilities.

(00:24:39) The Quality of Potable Reuse Waters vs. Conventional Water Supplies

William discusses a recent study comparing the quality of water from potable reuse plants to conventional water supplies. He reveals that the treated waters were found to be of higher quality than surface waters and comparable in quality to groundwater supplies.

(00:27:00) Chlorinated Taste in Drinking Water

Russ asks William about the common chlorinated taste in drinking water. William explains the chemical reactions that lead to this taste and why it isn't necessarily a red flag for consumers.

(00:28:00) Future of Separate Infrastructures for Potable and Non-Potable Water

They wrap up the conversation discussing the possibility and implications of having separate infrastructures for potable water and water used for other purposes. William explains the logistical challenges and why many utilities are moving towards potable reuse.

(00:29:08) Conclusion

Russ concludes the episode, thanking William for his insights into the future of wastewater, and invites listeners to subscribe, rate, and review the podcast for future episodes.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Matteo Cargnello approaches the challenge of greenhouse gases from a different perspective. He doesn’t study how harmful chemicals got in the skies, or even the consequences. Instead, Cargnello is using his skills as a chemical engineer to turn them into other benign or useful chemicals. So far, he’s turned greenhouse gases into valuable industrial chemicals, polymers, renewable fuels, and even ethanol. Useful products from greenhouse gases, that's the dream, Cargnello tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’sThe Future of Everything.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

This episode of The Future of Everything podcast with Srabanti Chowdhury first ran in 2022. We’re sharing it again to offer a glimpse into research being done to identify new materials for semiconductors that could lead to smaller, faster, more powerful and more energy efficient electronics. Since we recorded this episode, the CHIPS and Science Act was signed into law, creating a $280 billion dollar investment in the field over the next 10 years, and in light of the renewed commitment to this technology, we’re excited to share this conversation on the future of semiconductor materials. 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Deborah Cullinan’s job is to integrate arts of every form across campus. She says art has the power to heal and may be the answer to many of our present-day societal problems, such as growing political polarization and social isolation borne by the pandemic. Art advances equity, improves health, and enhances well-being for all, she says. Everyone should see themselves as artists—engineers, physicians, political scientists alike. "We all want to have creative lives," Cullinan tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Helen Bronte-Stewart is a neurologist and an expert in movement disorders, like Parkinson’s. She says new approaches, such as closed-loop deep-brain stimulation, and new digital health technologies that chart subtle changes in movement are reshaping the field, leading to new understandings and new treatments for this once-untreatable disease. To modulate behavior, you first have to measure it, Bronte-Stewart tells host Russ Altman. It’s the future of movement disorders in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Our guest, Christopher Manning, is a computational linguist. He builds computer models that understand and generate language using math. Words are the key component of human intelligence, he says, and why generative AI, like ChatGPT, has caused such a stir. We used to hope a model might produce one coherent sentence and suddenly ChatGPT is composing five-paragraph stories and doing mathematical proofs in rhyming verse, Manning tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

This episode of The Future of Everything podcast with Mehran Sahami first ran in 2019. We’re sharing it again to offer a glimpse into the ways our faculty are thinking about computer science education, an increasingly popular and impactful field of study. Earlier this week, Sahami and another of his colleagues, Chris Piech, launched the third offering of Code In Place, a free online course that offers coding education to people all over the world. 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Kathleen Eisenhardt is an expert in strategy and organizational behavior. She studies corporate decision making. She says the most creative companies are like jazz bands. Bound by a few simple rules, they are able to innovate continually. Other companies are like orchestras, tied to rigid scores and complex rules; they find it hard to improvise. If innovation is your metric, Eisenhardt says, having a few simple rules is the best path to success, as she tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

