Nature Podcast

00:46 Physicists spot new types of high-energy radiation in thunderstorms

Physicists have identified new forms of γ-ray radiation created inside thunderclouds, and shown that levels of γ-ray production are much higher on Earth than previously thought.

Scientists already knew about two types of γ-ray phenomena in thunderclouds — glows that last as long as a minute and high-intensity flashes that come and go in only a few millionths of a second. Now, researchers have identified that these both occur more frequently than expected, and that previously undetected γ-ray types exist, including flickering flashes that share characteristics of the other two types of radiation.

The researchers hope that understanding more about these mysterious phenomena could help explain what initiates lightning, which often follows these γ-ray events.

Research Article: Østgaard et al.

Research Article: Marisaldi et al.

Nature: Mysterious form of high-energy radiation spotted in thunderstorms

10:00 Research Highlights

Ancient arrowheads reveal that Europe's oldest battle likely featured warriors from far afield, and why the dwarf planet Ceres’s frozen ocean has deep impurities.

Research Highlight: Bronze Age clash was Europe’s oldest known interregional battle

Research Highlight: A dwarf planet has dirty depths, model suggests

12:09 A complete wiring diagram of the fruit fly brain

Researchers have published the most complete wiring diagram, or ‘connectome’ of the fruit fly’s brain, which includes nearly 140,000 neurons and 54.5 million connections between nerve cells.

The map, made from the brain of a single female fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), reveals over 8,400 neuron types in the brain, and has enabled scientists to learn more about the brain and how it controls aspects of fruit fly behaviour.

The FlyWire connectome: neuronal wiring diagram of a complete fly brain

Nature: Largest brain map ever reveals fruit fly's neurons in exquisite detail

22:16 Briefing Chat

How researchers created an elusive single-electron bond between carbon atoms, and why bigger chatbots get over-confident when answering questions.

Nature: Carbon bond that uses only one electron seen for first time: ‘It will be in the textbooks’

Nature: Bigger AI chatbots more inclined to spew nonsense — and people don't always realize

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The world's fastest supercomputer, known as Frontier, is located at the Leadership Computing Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. This machine churns through data at record speed, outpacing 100,000 laptops working simultaneously.

With nearly 50,000 processors, Frontier was designed to push the bounds of human knowledge. It's being used to create open-source large language models to compete with commercial AI systems, simulate proteins for drug development, help improve aeroplane engine design, and more.

This is an audio version of our Feature: A day in the life of the world’s fastest supercomputer

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In this episode:

00:46 Unravelling why children with Down’s syndrome are at a higher risk of leukaemia

Children with Down’s syndrome have a 150-fold increased risk of developing leukaemia than those without the condition. Now, an in-depth investigation has revealed that changes to genome structures in fetal liver stem-cells appear to be playing a key role in this increase.

Down’s syndrome is characterised by cells having an extra copy of chromosome 21. The team behind this work saw that in liver stem-cells — one of the main places blood is produced in a growing fetus — this extra copy results in changes in how DNA is packaged in a nucleus, opening up areas that are prone to mutation, including those known to be important in leukaemia development.

The researchers hope their work will be an important step in understanding and reducing this risk in children with Down’s syndrome.

Research Article: Marderstein et al.

News and Views: Childhood leukaemia in Down’s syndrome primed by blood-cell bias

11:47 Research Highlights

How taking pints of beer off the table lowers alcohol consumption, and a small lizard’s ‘scuba gear’ helps it stay submerged.

Research Highlight: A small fix to cut beer intake: downsize the pint

Research Highlight: This ‘scuba diving’ lizard has a self-made air supply

14:12 Briefing Chat

How tiny crustaceans use ‘smell’ to find their home cave, and how atomic bomb X-rays could deflect an asteroid away from a deadly Earth impact.

Science: In the dark ocean, these tiny creatures can smell their way home

Nature: Scientists successfully ‘nuke asteroid’ — in a lab mock-up

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In this episode:

00:45 The biggest black hole jets ever seen

Astronomers have spotted a pair of enormous jets emanating from a supermassive black hole with a combined length of 23 million light years — the biggest ever discovered. Jets are formed when matter is ionized and flung out of a black hole, creating enormous and powerful structures in space. Thought to be unstable, physicists had theorized there was a limit to how large these jets could be, but the new discovery far exceeds this, suggesting there may be more of these monstrous jets yet to be discovered.

Research Article: Oei et al.

09:44 Research Highlights

The knitted fabrics designed to protect wearers from mosquito bites, and the role that islands play in fostering language diversity.

Research Highlight: Plagued by mosquitoes? Try some bite-blocking fabrics

Research Highlight: Islands are rich with languages spoken nowhere else

12:26 A sustainable, one-step method for alloy production

Making metal alloys is typically a multi-step process that creates huge amounts of emissions. Now, a team demonstrates a way to create these materials in a single step, which they hope could significantly reduce the environmental burdens associated with their production. In a lab demonstration, they use their technique to create an alloy of nickel and iron called invar — a widely-used material that has a high carbon-footprint. The team show evidence that their method can produce invar to a quality that rivals that of conventional manufacturing, and suggest their technique is scalable to create alloys at an industrial scale.

Research article: Wei et al.

25:29 Briefing Chat

How AI-predicted protein structures have helped chart the evolution of a group of viruses, and the neurons that cause monkeys to ‘choke’ under pressure.

Nature News: Where did viruses come from? AlphaFold and other AIs are finding answers

Nature News: Why do we crumble under pressure? Science has the answer

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00:45 What ancient DNA has revealed about Rapa Nui’s past

Ancient DNA analysis has further demonstrated that the people of Rapa Nui did not cause their own population collapse, further refuting a controversial but popular claim. Rapa Nui, also known as Easter island, is famous for its giant Moai statues and the contested idea that the people mismanaged their natural resources leading to ‘ecological suicide’. Genomes sequenced from the remains of 15 ancient islanders showed no evidence of a sudden population crash, substantiating other research challenging the collapse idea.

Research Article: Moreno-Mayar et al.

News and Views: Rapa Nui’s population history rewritten using ancient DNA

News article: Famed Pacific island’s population 'crash' debunked by ancient DNA

17:03 Research Highlights

The extinct bat-eating fish that bit off more than they could chew, and how manatee dung shapes an Amazonian ecosystem.

Research Highlight: Ancient fish dined on bats — or died trying

Research Highlight: The Amazon’s gargantuan gardeners: manatees

19:29 A macabre parasite of adult fruit flies

Despite being a hugely-studied model organism, it seems that there’s still more to find out about the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, as researchers have discovered a new species of parasitoid wasp that infects the species. Unlike other parasitic wasps, this one lays its eggs in adult flies, with the developing larva devouring its host from the inside. The miniscule wasp was discovered by chance in an infected fruit fly collected in a Mississippi backyard and analysis suggests that despite having never been previously identified, it is widespread across parts of North America.

Research article: Moore et al.

32:04 Briefing Chat

How a dye that helps to give Doritos their orange hue can turn mouse tissues transparent, and an effective way to engage with climate-science sceptics.

Nature News: Transparent mice made with light-absorbing dye reveal organs at work

Nature News: How to change people’s minds about climate change: what the science says

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The often repeated claim that "80% of the world's biodiversity is found in the territories of Indigenous Peoples" appears widely in policy documents and reports, yet appears to have sprung out of nowhere. According to a group of researchers, including those from Indigenous groups, this baseless statistic could be undermining the conservation efforts of the Indigenous People it's meant to support and prevent further work to really understand how best to conserve biodiversity.

Two of the authors joined us to discuss how this statistic gained traction, the harm it could cause, and how better to support the work of Indigenous Peoples.

Read more in a Comment article from the authors: No basis for claim that 80% of biodiversity is found in Indigenous territories

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In this episode:

00:45 Why a 'nuclear clock' is now within researchers’ reach

Researchers have made a big step towards the creation of the long theorized nuclear clock, by getting the most accurate measurement of the frequency of light required to push thorium nuclei into a higher energy state. Such a timekeeper would differ from the best current clocks as their ‘tick’ corresponds to the energy transitions of protons and neutrons, rather than electrons. Nuclear clocks have the potential to be more robust and accurate than current systems, and could offer researchers new insights into fundamental forces present within atomic nuclei.

Research Article: Zhang et al.

News and Views: Countdown to a nuclear clock

Nature News: ‘Nuclear clock’ breakthrough paves the way for super-precise timekeeping

Editorial: Progress on nuclear clocks shows the benefits of escaping from scientific silos

10:10 Research Highlights

The star that got partially shredded by a supermassive black hole, not just once, but twice, and how heatwaves could mangle bumblebees’ sense of smell.

Research Highlight: This unlucky star got mangled by a black hole — twice

Research Highlight: Bumblebees’ sense of smell can’t take the heat

12:11 How engineered immune cells could help limit damage after spinal injury

By harnessing T cells to fine-tune the inflammation response, researchers have limited the damage caused by spinal injury in mice, an approach they hope might one day translate into a human therapy. Following injury to the central nervous system, immune cells rush to the scene, resulting in a complex array of effects, both good and bad. In this work researchers have identified the specific kind of T cells that amass at the site, and used them to create an immunotherapy that helps the mice recover more quickly from injuries by slowing damage to neurons.