While DNA may be the blueprint of life, proteins are the workhorses, says Polly Fordyce, a bioengineer, explaining how one of her favorites, kinesin, “walks” in 8-nanometer steps transporting chemical cargo through the body. More remarkable still, Fordyce says, kinesin is just one among thousands of “incredible” proteins that make life happen, as she tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Rising temperatures and rainfall from climate change will have a surprising effect on human health, says biologist Erin Mordecai, an expert in diseases borne by mosquitoes, ticks and other living creatures. Such conditions are perfect breeding grounds for parasites that will bring deadly diseases to the U.S. and other places once thought out of reach. Hope may rest in mathematical models to guide smarter environmental policies, as Mordecai tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

When we’re sick, the time between onset and diagnosis is critical, sometimes life-saving. It turns out the human immune system is pretty good at knowing what’s making us sick. In fact, it’s telling us all the time, but only now is science tuning in to what nature has to say, explains Purvesh Khatri. The immune system is a “perfect diagnostic,” he tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

When one has a medical procedure in America, it is often an algorithm that figures out how much of the cost will be reimbursed. That leads to a lot of unfairness, worse health outcomes for many and a group of insurers who learn to game the system, says guest Sherri Rose, a statistician and health policy researcher who studies the causes of such inequities. Rose is using artificial intelligence to root out these bad incentives and to bring greater equity and better care to the American health system, as she tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

With the advent of wearable devices and omnipresent monitoring of heart, lungs, blood and more, scientists can now gather unprecedented amounts of personal medical data. Just ask guest Michael Snyder, referred to as “medicine’s most-measured man.” He is the author of Genomics and Personalized Medicine: What Everyone Needs to Know and has collected billions of bytes of his own biodata. Snyder says that all this data can lead to earlier diagnosis than ever before, often before symptoms appear, as he tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering's The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

While many users remain blissfully unaware, a battle is raging for the future of the internet. On the one hand are the large phone and cable companies who want to promote their services and to charge more for video and other data. On the other are people, like guest Barbara van Schewick, a lawyer, who champions a more democratic approach known as net neutrality. Net neutrality guarantees unfettered access for all and makes sure that we get to choose what we do online, van Schewick tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Beatriz Magaloni is a lawyer and a professor of political science who studies the challenges at the intersection of governance, poverty, and police violence in Latin America. On this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast, Magaloni tells host Russ Altman that the solution to these challenges begins with studying the root causes as explained by people living in the communities that are most impacted.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Nicholas Bloom has studied telecommuting for 20 years. Prior to the pandemic, he says, just five percent of days were “worked from home,” but the number is now closer to one in three. It looks like the hybrid workplace is here to stay. What was once thought to be a boon to employee morale has also helped companies slash real estate budgets. But, it’s not all sunshine and roses, as Bloom tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

On this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast, guest Mac Schwager talks safety in multi-robot systems, like those controlling the autonomous vehicles that will soon fill our future. Some engineers are helping robots communicate better among themselves while others are working on “emotionally aware” algorithms able to pick up on subtle cues in how others are driving to help robots make better on-the-road decisions.

Never fear, Schwager says, the future is in good hands. “Autonomous cars will reach a level of safety that surpasses that of human drivers, but it may take a little while,” he tells host Russ Altman on this episode of The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Our guest on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast, Ilan Kroo, is an expert in aircraft design. But when Kroo talks of aircraft, he means a new generation of flying vehicles that could transform our very concept of transportation—like personal flying cars that take off and land vertically or commercial airliners fueled by clean-burning hydrogen.

Kroo says the rapid changes he’s seeing in the industry could lead to safer, less expensive, more efficient—and quieter—air travel. Listen in as he shares more with host Russ Altman on this episode of The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Helen Blau is a stem cell biologist and expert in why, as we age, our muscles weaken, even if we get exercise and try to stay fit. In an age when humans are living longer, our muscles are critical to living life to the fullest and Blau is helping them keep pace by recruiting stem cells to regenerate youthful muscle in older people.