Research article: Gao et al.

20:36 Briefing Chat

How unprecedented floods in Brazil have helped and hindered paleontologists, and the ‘AI scientist’ that does everything from literature review through to manuscript writing, to an extent.

Nature News: The race to save fossils exposed by Brazil’s record-setting floods

Nature News: Researchers built an ‘AI Scientist’ — what can it do?

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The 'file-drawer problem', where findings with null or negative results gather dust and are left unpublished, is well known in science. There has been an overriding perception that studies with positive or significant findings are more important, but this bias can have real-world implications, skewing perceptions of drug efficacies, for example.

Multiple efforts to get negative results published have been put forward or attempted, with some researchers saying that the incentive structures in academia, and the ‘publish or perish’ culture, need to be overturned in order to end this bias.

This is an audio version of our Feature: So you got a null result. Will anyone publish it?

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In this episode:

00:31 Chatbots makes racist judgements on the basis of dialect

Research has shown that large language models, including those that power chatbots such as ChatGPT, make racist judgements on the basis of users’ dialect. If asked to describe a person, many AI systems responded with racist stereotypes when presented with text written in African American English — a dialect spoken by millions of people in the United States that is associated with the descendants of enslaved African Americans — compared with text written in Standardized American English. The findings show that such models harbour covert racism, even when they do not display overt racism, and that conventional fixes to try and address biases in these models had no effect on this issue.

Research Article: Hoffman et al.

News and Views: LLMs produce racist output when prompted in African American English

Nature News: Chatbot AI makes racist judgements on the basis of dialect

07:01 How ancient engineers built a megalithic structure

The 6,000-year-old Dolmen of Menga is a marvel of ancient engineering. New research reveals new insights into the structure and the technical abilities of the Neolithic builders who constructed it. The work shows that a setup of counterweights and ramps may have been used to correctly position the massive sandstone blocks that make up walls of the structure, which were each tilted at precise, millimetre-scale angles. The researchers suggest that this construction shows that the Neolithic people who built the dolmen had a working understanding of physics, geometry, geology and architectural principles.

Nature News: Stone Age builders had engineering savvy, finds study of 6000-year-old monument

12:28 Spider makes fireflies flash as bait

Orb-weaving spiders (Araneus ventricosus) use ensnared male Absocondita terminalis fireflies to trick more insects into their web. A bite from the spider causes the flashing pattern of the trapped firefly to shift to one resembling a female looking to mate, leading others into an ambush. Exactly how this system works is unclear, but researchers say it is a rare example of a predator altering the behaviour of its prey to catch others.

Science: Spiders force male fireflies to flash like females—luring more males to their death

16:35 The physics of paper cuts

By combining experiments and theoretical work, a team has unraveled the mystery of why only certain types of paper can cut into human skin. Their work shows that paper that is too thin will buckle without cutting, while paper that’s too thick will distribute force over a relatively large area without inflicting damage. The research suggests that the sweet spot for slicing is paper with around 65 micrometres in thickness, which includes the kind used to print certain high-profile journals…

Research Highlight: What Science and Nature are good for: causing paper cuts

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For millennia, humanity has obsessed about halting ageing and, ultimately, preventing death. Yet while advances in medicine and public-health have seen human life-expectancy more than double, our maximum lifespan stubbornly remains around 120 years.

On the latest episode of Nature hits the books, Nobel laureate Venki Ramakrishnan joins us to discuss what scientists have learnt about the molecular processes underlying ageing, whether they can be prevented, and why the quest for longevity also needs to consider the health-related issues associated with old age.

Why We Die: The New Science of Ageing and the Quest for Immortality Venki Ramakrishnan Hodder (2024)

Music supplied by Airae/Epidemic Sound/Getty images.

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00:46 Old AIs can’t learn new tricks

An algorithm that reactivates dormant ‘neurons’ in deep learning based AIs could help them overcome their inability to learn new things and make future systems more flexible, research has shown. AIs based on deep learning struggle to learn how to tackle new tasks indefinitely, making them less adaptable to new situations. The reasons for this are unclear, but now a team has identified that ‘resetting’ parts of the neural networks underlying these systems can allow deep learning methods to keep learning continually.

Research Article: Dohare et al.

News and Views: Switching between tasks can cause AI to lose the ability to learn

08:55 Research Highlights

To stop crocodiles eating poisonous toads researchers have been making them sick, and a sacrificed child in ancient Mexico was the progeny of closely related parents.

Research Highlight: How to train your crocodile

Research Highlight: DNA of child sacrificed in ancient city reveals surprising parentage

11:20 Briefing Chat

How video games gave people a mental health boost during the pandemic, and where the dinosaur-destroying Chicxulub asteroid formed.

Nature News: PlayStation is good for you: video games improved mental health during COVID

Nature News: Dinosaur-killing Chicxulub asteroid formed in Solar System’s outer reaches

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00:48 The mystery of Stonehenge’s Altar Stone

Stonehenge’s central stone came from Northern Scotland, more than 600 miles away from the monument, according to a new analysis of its geochemistry. It is commonly accepted that many of the rocks that make up the iconic neolithic monument came from Wales, 150 miles from the site. Previously, it had been thought that a central stone, called the Altar Stone, had also come from this area, known as the Preseli Hills. The new work suggests that the ancient Britons went much further, perhaps ferrying the Altar Stone hundreds of miles, to place the rock at the centre of Stonehenge.

Research Article: Clarke et al.

News: Stonehenge’s massive slabs came from as far as Scotland — 800 kilometres away

12:12 Research Highlights

How a parasite could help scientists break through the blood-brain barrier, and the physics of skateboard moves.

Research Highlight: Engineered brain parasite ferries useful proteins into neurons

Research Highlight: How expert skateboarders use physics on the half-pipe

14:13 A new way to break bonds

Chemists have demonstrated a way to break Selenium-Selenium bonds unevenly, something they have been trying for decades. Chemical bonds have to be broken and reformed to create new compounds, but they often don’t break in a way that allows chemists to form new bonds in the ways they would like. Breaks are often ‘even’, with electrons shared equally between atoms. To prevent such an even split, a team used a specific solvent and a combination of light and heat to force the selenium bonds to break unevenly. This could potentially open up ways to create compounds that have never been made before.

Research Article: Tiefel et al.

News and Views: Innovative way to break chemical bonds broadens horizons for making molecules

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AIs built on Large Language Models have wowed by producing particularly fluent text. However, their ability to do this is limited in many languages. As the data and resources used to train a model in a specific language drops, so does the performance of the model, meaning that for some languages the AIs are effectively useless.

Researchers are aware of this problem and are trying to find solutions, but the challenge extends far beyond just the technical, with moral and social questions to be answered. This podcast explores how Large Language Models could be improved in more languages and the issues that could be caused if they are not.

Watch our related video of people trying out ChatGPT in different languages.

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00:48 Plant trait diversity in drylands

A study reveals that, unexpectedly, plants display a greater diversity of traits in drier environments. Trait diversity is a measure of an organism's performance in an environment and can include things like the size of a plant or its photosynthetic rate. Whilst there are good data on this kind of diversity in temperate regions, an assessment of drylands has been lacking. The new study fills this knowledge gap and finds that, counter to a prevailing expectation that fewer traits would be displayed, at a certain level of aridity trait diversity doubles. The team behind the new work hope that it can help us better protect biodiversity as the planet warms and areas become drier.

Research Article: Gross et al.

08:25 Research Highlights

Butterflies and moths use static charge to pick up pollen, and quantum physics rules out black holes made of light.

Research Highlight: Charged-up butterflies draw pollen through the air

Research Highlight: Black holes made from light? Impossible, say physicists

10:59 The Great Barrier Reef is the hottest it’s been for centuries

An assessment of coral skeletons has shown that the past decade has been the warmest for the Great Barrier Reef for 400 years. By looking at the chemical composition of particularly old specimens of coral in the reef, researchers were able to create a record of temperatures going back to 1618. In addition to showing recent record breaking temperatures they also developed a model that suggests that such temperatures are very unlikely to occur without human-induced climate change. Altogether, the study suggests that the reef is in dire straits and much of the worlds’ coral could be lost.

Research Article: Henley et al.

News and Views: Coral giants sound the alarm for the Great Barrier Reef

Nature News: Great Barrier Reef's temperature soars to 400-year high

18:56 ‘Publish or Perish’ becomes a card game

Most researchers are familiar with the refrain ‘Publish or Perish’ — the idea that publications are the core currency of a scientist’s career — but now that can be played out for laughs in a new board game. Created as a way to help researchers “bond over shared trauma”, the game features many mishaps familiar to academics, scrambles for funding and scathing comments, all while players must compete to get the most citations on their publications. Reporter Max Kozlov set out to avoid perishing and published his way to a story about the game for the Nature Podcast.

Nature News: ‘Publish or Perish’ is now a card game — not just an academic’s life

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00:45 Increasing the energy efficiency of light-based computers

Computer components based on specialised LEDs could reduce the energy consumption of power hungry AI systems, according to new research. AI chips with components that compute using light can run more efficiently than those using digital electronics, but these light-based systems typically use lasers that can be bulky and difficult to control. To overcome these obstacles, a team has developed a way to replace these lasers with LEDs, which are cheaper and more efficient to run. Although only a proof of concept, they demonstrate that their system can perform some tasks as well as laser-based computers.

Research Article: Dong et al.

News and Views: Cheap light sources could make AI more energy efficient

10:36 Research Highlights

The genes that make roses smell so sweet, and how blocking inflammation could reduce heart injury after a stroke.

Research Highlight: How the rose got its iconic fragrance

Research Highlight: Strokes can damage the heart — but reining in the immune system might help

13:02 What researchers know about H5N1 influenza in cows

The highly-pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 was first identified in US cattle in March 2024 and has been detected in multiple herds across the country. We round up what researchers currently know about this spread, what can be done to prevent it, and the risks this outbreak may pose to humans.

Nature News: Can H5N1 spread through cow sneezes? Experiment offers clues

Nature News: Huge amounts of bird-flu virus found in raw milk of infected cows

Nature News: Could bird flu in cows lead to a human outbreak? Slow response worries scientists

Research article: Eisfeld et al.

22:38 Briefing Chat

NASA’s Perseverance rover finds a Martian rock containing features associated with fossilized microbial life, and how metallic nodules on the ocean floor could be the source of mysterious ‘dark oxygen’

Space.com: NASA's Perseverance Mars rover finds possible signs of ancient Red Planet life

Nature News: Mystery oxygen source discovered on the sea floor — bewildering scientists

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In India, a group of researchers raced to develop a CRISPR-based genome editing therapy to save the life of a young woman with a rare neurodegenerative disease. Despite a valiant effort, the pace of research was ultimately too slow to save her life. While many are convinced that these therapies could offer hope to those with overlooked genetic conditions, it will likely take years to develop the techniques needed to quickly create bespoke treatments, something people in need don't have.

This is an audio version of our Feature: Hope, despair and CRISPR — the race to save one woman’s life

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00:48 A rapid way to identify serious bacterial infections

A newly-developed method that can rapidly identify the type of bacteria causing a blood-infection, and the correct antibiotics to treat it, could save clinicians time, and patient lives. Blood infections are serious, and can lead to the life-threatening condition sepsis, but conventional diagnostic methods can take days to identify the causes. This new method does away with some of the time-consuming steps, and the researchers behind it say that if it can be fully automated, it could provide results in less than a day.

Research Article: Kim et al.

11:49 Research Highlights

The discovery of a connection between three star-forming interstellar clouds could help explain how these giant structures form, and evidence of the largest accidental methane leak ever recorded.

Research Highlight: Found: the hidden link between star-forming molecular clouds

Research Highlight: Blowout! Satellites reveal one of the largest methane leaks on record

14:22 AIs fed AI-generated text start to spew nonsense

When artificial intelligences are fed data that has itself been AI-generated, these systems quickly begin to spout nonsense responses, according to new research. Typically, large language model (LLM) AI’s are trained on human-produced text found online. However, as an increasing amount of online content is AI-generated, a team wanted to know how these systems would cope. They trained an AI to produce Wikipedia-like entries, then trained new iterations on the model on the text produced by its predecessor. Quickly the outputs descended into gibberish, which highlights the dangers of the Internet becoming increasingly full of AI-generated text.

Research Article: Shumailov et al.

25:49 Briefing Chat

How psilocybin — the hallucinogenic compound found in magic mushrooms — resets communication between brain regions, and the surprise cancellation of a NASA Moon mission.

Nature News: Your brain on shrooms — how psilocybin resets neural networks

Nature News: NASA cancels $450-million mission to drill for ice on the Moon — surprising researchers

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01:04 A gel to safely transport proteins

A gel that encases proteins could be a new way to safely transport medicines without requiring them to be kept cold, according to new research. To test it, the team behind the work posted themselves a protein suspended in this gel, showing that it was perfectly preserved and retained its activity, despite being dropped in transit and exposed to varying temperatures. The researchers hope this gel will help overcome the need to freeze protein-based medicines, which can be expensive to do and difficult to maintain during transportation.

Research Article: Bianco et al.

News and Views: Gel protects therapeutic proteins from deactivation — even in the post

08:51 Research Highlights

How an abundance of cicadas led to a host of raccoon activity, and how wine-grape harvest records can be used to estimate historical summertime temperatures

Research Highlight: Massive cicada emergence prompted raccoons to run wild

Research Highlight: Wine grapes’ sweetness reveals Europe’s climate history

11:24 Making a plastic biodegradable

By embedding a plastic with an engineered enzyme, researchers have developed a fully biodegradable material that can be broken down in a home compost heap. Plastic production often requires high temperatures, so the team adapted an enzyme to make it more able to withstand heat, while still able to break down a common plastic called PLA. They hope this enzyme-embedded plastic could replace current single-use items, helping to reduce the huge amount of waste produced each year.

Research Article: Guicherd et al.

19:53 Briefing Chat

This time, how to make lab-grown meat taste more meaty, and a subterranean Moon cave that could be a place for humans to shelter.

Nature News: This lab-grown meat probably tastes like real beef

The Guardian: Underground cave found on moon could be ideal base for explorers

Nature hits the books: Living on Mars would probably suck — here's why

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00:45 In situ editing of the gut microbiome

Researchers have developed a method to directly edit the genes of specific bacteria in the guts of live mice, something that has previously been difficult to accomplish due to the complexity of this environment. The tool was able to edit over 90% of an E. coli strain colonising mice guts, with other work showing the tool could be used to edit genes in pathogenic bacterial species and strains. It is hoped that with further research this technique could be adapted to work in humans, potentially altering bacteria associated with disease.

Nature News: This gene-editing tool alters bacteria in the gut of living mice

Research Article: Brödel et al.

06:56 Research Highlights

The ants that perform life-saving surgery on their nest-mates, and why amber’s scarcity led ancient artisans to make imitation jewellery.

Research Highlight: Ants amputate their nest-mates’ legs to save lives

Research Highlight: Fake jewellery from the Stone Age looks like the real deal

08:46 How is bone health maintained during breastfeeding?

During breastfeeding bones are stripped of calcium, while levels of oestrogen — which normally helps keep them healthy — drop off precipitously. This puts bones under tremendous stress, but why they don’t break down at this time has proved a mystery. Now, a team has identified a hormone produced in lactating mice that promotes the build up of bones, keeping them strong during milk production. Injecting this hormone into injured mice helped their bones heal faster, and the team hopes that their finding could ultimately help treat bone-weakening conditions like osteoporosis in humans.

Research Article: Babey et al.

17:55 Briefing Chat

This time, new clues about the neurological events that spark migraines, and a quick chemical method to recycle old clothes.

Nature News: What causes migraines? Study of ‘brain blackout’ offers clues

Nature News: Chemical recycling’: 15-minute reaction turns old clothes into useful molecules

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00:47 Searching for dark matter in black holes

Researchers have been scanning the skies looking for black holes that formed at the very beginning of the Universe — one place where elusive and mysterious dark matter is thought to be located. If these black holes did contain dark matter, they would be especially massive and so researchers would be able to see the bending of light as they pass in front of stars. Such events would be rare, so to find them researchers trawled through a decades-long dataset. However, despite the large number of observations, the researchers didn't find many examples of these events and none that were long enough to show signs of much dark matter. So, the hunt for enigmatic material goes on.

Research Article: Mróz et al.

09:42 Research Highlights

How some comb jellies survive the crushing ocean depths, and how giving cash to mothers in low-income households can boost time and money spent on children.

Research Highlight: Deep-sea creatures survive crushing pressures with just the right fats

Research Highlight: Families given cash with no strings spend more money on kids

12:39 A simple, solution to tackle a deadly frog disease

A simple ‘sauna’ built of bricks and a supermarket-bought greenhouse, can help frogs rid themselves of a devastating fungal disease, new research has shown. While options to prevent or treat infection are limited, the fungus that causes the disease chytridiomycosis has an achilles heel: it can’t survive at warm temperatures. A team in Australia used this knowledge to their advantage to develop saunas where frogs can warm themselves to clear an infection. Frogs who spent time in these hot environments were able to shake the fungus, and gained some immunity to subsequent infections. While this research only involved one type of frog, it offers some hope in tackling a deadly disease that has driven multiple species to extinction.

Research Article: Waddle et al.

News and Views: Mini saunas save endangered frogs from fungal disease

20:06 Briefing Chat

This time, we discuss what the upcoming UK election could mean for science, and the return of rock samples from the Moon’s far side.

Nature News: UK general election: five reasons it matters for science

Nature News: First ever rocks from the Moon’s far side have landed on Earth

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In 2026, NASA aims to send humans back to the Moon's surface, as part of the Artemis III mission. In preparation, astronauts have been performing moonwalking simulations to ensure that they are able to make the most of their precious time on the lunar surface. In one dress rehearsal, a pair of astronauts took part in a training exercise in an Arizona volcanic field, working with a science team to practice doing geology work in difficult conditions designed to mimic some that will be experienced at the lunar south pole.