Join us on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast as Blau and host Russ Altman discuss the science of muscle regeneration.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

This episode's guest on Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast is Lawrence Wein, an expert in the science of catching criminals using DNA left behind years or even decades prior. All it takes is a snippet of the killer’s DNA and for a relative of the killer to have registered their DNA with one of the many genealogy websites in operation today. Armed with those few details, genetic detectives quickly narrow in on the suspect. They’ve used it to capture some of the most reviled, previously unidentified killers on record.

Listen in as Wein joins host Russ Altman to discuss the mathematics of forensic genetic genealogy on this episode of The Future of Everything podcast.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Natural sounds in the world around us are based on the principles of physics. Today’s guest on Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast, Doug James, uses those same principles to create computer-generated sounds to match the imaginary computer-generated objects and creatures that inhabit almost every movie or game these days.

His algorithms speed the animator’s work and make the final product all-the-more believable, as James tells host Russ Altman on this episode of The Future of Everything podcast

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

This episode's guest on Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast, management science and engineering professor Melissa Valentine studies a workplace phenomenon known as the flash organization. These ad hoc groups of experts are assembled online and exist only long enough to solve a particular problem—perhaps a week or few months at a time. As soon as the problem is solved, the flash org dissipates, and the participants get paid for their time and expertise. It’s a whole new way to work.

Join us for a look at the future of the gig economy on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

At the end of this episode, host Russ Altman, along with the entire production team of The Future of Everything, offer a tribute to our audio engineer, Ray Avila, who passed away in October of 2022. Ray's work was instrumental in making this podcast possible and his presence is sorely missed.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Our guest on this episode of Stanford Engineering's The Future of Everything podcast, Elaine Treharne, is an English professor and an authority on ancient manuscripts. She's using modern tools like machine learning to unlock the secrets hidden inside these aged pages. Despite frequent predictions of the demise of physical writing, she says, books will never go away. Physical writing, she believes, is a perfectly human manifestation of our humanity—an effort by transient beings to create something eternal.

All this and more as Treharne and our host Russ Altman discuss the future of books, writing and reading on this episode of The Future of Everything.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

On this episode of Stanford Engineering's The Future of Everything podcast, robotics expert Oussama Khatib takes us on a deep dive into the vagaries of creating robots that swim. His most recent project is OceanOneK, a 200-pound, humanoid robot with stereoscopic vision and opposable thumbs that can travel nearly a thousand meters below the surface. When the pressure was on, Khatib had to redesign everything he thought he knew about robots, he says, beginning with a new glass-like shell good to 6,000 PSI.

Listen as Khatib and host Russ Altman plumb the depths of underwater robots on this installment of The Future of Everything.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

On this episode of Stanford Engineering's The Future of Everything podcast, Stanford infectious disease expert Desiree LaBeaud talks trash, literally. She says carelessly discarded plastics can collect water, providing a perfect nursery to mosquitoes that then spread dengue, chikungunya, Zika, yellow fever and other killer diseases worldwide. Plastic trash has become a public health nightmare as LaBeaud tells host Russ Altman and listeners of The Future of Everything. Reducing it is now a critical component of life-saving disease prevention strategies.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Civil and environmental engineer Alexandria Boehm joins Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast to discuss how a new form of epidemiology is using the tools of engineering to test wastewater to track COVID-19’s true spread. The wastewater that enters a treatment facility is really just one big biological sample, Boehm says. Testing it is far more accurate than COVID-19 case data, and it is useful for tracking other diseases in our communities, as well.