This is an audio version of our Feature: How NASA astronauts are training to walk on the Moon in 2026

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00:31 How open are ‘open source’ AI systems?

Many of the large language models powering AI systems are described as ‘open source’ but critics say this is a misnomer, with restricted access to code and training data preventing researchers from probing how these systems work. While the definition of open source in AI models is yet to be agreed, advocates say that ‘full’ openness is crucial in efforts to make AI accountable. New research has ranked the openness of different systems, showing that despite claims of ‘openness’ many companies still don’t disclose a lot of key information.

Nature News: Not all ‘open source’ AI models are actually open: here’s a ranking

06:12 Why longer freight trains are more prone to derailment

In the US, there are no federal limits on the length of a freight train, but as companies look to run longer locomotives, questions arise about whether they are at greater risk of derailment. To find out, a team analysed data on accidents to predict the chances of longer trains coming off the tracks. They showed that replacing two 50-car freight trains with one 100-car train raises the odds of derailment by 11%, with the chances increasing the longer a train gets. While derailments are uncommon, this could change as economic pressures lead the freight industry to experiment with ever-longer trains.

Scientific American: Longer and Longer Freight Trains Drive Up the Odds of Derailment

11:44 How historic wheat could give new traits to current crops

Genes from century-old wheat varieties could be used to breed useful traits into modern crops, helping them become more disease tolerant and reducing their need for fertiliser. Researchers sequenced the genomes of hundreds of historic varieties of wheat held in a seed collection from the 1920s and 30s, revealing a huge amount of genetic diversity unseen in modern crops. Plant breeding enabled the team to identify some of the areas of the plants’ genomes responsible for traits such as nutritional content and stress tolerance. It’s hoped that in the long term this knowledge could be used to improve modern varieties of wheat.

Science: ‘Gold mine’ of century-old wheat varieties could help breeders restore long lost traits

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00:46 How light touches are sensed during sex

150 years after they were discovered, researchers have identified how specific nerve-cell structures on the penis and clitoris are activated. While these structures, called Krause corpuscles, are similar to touch-activated corpuscles found on people’s fingers and hands, there was little known about how they work, or their role in sex. Working in mice, a team found that Krause corpuscles in both male and females were activated when exposed to low-frequency vibrations and caused sexual behaviours like erections. The researchers hope that this work could help uncover the neurological basis underlying certain sexual dysfunctions.

News: Sensory secrets of penis and clitoris unlocked after more than 150 years

Research article: Qi et al.

News and Views: Sex organs sense vibrations through specialized touch neurons

07:03 Research Highlights

Astronomers struggle to figure out the identity of a mysterious object called a MUBLO, and how CRISPR gene editing could make rice plants more water-efficient.

Research Highlight: An object in space is emitting microwaves — and baffling scientists

Research Highlight: CRISPR improves a crop that feeds billions

09:21 How fish detect the source of sound

It’s long been understood that fish can identify the direction a sound came from, but working out how they do it is a question that’s had scientists stumped for years. Now using a specialist setup, a team of researchers have demonstrated that some fish can independently detect two components of a soundwave — pressure and particle motion — and combine this information to identify where a sound comes from.

Research article: Veith et al.

News and Views: Pressure and particle motion enable fish to sense the direction of sound

D. cerebrum sounds: Schulze et al.

20:30: Briefing Chat

Ancient DNA sequencing reveals secrets of ritual sacrifice at Chichén Itzá, and how AI helped identify the names that elephants use for each other.

Nature News: Ancient DNA from Maya ruins tells story of ritual human sacrifices

Nature News: Do elephants have names for each other?

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00:48 Short-haul spaceflight's effect on the human body.

A comprehensive suite of biomedical data, collected during the first all-civilian spaceflight, is helping researchers unpick the effects that being in orbit has on the human body. Analysis of data collected from the crew of SpaceX’s Inspiration4 mission reveals that short duration spaceflight can result in physiological changes similar to those seen on longer spaceflights. These changes included things like alterations in immune-cell function and a lengthening of DNA telomeres, although the majority of these changes reverted soon after the crew landed.

Collection: Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA) across orbits

12:13 Research Highlights

Researchers have discovered why 2019 was so awash with Painted Lady butterflies, and the meaning behind gigantic rock engravings along the Orinoco river.

Research Highlight: A huge outbreak of butterflies hit three continents — here’s why

Research Highlight: Mystery of huge ancient engravings of snakes solved at last

14:55 The benefits of working from home, some of the time

A huge trial of hybrid working has shown that this approach can help companies retain employees without hurting productivity. While a mix of home and in-person working became the norm for many post-pandemic, the impacts of this approach on workers’ outputs remains hotly debated and difficult to test scientifically. To investigate the effects of hybrid working, researchers randomly selected 1,612 people at a company in China to work in the office either five days a week or three. In addition to the unchanged productivity, employees said that they value the days at home as much as a 10% pay rise. This led to an increase in staff retention and potential savings of millions of dollars for the company involved in the trial.

Research article: Bloom et al.

Editorial: The case for hybrid working is growing — employers should take note

25:50: Briefing Chat

Germany balks at the $17 billion bill for CERN’s new supercollider, and working out when large language models might run out of data to train on.

Nature News: CERN’s $17-billion supercollider in question as top funder criticizes cost

Associated Press: AI ‘gold rush’ for chatbot training data could run out of human-written text

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In this episode:

00:46 Making a molecular Bose-Einstein condensate

For the first time, researchers have coaxed molecules into a bizarre form of matter called a Bose-Einstein condensate, in which they all act in a single gigantic quantum state. While condensates have been made using atoms for decades, the complex interactions of molecules have prevented them from being cooled into this state. Now, a team has successfully made a Bose-Einstein condensate using molecules made of caesium and sodium atoms, which they hope will allow them to answer more questions about the quantum world, and could potentially form the basis of a new kind of quantum computer.

Research article: Bigagli et al.

News: Physicists coax molecules into exotic quantum state — ending decades-long quest

9:57 How deplatforming affects the spread of social media misinformation

The storming of the US Capitol on 6 January 2021 resulted in the social media platform Twitter (now X) rapidly deplatforming 70,000 users deemed to be sharers of misinformation. To evaluate the effect of this intervention, researchers analysed the activity of over 500,000 Twitter users, showing that it reduced the sharing of misinformation, both from the deplatformed users and from those who followed them. Results also suggest that other misinformation traffickers who were not deplatformed left Twitter following the intervention. Together these results show that social media platforms can curb misinformation sharing, although a greater understanding of the efficacy of these actions in different contexts is required.

Research article: McCabe et al.

Editorial: What we do — and don’t — know about how misinformation spreads online

Comment: Misinformation poses a bigger threat to democracy than you might think

20:14: Briefing Chat

A new antibiotic that can kill harmful bacteria without damaging the gut microbiome, and the tiny plant with the world’s biggest genome.

News: ‘Smart’ antibiotic can kill deadly bacteria while sparing the microbiome

News: Biggest genome ever found belongs to this odd little plant

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In this episode:

00:25 What the rise of AI language models means for robots

Companies are melding artificial intelligence with robotics, in an effort to catapult both to new heights. They hope that by incorporating the algorithms that power chatbots it will give robots more common-sense knowledge and let them tackle a wide range of tasks. However, while impressive demonstrations of AI-powered robots exist, many researchers say there is a long road to actual deployment, and that safety and reliability need to be considered.

News Feature: The AI revolution is coming to robots: how will it change them?

16:09 How the cockroach became a ubiquitous pest

Genetic research suggests that although the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) spread around the world from a population in Europe, its origins were actually in South Asia. By comparing genomes from cockroaches collected around the globe, a team could identify when and where different populations might have been established. They show that the insect pest likely began to spread east from South Asia around 390 years ago with the rise of European colonialism and the emergence of international trading companies, before hitching a ride into Europe and then spreading across the globe.

Nature News: The origin of the cockroach: how a notorious pest conquered the world

20:26: Rare element inserted into chemical 'complex' for the first time

Promethium is one of the rarest and most mysterious elements in the periodic table. Now, some eight decades after its discovery, researchers have managed to bind this radioactive element to other molecules to make a chemical ‘complex’. This feat will allow chemists to learn more about the properties of promethium filling a long-standing gap in the textbooks.

Nature News: Element from the periodic table’s far reaches coaxed into elusive compound

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Growing up in Alabama in the 1960s, mathematician Freeman Hrabowski was moved to join the civil rights moment after hearing Martin Luther King Jr speak. Even as a child, he saw the desperate need to make change. He would go on to do just that — at the University of Maryland Baltimore County, where he co-founded the Meyerhoff Scholars Program, one of the leading pathways to success for Black students in STEM subjects in the United States.

Freeman is the subject of the first in a new series of Q&As in Nature celebrating ‘Changemakers’ in science — individuals who fight racism and champion inclusion. He spoke to us about his about his life, work and legacy.

Career Q&A: I had my white colleagues walk in a Black student’s shoes for a day

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AIs are often described as 'black boxes' with researchers unable to to figure out how they 'think'. To better understand these often inscrutable systems, some scientists are borrowing from psychology and neuroscience to design tools to reverse-engineer them, which they hope will lead to the design of safer, more efficient AIs.

This is an audio version of our Feature: How does ChatGPT ‘think’? Psychology and neuroscience crack open AI large language models

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00:45 The neuroscience of fentanyl addiction

Research in mice has shown that fentanyl addiction is the result of two brain circuits working in tandem, rather than a single neural pathway as had been previously thought. One circuit underlies the positive feelings this powerful drug elicits, which the other was responsible for the intense withdrawal when it is taken away. Opioid addiction leads to tens of thousands of deaths each year, and the team hopes that this work will help in the development of drugs that are less addictive.

Research Article: Chaudun et al.

09:16 Research Highlights

How an ‘assembloid’ could transform how scientists study drug delivery to the brain, and an edible gel that prevents and treats alcohol intoxication in mice.

Research Highlight: Organoids merge to model the blood–brain barrier

Research Highlight: How cheesemaking could cook up an antidote for alcohol excess

11:36: Briefing Chat

Why babies are taking the South Korean government to court, and Europe’s efforts to send a nuclear-powered heater to Mars.

Nature News: Why babies in South Korea are suing the government

Nature News: Mars rover mission will use pioneering nuclear power source

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In this episode:

00:45 A recyclable 3D printing resin from an unusual source

Many 3D printers create objects using liquid resins that turn into robust solids when exposed to light. But many of these are derived from petrochemicals that are difficult to recycle. To overcome this a team has developed a new type of resin, which they’ve made using a bodybuilding supplement called lipoic acid. Their resin can be printed, recycled and reused multiple times, which they hope could in future contribute to reducing waste associated with 3D printing.

Research Article: Machado et al

10:05 Research Highlights

How housing shortages can drive a tiny parrot resort to kill, and the genes that gave cauliflower its curls.

Research Highlight: These parrots go on killing sprees over real-estate shortages

Research Highlight: How the cauliflower got its curlicues

12:27 To learn how to make safe structures researchers... destroyed a building

Many buildings are designed to prevent collapse by redistributing weight following an initial failure. However this relies on extensive structural connectedness that can result in an entire building being pulled down. To prevent this, researchers took a new approach inspired by the ability of some lizards to shed their tails. They used this to develop a modular system, which they tested by building — and destroying — a two storey structure. Their method stopped an initial failure from spreading, preventing a total collapse. The team hope this finding will help prevent catastrophic collapses, reducing loss of life in aid rescue efforts.

Research Article: Makoond et al.

Nature video: Controlled failure: The building designed to limit catastrophe

23:20: Briefing Chat

An AI algorithm discovers 27,500 new asteroids, and an exquisitely-accurate map of a human brain section reveals cells with previously undiscovered features.

New York Times: Killer Asteroid Hunters Spot 27,500 Overlooked Space Rocks

Nature News: Cubic millimetre of brain mapped in spectacular detail

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In this episode:

00:45 A nuclear timekeeper that could transform fundamental-physics research.

Nuclear clocks — based on tiny shifts in energy in an atomic nucleus — could be even more accurate and stable than other advanced timekeeping systems, but have been difficult to make. Now, a team of researchers have made a breakthrough in the development of these clocks, identifying the correct frequency of laser light required to make this energy transition happen. Ultimately it’s hoped that physicists could use nuclear clocks to probe the fundamental forces that hold atoms together.

News: Laser breakthrough paves the way for ultra precise ‘nuclear clock’

10:34 Research Highlights

Why life on other planets may come in purple, brown or orange, and a magnetic fluid that could change shape inside the body.

Research Highlight: Never mind little green men: life on other planets might be purple

Research Highlight: A magnetic liquid makes for an injectable sensor in living tissue

13:48 AlphaFold gets an upgrade

Deepmind’s AlphaFold has revolutionised research by making it simple to predict the 3D structures of proteins, but it has lacked the ability to predict situations where a protein is bound to another molecule. Now, the AI has been upgraded to AlphaFold 3 and can accurately predict protein-molecule complexes containing DNA, RNA and more. Whilst the new version is restricted to non-commercial use, researchers are excited by its greater range of predictive abilities and the prospect of speedier drug discovery.

News: Major AlphaFold upgrade offers huge boost for drug discovery

Research Article: Abramson et al.

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Ever since scientific enquiry began, people have focused mainly on men, or if studies involve animals, on male mice, male rats or whatever it may be. And this has led to gaps in scientists’ understanding of how diseases, and responses to treatment, and many other things might vary between people of different sexes and genders.

These days, mainly thanks to big funders like the NIH introducing new guidelines and mandates, a lot more scientists are thinking about sex and, where appropriate, gender. And this has led to a whole host of discoveries.

But all this research is going on within a sociopolitical climate that’s becoming increasingly hostile and polarized, particularly in relation to gender identity. And in some cases, science is being weaponized to push agendas, creating confusion and fear.

It is clear that sex and gender exist beyond a simple binary. This is widely accepted by scientists and it is not something we will be debating in this podcast. But this whole area is full of complexity, and there are many discussions which need to be had around funding, inclusivity or research practices.

To try to lessen fear, and encourage clearer, less divisive thinking, we have asked three contributors to a special series of opinion pieces on sex and gender to come together and thrash out how exactly scientists can fill in years of neglected research – and move forward with exploring the differences between individuals in a way that is responsible, inclusive and beneficial to as many people as possible.

Read the full collection: Sex and gender in science

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In this episode:

00:46 Using genomics to explain geographic differences in cancer risk

The risk of developing cancer can vary hugely depending on geographic region, but it’s not exactly clear why. To get a better idea, a team has compared the genomes of kidney cancers taken from people around the globe. They reveal a link between geographical locations and specific genetic mutations, suggesting that there are as-yet unknown environmental or chemical exposures in different locations. They hope this work will inform public health efforts to identify and reduce potential causes of cancer.

Research Article: Senkin et al.

News and Views: Genomics reveal unknown mutation-promoting agents at global sites

07:46 Research Highlights

Research reveals that the extinct ‘sabre-toothed salmon’ actually had tusks, and a common fungus that can clean up both heavy-metal and organic pollutants.

Research Highlight: This giant extinct salmon had tusks like a warthog

Research Highlight: Garden-variety fungus is an expert at environmental clean-ups

09:55 How disrupting a male mouse’s microbiome affects its offspring

Disruption of the gut microbiota has been linked to issues with multiple organs. Now a team show disruption can even affect offspring. Male mice given antibiotics targeting gut microbes showed changes to their testes and sperm, which lead to their offspring having a higher probability of severe growth issues and premature death. Although it’s unknown whether a similar effect would be seen in humans, it suggests that factors other than genetics play a role in intergenerational disease susceptibility.

Research article: Argaw-Denboba et al.

News and Views: Dad’s gut microbes matter for pregnancy health and baby’s growth

17:23 Briefing Chat

An updated atlas of the Moon that was a decade in the making, and using AI to design new gene-editing systems.

Nature News: China's Moon atlas is the most detailed ever made

Nature News: ‘ChatGPT for CRISPR’ creates new gene-editing tools

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Many people around the world feel lonely. Chronic loneliness is known to have far-reaching health effects and has been linked to multiple conditions and even early death. But the mechanisms through which feeling alone can lead to poor health is a puzzle. Now, researchers are looking at neurons in the hopes that they may help explain why health issues arise when social needs go unmet.

This is an audio version of our Feature Why loneliness is bad for your health

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In this episode:

00:46 Optical clocks at sea

Optical atomic clocks are the most precise timekeeping devices on the planet, but these devices are huge and difficult to work with, limiting their use outside of the lab. Now, researchers have developed a portable optical clock and demonstrated its robustness by sending it on a perilous sea journey. The team hope that this work will pave the way to more practical uses of optical clocks, such as on satellites where they could help improve the accuracy of GPS technologies.

Research Article: Roslund et al.

News and Views: Robust optical clocks promise stable timing in a portable package

09:34 Research Highlights

Evidence of ritual burning of the remains of a Maya royal family, and the first solid detection of an astrophysical tau-neutrino.

Research Highlight: Burnt remains of Maya royalty mark a dramatic power shift

Research Highlight: Detectors deep in South Pole ice pin down elusive tau neutrino

11:52 How marsupial gliding membranes evolved

Several marsupial species have evolved a membrane called a patagium that allows them to glide gracefully from tree to tree. Experiments show that mutations in areas of DNA around the gene Emx2 were key to the evolution of this ability, which has appeared independently in multiple marsupial species.

Research article: Moreno et al.

News and Views: Marsupial genomes reveal how a skin membrane for gliding evolved

19:22 Briefing Chat

How overtraining AIs can help them discover novel solutions, and researchers manage to make one-atom thick sheets of ‘goldene’.

Quanta Magazine: How Do Machines ‘Grok’ Data?

Nature news: Meet ‘goldene’: this gilded cousin of graphene is also one atom thick

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Humans setting up home in outer space has long been the preserve of science fiction. Now, thanks to advances in technology and the backing of billionaires, this dream could actually be realised. But is it more likely to be a nightmare?