Listen in to this episode of The Future of Everything, as Boehm and host Russ Altman explore the great promise of wastewater epidemiology.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

On this episode of Stanford Engineering's The Future of Everything podcast, Stanford bioengineer Jan Liphardt talks about the challenge of getting good medical recommendations and diagnoses while guaranteeing that a patient's health secrets remain private. Computing on encrypted data is the way, he says. Tune in as health data expert Liphardt and host Russ Altman discuss the future of health privacy.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Stanford pediatrics professor Anisha Patel tells us how engaging a local community about their health concerns can lead to impactful discoveries and interventions. She recounts how a visit to a middle school helped her team realize that simple access to drinking water was a problem in schools across the nation. Patel also shares how similar interactions during the COVID pandemic created a system of free lunches at public schools that helped ensure food security for children throughout the country. On this episode of The Future of Everything, Patel and host Russ Altman discuss the future of community health. 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

To better understand the inner workings of glacier — which are often many kilometers in depth — researchers are using ice-penetrating radar, which sends radio waves through the ice, to create maps of what it looks like inside.

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Stanford radio glaciologist Dustin (Dusty) Schroeder explains how this technique works and how the data it generates can help us understand the implications of climate change here on Earth. Together with host, bioengineer Russ Altman, Schroeder also discusses how he and his team are using this technology to investigate the habitability of moons and planets in our solar system – and whether there might be life already there. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

When we think of synchrony, we often think of positive things, like ice skaters gliding in tandem. But if there’s too much synchrony in the brain – when neurons fire simultaneously – it can be a problem.

In fact, abnormal neural synchrony underlies many neurological conditions, including Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and dystonia. In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Stanford professor of neurosurgery Peter Tass joins host, Stanford bioengineer Russ Altman, to discuss how vibrational therapies, such as a glove that applies vibrations to an individual’s fingertips, can help patients with neurological conditions by helping the neurons break and unlearn synchronicity. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Primary care medicine represents 52% of all care delivered in the United States, but when it comes to AI innovation, it’s been largely left behind.

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Stanford physician Steven Lin, explains how AI could improve healthcare logistics, optimize patient care, and significantly lower costs by reducing the clerical burdens that cost the U.S. healthcare system billions of dollars a year and keep physicians from spending more time with their patients. Learn more with Lin and host, bioengineer and fellow physician, Russ Altman. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Take a look around your neighborhood and you’ll see a few things you like -- and, most likely, a few you don’t. Maybe you need a crosswalk near the senior home. Or garbage keeps getting dumped on the sidewalk.

Now imagine if you and others in your community could document what you saw, collect those data, identify and agree on issues to prioritize, and then find feasible solutions for them?

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Stanford faculty member Abby King, professor of epidemiology and population health and of medicine, explains how this scenario is possible, starting with a mobile app called the Our Voice Discovery Tool. King and host, bioengineer Russ Altman, also discuss how this by-the-people type of citizen science can help improve the well-being and health of communities in the U.S. and around the world. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Algorithms inform the news you read, the TV shows you watch, and the advertisements that appear on your internet searches – and they also have a say in who gets a bank loan, what medical procedures are covered by insurance, and who gets selected for a job interview. As algorithms are used to make these decisions, how do we make sure they’re fair? And what does fairness even mean?

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, computer science professor Omer Reingold explains how we can create definitions of fairness that can be incorporated into computer algorithms. Reingold and host, bioengineer Russ Altman, also discuss how flawed historic data may result in algorithms making unfair decisions and how a technique called multi-group fairness can improve health predictions for individuals. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Unfortunately, not every medical procedure is 100% successful. Due to the complexity of breast cancer lumpectomies, for instance, 16–25% of surgeries fail to remove the entire tumor, requiring patients to repeat the procedure. But to improve surgery success rates, and their efficiency, physicians are now looking to technologies from a surprising source: the gaming industry.

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Bruce Daniel, a professor of radiology, explains how technologies developed by the gaming industry, such as virtual reality and body tracking, can be used to improve medicine. With host, bioengineer Russ Altman, Daniel also discusses how the potential of these technologies goes beyond surgeries, even helping patients manage anxiety before undergoing stressful diagnostic procedures like MRIs. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Since they were invented more than a century ago, airplanes have gone from carrying a single person to ferrying many hundreds of people and several tons of cargo. Despite the increase in size and capacity, commercial aircraft have actually become quieter over the past several decades, thanks to a few key design changes informed by fluid mechanics, a branch of physics that studies fluids in motion.

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Sanjiva Lele, a professor of aeronautics and astronautics and of mechanical engineering, explains how adjustments in aircraft design, landing gear, and engines can have massive consequences for the field of aeroacoustics.

Lele joins host, bioengineer Russ Altman, to also discuss how high-fidelity simulations can be used to study and improve the fluid mechanical modeling of aircraft engines, as well as wind turbines. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Data shows that greater gender diversity on company leadership groups leads to improved business outcomes, says Stanford cardiologist Hannah Valantine. Likewise, she says, in medical research, where diversity boosts the development of new technologies.

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Valantine, the former inaugural chief officer for scientific workforce diversity at the National Institutes of Health, as well as a senior investigator at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, discusses why increasing the diversity of researchers and study participants is vital to medical innovation. Valantine and host, bioengineer Russ Altman, then explore the barriers that keep new medical technologies, such as a blood test to detect signs of heart transplant rejection, from being used in hospitals. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

In our deeply polarized society, the prospect of holding thoughtful discussions on policy issues seems impossible. But it doesn’t have to be. In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, James Fishkin, a professor of communication at Stanford, describes the deliberative polling model, a system of structured and moderated small group discussions that can help bring people together and bridge differences in perspective on even some of the most politically fraught issues. Together with host, bioengineer Russ Altman, Fishkin discusses how deliberative democracy has been successfully used in more than 30 countries, including Chile, Denmark, and Japan, and how it can be scaled up through technology. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Many of the lies, distortions, and pieces of disinformation online are easy to spot. But as technology advances it will become harder to tell the difference between video and images that are true and accurate and those that are manipulated or outright made up. In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Jonathan Dotan, of Stanford’s Starling Lab for Data Integrity, and host, bioengineer Russ Altman, discuss what researchers are doing to keep ahead of advances in deep fakes and other forms of manipulated media. Dotan explains how the lab is using cryptography and blockchain technologies to verify the veracity of images and videos, and how these tools are already being used to document war crimes in Syria and Ukraine, and to secure the testimonies of genocide survivors. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Physicians diagnose Alzheimer’s disease with tests that measure memory loss and behavioral change. But many years before these symptoms appear, the disease is changing the brain, leading to the buildup of misfolded proteins and brain shrinkage that cause cognitive decline. In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Stanford mechanical engineer Ellen Kuhl explains how she’s using databases of brain images of both Alzheimer’s patients and healthy individuals to create computational models that show how the disease spreads through distinct parts of the brain and gradually impacts different brain functions. Kuhl and host, Stanford bioengineer Russ Altman, explore how these models have generated new insights into how Alzheimer’s affects the brain, as well as its diagnosis and its potential treatment. Listen and subscribe here. 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Humans have been trying to predict when earthquakes will happen for centuries, with little success, by developing earthquake detectors and by wondering if unusual animal behavior could be a sign of an incoming temblor. In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Eric Dunham, a geophysicist at Stanford University, explains that while we’re still unable to predict when earthquakes will happen, advanced computers and new sensors on the seafloor are pushing the field of natural-hazard modelling forward and providing new information about the nature of earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. Dunham and host, bioengineer Russ Altman, discuss how this modeling could help us understand where large earthquakes and tsunamis are likely to happen – and how it could help us prepare for these potentially devastating events. Listen and subscribe here. 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Computer chips are everywhere: your cellphone, your car, even your refrigerator. And they’re essential to enabling advances in artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles, and faster and better computers -- and to solving global challenges such as climate change. The omnipresence of this foundational technology has been growing for decades, but the pandemic accelerated the digital transformation of society, significantly increasing the demand for more and better chips.