Kelly and Zach Weinersmith join us to discuss their new book A City on Mars and some of the medical, environmental and legal roadblocks that may prevent humanity from ultimately settling in space.

A City on Mars: Can We Settle Space, Should We Settle Space, and Have We Really Thought This Through? Kelly and Zach Weinersmith Particular Books (2023)

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In this episode:

00:46 Mysterious methane emission from a cool brown dwarf

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is revealing the makeup of brown dwarfs — strange space objects that blur the line between a planet and a star. And it appears that methane in the atmosphere of one of these objects, named W1935, is emitting infrared radiation. Where the energy comes from is a mystery however, researchers hypothesise that the glow could be caused by an aurora in the object’s atmosphere, perhaps driven by an as-yet unseen moon.

Research Article: Faherty et al.

10:44 Research Highlights

The discovery that bitter taste receptors may date back 450 million years, and the first planet outside the Solar System to boast a rainbow-like phenomenon called a ‘glory’.

Research Highlight: Bitter taste receptors are even older than scientists thought

Research Highlight: An exoplanet is wrapped in glory

13:07 How working memory works

Working memory is a fundamental process that allows us to temporarily store important information, such as the name of a person we’ve just met. However distractions can easily interrupt this process, leading to these memories vanishing. By looking at the brain activity of people doing working-memory tasks, a team have now confirmed that working memory requires two brain regions: one to hold a memory as long as you focus on it; and another to control its maintenance by helping you to not get distracted.

Research article: Daume et al.

News and Views: Coupled neural activity controls working memory in humans

22:31 Briefing Chat

The bleaching event hitting coral around the world, and the first evidence of a nitrogen-fixing eukaryote.

New York Times: The Widest-Ever Global Coral Crisis Will Hit Within Weeks, Scientists Say

Nature News: Scientists discover first algae that can fix nitrogen — thanks to a tiny cell structure

Nature video: AI and robotics demystify the workings of a fly's wing

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In this episode:

00:46 Mapping ‘ghost roads’ in tropical forests

Across the world, huge numbers of illegal roads have been cut into forests. However, due to their illicit nature, the exact numbers of these roads and their impacts on ecosystems is poorly understood. To address this, researchers have undertaken a huge mapping exercise across the tropical Asia-Pacific region. Their findings reveal over a million kilometers of roads that don’t appear on official maps, and that their construction is a key driver for deforestation.

Research Article: Engert et al.

10:44 Research Highlights

How climate change fuelled a record-breaking hailstorm in Spain, and an unusual technique helps researchers detect a tiny starquake.

Research Highlight: Baseball-sized hail in Spain began with a heatwave at sea

Research Highlight: Smallest known starquakes are detected with a subtle shift of colour

13:02 Briefing Chat

A clinical trial to test whether ‘mini livers’ can grow in a person’s lymph node, and the proteins that may determine left-handedness.

Nature News: ‘Mini liver’ will grow in person’s own lymph node in bold new trial

Nature News: Right- or left-handed? Protein in embryo cells might help decide

Nature video: How would a starfish wear trousers? Science has an answer

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Around the world, rates of cancers that typically affect older adults are increasing in those under 50 years old. Models based on global data predict that the number of early-onset cancer cases like these will increase by around 30% between 2019 and 2030.

The most likely contributors — such as rising rates of obesity and early-cancer screening — do not fully account for the increase. To try and understand the reasons behind this trend, many researchers are searching for answers buried in studies that tracked the lives and health of children born half a century ago.

This is an audio version of our Feature Why are so many young people getting cancer? What the data say

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In this episode:

00:35 Pregnancy advances your ‘biological’ age — but giving birth turns it back

Growing a baby leads to changes in the distribution of certain chemical markers on a pregnant person’s DNA, but new research suggests that after giving birth, these changes can revert to an earlier state.

Nature News: Pregnancy advances your ‘biological’ age — but giving birth turns it back

08:07 Bird gestures to say 'after you'

A Japanese tit (Parus minor) will flutter its wings to invite their mate to enter the nest first. Use of these sorts of gestures, more complex than simply pointing at an object of interest, were thought to be limited to great apes, suggesting that there are more non-vocal forms of communication to be found in the animal kingdom.

Scientific American: Wild Birds Gesture ‘After You’ to Insist Their Mate Go First

13:34 The carbon cost of home-grown veg

Research have estimated that the carbon footprint of home-grown food and community gardens is six-times greater than conventional, commercial farms. This finding surprised the authors — keen home-growers themselves — who emphasize that their findings can be used to help make urban efforts (which have worthwhile social benefits) more carbon-efficient.

BBC Future: The complex climate truth about home-grown tomatoes

20:29 A look at next week's total eclipse

On 8th April, a total eclipse of the Sun is due to trace a path across North America. We look at the experiments taking place and what scientists are hoping to learn.

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In this episode:

01:28 Inflammation’s role in memory

How memories are stored is an ongoing question in neuroscience. Now researchers have found an inflammatory pathway that responds to DNA damage in neurons has a key role in the persistence of memories. How this pathway helps memories persist is unclear, but the researchers suggest that how the DNA damage is repaired may play a role. As inflammation in the brain is often associated with disease, the team were surprised by this finding, which they hope will help uncover ways to better preserve our memories, especially in the face of neurodegenerative disorders.

Research Article: Jovasevic et al.

News and Views: Innate immunity in neurons makes memories persist

08:40 Research Highlights

The effect of wind turbines on property values, and how waste wood can be used to 3D print new wooden objects.

Research Highlight: A view of wind turbines drives down home values — but only briefly

Research Highlight: Squeeze, freeze, bake: how to make 3D-printed wood that mimics the real thing

11:14 How melting ice is affecting global timekeeping

Due to variations in the speed of Earth’s rotation, the length of a day is rarely exactly 24 hours. By calculating the strength of the different factors affecting this, a researcher has shown that while Earth’s rotation is overall speeding up, this effect is being tempered by the melting of the polar ice caps. As global time kept by atomic clocks occasionally has to be altered to match Earth’s rotation, human-induced climate change may delay plans to add a negative leap-second to ensure the two align.

Research article: Agnew

News and Views: Melting ice solves leap-second problem — for now

20:04 Briefing Chat

An AI for antibody development, and the plans for the upcoming Simons observatory.

Nature News: ‘A landmark moment’: scientists use AI to design antibodies from scratch

Nature News: ‘Best view ever’: observatory will map Big Bang’s afterglow in new detail

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This podcast has been corrected: in a previous version at 5:55 we stated that that the team's 200mm devices currently contain only a couple of magnetic tunnelling junctions, in fact they studied 500-1000 devices in this work.

00:48 How mysterious skyrmions could power next-generation computers

Skyrmions are tiny whirlpools of magnetic spin that some researchers believe have useful properties that could unlock new kinds of computing. However getting skyrmions to perform useful computational tasks has been tricky. Now researchers have developed a method to create and manipulate skyrmions in a way that is compatible with existing computing technology, allowing them to read and write data at a fraction of the energy cost of conventional systems. The team think this shows that skyrmions could be a viable part of the next generation of computers.

Research Article: Chen et al.

News and Views: Magnetic whirlpools offer improved data storage

07:51 Research Highlights

How robotically-enhanced, live jellyfish could make ocean monitoring cheap and easy, and how collective saliva tests could be a cost-effective way of testing for a serious infant infection.

Research Highlight: These cyborg jellyfish could monitor the changing seas

Research Highlight: Pooling babies’ saliva helps catch grave infection in newborns

10:01 AI identifies X factor hidden within zebra finch songs

Male songbirds often develop elaborate songs to demonstrate their fitness, but many birds only learn a single song and stick with it their entire lives. How female birds judge the fitness between these males has been a long-standing puzzle. Now, using an AI-based system a team has analysed the songs of male zebra finches and shown that some songs have a hidden factor that is imperceptible to humans. Although it’s not clear exactly what this factor is, songs containing it were shown to be harder to learn and more attractive to females. The researchers hope that this AI-based method will allow them to better understand what makes some birdsong more attractive than others.

Research article: Alam et al.

News and Views: Birds convey complex signals in simple songs

20:04 Briefing Chat

How H5N1 avian influenza is threatening penguins on Antarctica, and why farmed snake-meat could be a more environmentally-friendly way to produce protein for food.

Nature News: Bird-flu threat disrupts Antarctic penguin studies

Scientific American: Snake Steak Could Be a Climate-Friendly Source of Protein

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In this episode:

00:45 Making a map of the human heart

The human heart consists of multiple, specialised structures that all work together to enable the organ to beat for a lifetime. But exactly which cells are present in each part of the heart has been difficult to ascertain. Now, a team has combined molecular techniques to create an atlas of the developing human heart at an individual cell level. Their atlas provides insights into how cell communities communicate and form different structures. They hope that this knowledge will ultimately help in the treatment of congenital heart conditions, often caused by irregular development of the heart.

Research article: Farah et al.

Nature video: Building a heart atlas

08:37 Research Highlights

Residue in ceramic vases suggests that ancient Mesoamerican peoples consumed tobacco as a liquid, and a wireless way to charge quantum batteries.