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Stanford electrical engineer Philip Wong and host, bioengineer Russ Altman, discuss why filling that need will require a greater emphasis on semiconductor research in universities, global cooperation, and increased investment in both research and development (R&D) and manufacturing. They also discuss the importance of shortening the distance between the kind of computer chip innovations happening in university labs and the fabrication of the next generation of chips, or what Wong calls “the lab-to-fab gap.” Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Search online and you’ll find lists of all the skills entrepreneurs should have - among them are imagination, creativity, innovation, entrepreneurship. But are entrepreneurs born with these relevant skills, or can they be taught?

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Tina Seelig, professor of the practice in the Department of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford, explains the differences between imagination, creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship, and how all four can be taught and then applied to finding solutions to big challenges. Join Seelig and host, bioengineer Russ Altman, as they discuss how to train a generation of entrepreneurs who will make positive contributions to the world. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

The consequences of climate change have already been devastating: wildfires, drought, coastal flooding, and increased temperatures, among them. And there are massive economic, societal, and geopolitical and security costs as well. It's no wonder that many people may feel the situation at this point is hopeless. But in this episode of the Future of Everything, Stanford’s Chris Field tells host and bioengineer Russ Altman that the world has made more progress than we might have expected a decade ago, and that we can still pave a way to a sustainable future, both by reducing emissions and by adapting to the impact of increasing temperatures through such things as technological innovation and improved infrastructure and land and resource management. Listen and subscribe here. 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

The vast majority of substances are neither liquid, solid, nor gas – but an alternative form that shares characteristics of liquids and gases. Among them are gels, glasses, and colloidal suspensions, and they’re an essential part of everyday products like toothpaste, paint, hair products, and even windows. Stanford chemical engineer Roseanna Zia is an expert on the gel-like substance known as colloids.

In this episode of Stanford Engineering's The Future of Everything, Zia joins host Russ Altman to talk about the physics of these substances, and how a greater understanding of colloids can improve our understanding of cells, biological processes, and human health and disease. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Conducting a surgery is one of the most complex tasks an individual can do — but how do you recognize the difference between the highly skilled surgeons performing at the top of their game and those still honing their techniques? With the help of wearable sensors, motion tracking and video, physicians can now watch surgeons in action, quantify their movements, and determine how highly skilled physicians accomplish the unique choreography of surgery.
 

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Carla Pugh, a professor of surgery at Stanford, discusses what we learn when we measure physicians’ movements, and how studying the movements of skilled surgeons can shorten the learning curve for their less experienced colleagues. Dr. Pugh joins bioengineer and host Russ Altman to explore the future of surgery. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Are U.S. adults happy? Sad? Depressed? One can answer these questions by calling thousands of people and surveying their psychological state, a strategy that’s both costly and time-consuming. But with the help of machine learning and artificial intelligence, you can also measure a population’s well-being by turning to social media platforms and tracking what millions of people are talking about.

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, computational social scientist Johannes Eichstaedt and host, bioengineer Russ Altman, discuss how social media can be used to gauge a population’s psychological state, including how events like COVID-19 have impacted well-being. They also discuss how social media has the potential to work as an early warning system for public health crises to help cities and counties deploy resources where they’re most needed. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Start an email with “I hope” and before you can type the next word, the program will suggest you complete it with “all is well.” You may not have realized it, but this is AI-generated text. In the past several years, this technology has advanced beyond completing sentences in emails: It can now respond to others’ emails, and write essays, hip-hop songs, public health messages, and much more. What’s more, it can sometimes be even more effective than humans at conveying certain messages. In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Jeff Hancock, a professor of communication at Stanford, explores this phenomenon and its positive and negative implications for how we communicate and how we understand our interactions with one another and the world. Learn more with Hancock and host Stanford Professor Russ Altman. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

The world has made remarkable gains in pediatric medicine and public health over the past several generations. The average American child of the 21st century has access to clean water and milk, fully functioning sewage systems, and antibiotics, vaccines, and other medicines. Result: Child mortality rates have declined dramatically over the past century. At the same time, a widening income gap in the United States has led to vastly different prevalence rates for health conditions between low- and high-income families, says Stanford pediatrician Lisa Chamberlain. And COVID-19, she says, has put a spotlight on many of the health challenges associated with these wealth disparities. In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Chamberlain joins host Professor Russ Altman to discusses these issues, and how telehealth might help overcome some of the burgeoning challenges in pediatric health. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

It may not be immediately obvious, but there are huge financial, environmental and security costs associated with storing all the selfies, videos, documents and other digital assets the world is generating. One way to address this issue is by developing better compression algorithms that can represent the data more succinctly. Another is by creating new ways of storing the information itself, including, potentially, within biological molecules.

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Stanford electrical engineer Tsachy Weissman discusses with host Professor Russ Altman the challenges associated with storing our ever-growing mountains of digital data – and how they can be addressed. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Children have an amazing capacity for healing after injury. Break a leg, the bone grows back; cut a finger, the skin heals. But as we age, most tissues no longer heal easily, and tissue loss is unavoidable due to aging, degenerative diseases such as arthritis, and cancer.

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, Fan Yang and host and fellow bioengineer Russ Altman, discuss how biomaterials created in a lab can be injected into wound sites to enable tissue regeneration or rejuvenation by modulating stem cells, vasculature, or immune responses.

They also discuss the potential of exploiting such biomaterials to create 3D cancer models to facilitate discovery of novel drugs with reduced time and cost. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

You might not realize it, but AI-driven systems are integrated into virtually every aspect of our lives. But how can we be certain the values AI systems are striving for reflect what we want for ourselves and for society? And how can scientists and engineers do a better job of increasing people’s trust in AI? Stanford computer scientist Carlos Guestrin is a leading voice on how to advance and implement a more trustworthy AI. Learn about his work in this area, and his particular interest in AI and healthcare, on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, with host Professor Russ Altman. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Anyone who’s ever been to a hospital knows that the healthcare system is extremely complex. Every patient has their own challenges – and they will typically see multiple physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare practitioners, and come into contact with a slew of medical technologies, protocols, and billing and insurance systems.

Sara Singer, a Stanford professor of medicine, is an expert on integrated care – the development of tools, technologies, and processes designed to improve the interactions among patients, clinicians, and other providers to lower costs and improve health outcomes.

In this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, she explains how new technology, and its improved integration into the healthcare system, can enhance practitioners’ ability to care for patients. Learn more with host Professor Russ Altman. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Whether it’s autonomous vehicles or assistive technology in healthcare that can do things like help the elderly do core tasks like feeding themselves, some of the most challenging problems in the field of robotics involve how robots interact with humans, with all of our many complexities.

Drawing from fields as varied as cognitive neuroscience, psychology, and behavioral economics, Stanford computer scientist Dorsa Sadigh is exploring how to train robots to better understand humans – and how to give humans the skills to more seamlessly work with robots.

Learn more on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything, with host Professor Russ Altman. Listen and subscribe 

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Among the many areas James Zou might have chosen to apply his considerable knowledge of artificial intelligence, he opted for health care. It was the most interesting, the most complex and the most impactful area of study. In short, it was the most exciting outlet for his expertise.

Since that epiphany, Zou has gone on to publish influential studies that have improved the patient experience, shaped basic research and sped the development of new drugs. Among his most important contributions, Zou says, are efforts to expose and overcome bias in the data and algorithms.

His latest project, Pathfinder, uses anonymized, real-world medical records to allow researchers to conduct synthetic clinical trials on fictional (but realistic) patients, as Zou explains in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast with host Russ Altman. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Stanford professor Johan Ugander is an expert in making sense of messy data. Lately he’s been working to tell fact from fiction online, as news stories spread on social media. He comes at the question from a unique angle, using machine learning to study the differing patterns in how both types of information spread (or don’t).