Research Highlight: Buried vases hint that ancient Americans might have drunk tobacco

Research Highlight: A better way to charge a quantum battery

11:11 The evolution of menopause in toothed whales

Menopause is a rare phenomenon, only known to occur in a few mammalian species. Several of these species are toothed whales, such as killer whales, beluga whales and narwhals. But why menopause evolved multiple times in toothed whales has been a long-standing research question. To answer it, a team examined the life history of whales with and without menopause and how this affected the number of offspring and ‘grandoffpsring’. Their results suggest that menopause allows older females to help younger generations in their families and improve their chances of survival.

Research Article: Ellis et al.

News and Views: Whales make waves in the quest to discover why menopause evolved

18:03 Briefing Chat

How the new generation of anti-obesity drugs could help people with HIV, and the study linking microplastics lodged in a key blood vessel with serious health issues.

Nature News: Blockbuster obesity drug leads to better health in people with HIV

Nature News: Landmark study links microplastics to serious health problems

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In this episode:

00:48 Bumblebees can learn new tricks from each other

One behaviour thought unique to humans is the ability to learn something from your predecessors that you couldn’t figure out on your own. However, researchers believe they have shown bumblebees are also capable of this ‘standing on the shoulders of giants’ approach to learning. Bees that were taught how to complete a puzzle too difficult to solve on their own, were able to share this knowledge with other bees, raising the possibility that this thought-to-be human trait could be widespread amongst animals.

Research article: Bridges et al.

News and Views: Bees and chimpanzees learn from others what they cannot learn alone

16:55 Research Highlights

Why the Krakatau eruption made the skies green, and the dining habits of white dwarf stars.

Research Highlight: Why sunsets were a weird colour after Krakatau blew its top

Research Highlight: This dying star bears a jagged metal scar

19:28 The fish that collectively, electrically sense

Many ocean-dwelling animals sense their environment using electric pulses, which can help them hunt and avoid predators. Now research shows that the tiny elephantnose fish can increase the range of this sense by combining its pulses with those of other elephantnose fish. This allows them to discriminate and determine the location of different objects at a much greater distance than a single fish is able to. This is the first time a collective electric sense has been seen in animals, which could provide an ‘early-warning system', allowing a group to avoid predators from a greater distance.

Research Article: Pedraja and Sawtell

27:54 Briefing Chat

The organoids made from cells derived from amniotic fluid, and the debate over the heaviest animal.

Nature News: Organoids grown from amniotic fluid could shed light on rare diseases

The New York Times: Researchers Dispute Claim That Ancient Whale Was Heaviest Animal Ever

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In this episode:

00:49 What caused the Universe to become fully transparent?

Around 13 billion years ago, the Universe was filled with a dense ‘fog’ of neutral hydrogen that blocked certain wavelengths of light. This fog was lifted when the hydrogen was hit by radiation in a process known as reionisation, but the source of this radiation has been debated. Now, researchers have used the JWST to peer deep into the Universe’s past and found that charged particles pouring out from dwarf galaxies appear to be the the main driver for reionization. This finding could help researchers understand how some of the structures we now see in the Universe were formed.

Research article: Atek et al.

08:46 Research Highlights

Ancient inscriptions could be the earliest example of the language that became Basque, and how researchers etched a groove… onto soap film.

Research Highlight: Ancient bronze hand’s inscription points to origins of Basque language

Research Highlight: Laser pulses engrave an unlikely surface: soap films

11:05 Controlling cholesterol with epigenetics

To combat high cholesterol, many people take statins, but because these drugs have to be taken every day researchers have been searching for alternatives. Controlling cholesterol by editing the epigenome has shown promise in lab-grown cells, but its efficacy in animals was unclear. Now, researchers have shown the approach can work in mice, and have used it to silence a gene linked to high cholesterol for a year. The mice show markedly lowered cholesterol, a result the team hope could pave the way for epigenetic therapeutics for humans.

Research Article: Cappelluti et al.

18:52 The gene mutation explaining why humans don’t have tails

Why don’t humans and other apes have a tail? It was assumed that a change must have happened in our genomes around 25 million years ago that resulted in the loss of this flexible appendage. Now researchers believe they have pinned down a good candidate for what caused this: an insertion into a particular gene known as TBXT. The team showed the key role this gene plays by engineering mice genomes to contain a similar change, leading to animals that were tail-less. This finding could help paint a picture of the important genetic mutations that led to the evolution of humans and other apes.

Nature News: How humans lost their tails — and why the discovery took 2.5 years to publish

Research Article: Xia et al.

News and Views: A mobile DNA sequence could explain tail loss in humans and apes

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The phenomenon of animals catching diseases from humans, called reverse zoonoses, has had a severe impact on great ape populations, often representing a bigger threat than habitat loss or poaching.

However, while many scientists and conservationists agree that human diseases pose one of the greatest risks to great apes today there are a few efforts under way to use a research-based approach to mitigate this problem.

This is an audio version of our Feature Chimpanzees are dying from our colds — these scientists are trying to save them

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The deep haunting tones of the world's largest animals, baleen whales, are iconic - but how the songs are produced has long been a mystery. Whales evolved from land dwelling mammals which vocalize by passing air through a structure called the larynx - a structure which also helps keep food from entering the respiratory system. However toothed whales like dolphins do not use their larynx to make sound, instead they have evolved a specialized organ in their nose. Now a team of researchers have discovered the structure used by baleen whales - a modified version of the larynx. Whales like Humpbacks and Blue whales are able to create powerful vocalizations but their anatomy also limits the frequency of the sounds they can make and depth at which they can sing. This leaves them unable to escape anthropogenic noise pollution which occur in the same range.

Article: Evolutionary novelties underlie sound production in baleen whales

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In this episode:

00:45 Why are humans so helpful?

Humans are notable for their cooperation and display far more altruistic behaviour than other animals, but exactly why this behaviour evolved has been a puzzle. But in a new paper, the two leading theories have been put the test with a model and a real-life experiment. They find that actually neither theory on its own leads to cooperation but a combination is required for humans to help one another.

Research article: Efferson et al.

News and Views: Why reciprocity is common in humans but rare in other animals

10:55 Research Highlights

The discovery of an ancient stone wall hidden underwater, and the fun that apes have teasing one another.

Research Highlight: Great ‘Stone Age’ wall discovered in Baltic Sea

Research Highlight: What a tease! Great apes pull hair and poke each other for fun

13:14 The DVD makes a comeback

Optical discs, like CDs and DVDs, are an attractive option for long-term data storage, but these discs are limited by their small capacity. Now though, a team has overcome a limitation of conventional disc writing to produce optical discs capable of storing petabits of data, significantly more than the largest available hard disk. The researchers behind the work think their new discs could one day replace the energy-hungry hard disks used in giant data centres, making long-term storage more sustainable.

Research Article: Zhao et al.

20:10 Briefing Chat

The famous fossil that turned out to be a fraud, and why researchers are making hybrid ‘meat-rice’.

Ars Technica: It’s a fake: Mysterious 280 million-year-old fossil is mostly just black paint

Nature News: Introducing meat–rice: grain with added muscles beefs up protein

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00:45 Smoking's long-term effects on immunity

It's well-known that smoking is bad for health and it has been linked to several autoimmune disorders, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. Now, researchers have investigated the immune responses of 1,000 people. Whilst some effects disappear after quitting, impacts on the T cell response lingers long after. The team hopes that this evidence could help better understand smoking's association with autoimmune diseases.

Research article: Saint-André et al.

News and Views: Smoking’s lasting effect on the immune system

07:03 Research Highlights

Why explosive fulminating gold produces purple smoke, and a curious act of altruism in a male northern elephant seal.

Research Highlight: Why an ancient gold-based explosive makes purple smoke

Research Highlight: ‘Altruistic’ bull elephant seal lends a helping flipper

09:28 Briefing Chat

An author-based method to track down fake papers, and the new ocean lurking under the surface of one of Saturn's moons.

Nature News: Fake research papers flagged by analysing authorship trends

Nature News: The Solar System has a new ocean — it’s buried in a small Saturn moon

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For over a century, cancer has been classified by areas of the body - lung cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer etc. And yet modern medical research is telling us that the molecular and genetic mechanisms behind cancers are not necessarily tied to parts of the body. Many drugs developed to treat metastatic cancers have the capacity to work across many different cancers, and that presents an opportunity for more tailored and efficient treatments. Oncologists are calling for a change in the way patients, clinicians and regulators think about naming cancers.

In this podcast, senior comment editor Lucy Odling-Smee speaks with Fabrice André from Institute Gustave Roussy, to ask what he thinks needs to change.

Comment: Forget lung, breast or prostate cancer: why tumour naming needs to change

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In this episode:

0:46 Borrowing tricks from cancer could help improve immunotherapy

T cell based immunotherapies have revolutionised the treatment of certain types of cancer. However these therapies — which involved taking someone’s own T cells and reprogramming them to kill cancer cells — have struggled to treat solid tumours, which put up multiple defences. To overcome these, a team has taken mutations found in cancer cells that help them thrive and put them into therapeutic T cells. Their results show these powered-up cells are more efficient at targeting solid tumours, but don’t turn cancerous themselves.