In so doing, Ugander has come to some interesting conclusions and, more important, suggests some novel strategies for preventing the spread of misinformation. False stories, he says, are more “infectious,” with wide-ranging consequences for how they spread. Strategies to slow or restrict this infectiousness range from increasing digital literacy to asking potential sharers to consider the factual accuracy of a story they are about to share.

Ugander has also started to take his research in a new direction, criminal justice, working to make sense of the complex data records that a Stanford team has collected to understand California’s parole system, as he tells listeners to this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast with host Russ Altman.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

For a profession that has existed essentially since the beginning of human civilization, few people fully appreciate the importance of construction in our everyday lives, but Martin Fischer does. To build the key infrastructure of society, he says, requires intimate understanding of human nature, the environment, the materials and the ever-evolving techniques of building things.
 

Fischer has grown frustrated with the present state of his profession and decided to change its trajectory using artificial intelligence and virtual reality to redefine what construction will look like in the future.
 

It’s an effort he hopes will unite the profession in creating more efficient, safer and more livable homes, buildings, airports, bridges and more. Fischer muses all about the future of construction in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast with host Russ Altman. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Much of what the world knows about genetic diseases is learned by comparing the DNA of people with a shared disease against the DNA of otherwise healthy people to learn where the differences lie.

This is all well and good except that, written into all that DNA, is a lot of other information that the subjects would rather keep private. And that’s where Gill Bejerano enters the scene. He’s an expert in cryptogenomics, a discipline that marries the fields of cryptography and genomics to essentially scramble the genetic code to researchers in such a way that they can still glean valuable information from it without revealing the donor’s entire genetic code.

Bejerano’s efforts have been so successful he’s now applying a similar process to medical records, as he explains to host Russ Altman and listeners of this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

As the field of computer science has evolved over the last half century, so too has the way in which computer science is taught and to whom it is taught. 

Stanford lecturer Cynthia Lee says she is encouraged by the diversity she sees as she looks out over her classroom. But that wasn’t always the case, particularly when she, a woman, was in college. Lee has since dedicated her career to changing that mindset from a fixed and rigid outlook to one that is more open and welcoming of diverse backgrounds and skills. 

Change, she says, can come from the top in how classes are structured and at the foundation in undoing preconceptions about who can excel in the field. Diverse faces, myriad skills and interests, fewer lectures and more hands-on, peer-to-peer collaboration are in order, Lee tells listeners to this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast with host Russ Altman.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

In one of computer science’s more meta moments, professor Chelsea Finn created an AI algorithm to evaluate the coding projects of her students. The AI model reads and analyzes code, spot flaws and gives feedback to the students. Computers learning about learning—it’s so meta that Finn calls it “meta learning.”

Finn says the field should forgo training AI for highly specific tasks in favor of training it to look at a diversity of problems to divine the common structure among those problems. The result is AI able to see a problem it has not encountered before and call upon all that previous experience to solve it. This new-look AI can adapt to new courses, often enrolling thousands of students at a time, where individual instructor feedback would be prohibitive.
 

Emboldened by results in class, Finn is now applying her breadth-over-specificity approach to her other area of focus, robotics. She hopes to develop new-age robots that can adapt to unfamiliar surroundings and can do many things well, instead of a few, as she tells host Russ Altman and listeners to this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Listen and subscribe here.

Connect With Us:

Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website

Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X

Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

For experts in digital graphics and visual perception, like computer scientist Kayvon Fatahalian, the recent pandemic has been a call to arms. Fatahalian says he and others in the field felt an urgent responsibility to harness their background in computer graphics and interactive techniques to improve life for people across the globe. He says new, virtual tools have proved better than past, real ones in improving certain aspects of our everyday lives.

His job as a computer scientist is to make those experiences more successful, more of the time. His role as a teacher is a case in point. While the virtual world is not a replacement for face-to-face interaction between students and instructors, Fatahalian notes there are many aspects of the live virtual lecture experience that enable more students to participate, and participate more frequently than in a physical classroom.