Research article: Garcia et al.

11:39 Research Highlights

How researchers solved a submerged-sprinkler problem named after Richard Feynman, and what climate change is doing to high-altitude environmental records in Switzerland.

Research Highlight: The mystery of Feynman’s sprinkler is solved at last

Research Highlight: A glacier’s ‘memory’ is fading because of climate change

14:28 What might the car batteries of the future look like?

As electric cars become ever more popular around the world, manufacturers are looking to improve the batteries that power them. While conventional lithium-ion batteries have dominated the electric vehicle market for decades, researchers are developing alternatives that have better performance and safety — we run though some of these options and discuss their pros and cons.

News Feature: The new car batteries that could power the electric vehicle revolution

25:32 Briefing Chat

How a baby’s-eye view of the world helps an AI learn language, and how the recovery of sea otter populations in California slowed rates of coastal erosion.

Nature News:This AI learnt language by seeing the world through a baby’s eyes

News: How do otters protect salt marshes from erosion? Shellfishly

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Cervical cancer is both treatable and preventable, and the WHO has called for countries to come together to to eliminate the disease in the next century.

However the disease still kills over 300,000 people each year, and levels of screening, treatment and vaccination need to be stepped up in order to achieve this goal.

These challenges are particularly stark in low- and middle-income countries, where a lack of funding, staffing and infrastructure are obstacles. Vaccine hesitancy, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, is also a key problem.

In this Podcast Extra, two experts share their thoughts on how best to overcome these obstacles, and make elimination of cervical cancer a reality.

Comment: Cervical cancer kills 300,000 people a year — here’s how to speed up its elimination

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In this episode:

0:48 How hominins spread through Europe

Ancient stone tools are often uncovered in Europe, but it can be difficult to identify who crafted them, as Neanderthals and Homo sapiens coexisted in the region for several thousand years. The makers of one type of tool found in northern Europe has long puzzled researchers, but now through genetic analysis of nearby skeletal fragments, it has been revealed that they were made by Homo sapiens. The age of these tools suggests that modern humans were more widespread and adaptable to living in colder climates than previously thought.

Research article: Mylopotamitaki et al.

News and Views: Stone tools in northern Europe made by Homo sapiens 45,000 years ago

09:36 Research Highlights

How a Colombian mountain range lost its root, and what Roman wine may have looked, smelled and tasted like.

Research Highlight: A mysterious mountain range lacks roots but still stands tall

Research Highlight: The clever system that gave Roman wines an amber colour and nutty aroma

15:21 Briefing Chat

Analysis of lab-grown neurons reveals why brain cells grow so slowly in humans, and a genetic therapy for a certain type of deafness shows promise.

Video: Why human brain cells grow so slowly

Science: Gene therapies that let deaf children hear bring hope—and many questions

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Evidence so far suggests that the prevalence of long COVID in low- and middle-income countries could be similar to that of wealthier countries. For example, by some estimates, more than four million people in Brazil have long COVID.

However, an absence of research on the condition in less-wealthy countries has left advocates hamstrung: few physicians acknowledge that long COVID exists. A lack of data is also hampering efforts to search for the mechanisms of the condition and tailor treatments.

This is an audio version of our Feature Long COVID is a double curse in low-income nations — here’s why

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In this episode:

0:46 Turning a toxic by-product into iron

Red mud is a toxic by-product of aluminium manufacture, and millions of tonnes of it is produced each year. The majority ends up in landfills, pumped into vast lakes or stored in dried mounds, posing a serious environmental risk. This week, researchers demonstrate how red mud can be reused to make iron, a vital component in the production of steel. As their method uses hydrogen plasma rather than fossil fuels, they suggest it could be a way to reduce the carbon emissions associated with the steelmaking industry.

Research article: Jovičević-Klug et al.

News and Views: Iron extracted from hazardous waste of aluminium production

09:36 Research Highlights

The economics of next-generation geothermal power plants, and the folded-fabric robot that crawls like a snake.

Research Highlight: Flexible geothermal power makes it easier to harness Earth’s inner heat

Research Highlight: Origami fabric robot slithers like a snake

20:53 Briefing Chat

A computational model that predicts a person's likelihood of developing long COVID, NASA finally crack open the lid of OSIRIS-REx’s sample container, and how the ‘Moon Sniper’ craft pulled off the most precise lunar landing ever.

Nature News: Long-COVID signatures identified in huge analysis of blood protein

Johnson Space Centre: NASA’S OSIRIS-REx Curation Team Reveals Remaining Asteroid Sample

Nature News: Japan’s successful Moon landing was the most precise ever

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In this episode:

0:55 The AI that deduces solutions to complex maths problems

Researchers at Google Deepmind have developed an AI that can solve International Mathematical Olympiad-level geometry problems, something previous AIs have struggled with. They provided the system with a huge number of random mathematical theorems and proofs, which it used to approximate general rules of geometry. The AI then applied these rules to solve the Olympiad problems and show its workings for humans to check. The researchers hope their system shows that it is possible for AIs to ‘learn’ basic principles from large amounts of data and use them to tackle complex logical challenges, which could prove useful in fields outside mathematics.

Research article: Trinh et al.

09:46 Research Highlights

A stiff and squishy ‘hydrospongel’ — part sponge, part hydrogel — that could find use in soft robotics, and how the spread of rice paddies in sub-Saharan Africa helps to drive up atmospheric methane levels.

Research Highlight: Stiff gel as squishable as a sponge takes its cue from cartilage

Research Highlight: A bounty of rice comes at a price: soaring methane emissions

12:26 The food-web effects of mass predator die-offs

Mass Mortality Events, sometimes called mass die-offs, can result in huge numbers of a single species perishing in a short period of time. But there’s not a huge amount known about the effects that events like these might be having on wider ecosystems. Now, a team of researchers have built a model ecosystem to observe the impact of mass die-offs on the delicate balance of populations within it.

Research article: Tye et al.

20:53 Briefing Chat

An update on efforts to remove the stuck screws on OSIRIS-REx’s sample container, the ancient, fossilized skin that was preserved in petroleum, and a radical suggestion to save the Caribbean’s coral reefs.

OSIRIS-REx Mission Blog: NASA’s OSIRIS-REx Team Clears Hurdle to Access Remaining Bennu Sample

Nature News: This is the oldest fossilized reptile skin ever found — it pre-dates the dinosaurs

Nature News: Can foreign coral save a dying reef? Radical idea sparks debate

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In this episode of the Nature Podcast, we catch up on some science stories from the holiday period by diving into the Nature Briefing.

We chat about: an extra-warm sweater inspired by polar bear fur; the fossil find revealing what a juvenile tyrannosaur liked to snack on; why scientists are struggling to open OSIRIS-REx’s sample container; how 2023 was a record for retractions; and how cats like to play fetch, sometimes.

Nature News: Polar bear fur-inspired sweater is thinner than a down jacket — and just as warm

Scientific American: Tyrannosaur’s Stomach Contents Have Been Found for the First Time

Nature News: ‘Head-scratcher’: first look at asteroid dust brought to Earth offers surprises

Nature News: More than 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023 — a new record

Scientific American: Cats Play Fetch, Too—But Only on Their Own Terms

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In this episode, reporter Miryam Naddaf joins us to talk about the big science events to look out for in 2024. We'll hear about the mass of the neutrino, the neural basis of consciousness and the climate lawsuits at the Hague, to name but a few.

News: the science events to look our for in 2024

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Perovskites are cheap, abundant photovoltaic materials that some have hailed as the future of green energy.

Around the world, companies are layering perovskites on top of traditional silicon to develop so-called tandem solar cells that some think could deliver at least 20% more power than a silicon cell alone.

However, there remain multiple issues to overcome before these products are ready for widespread uptake in the notoriously competitive solar-power market.

This is an audio version of our Feature A new kind of solar cell is coming: is it the future of green energy?

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In this episode:

00:54 Franklin’s real role

When it comes to the structure of DNA, everyone thinks they know Rosalind Franklin’s role in its discovery. The story goes that her crucial data was taken by James Watson without her knowledge, helping him and Francis Crick solve the structure. However, new evidence has revealed that this wasn’t really the case. Rosalind Franklin was not a ‘wronged heroine’, she was an equal contributor to the discovery.

Nature Podcast: 25 April 2023

Comment: What Rosalind Franklin truly contributed to the discovery of DNA’s structure

14:37 An automated way to monitor wildlife recovery

To prevent the loss of wildlife, forest restoration is key, but monitoring how well biodiversity actually recovers is incredibly difficult. Now though, a team has collected recordings of animal sounds to determine the extent of the recovery. However, while using these sounds to identify species is an effective way to monitor, it’s also labour intensive. To overcome this, they trained an AI to listen to the sounds, and found that although it was less able to identify species, its findings still correlated well with wildlife recovery, suggesting that it could be a cost-effective and automated way to monitor biodiversity.

Nature Podcast: 25 October 2023

Research article: Müller et al.

27:11 Research Highlights

The first brain recording from a freely swimming octopus, and how a Seinfeld episode helped scientists to distinguish the brain regions involved in understanding and appreciating humour.

Research Highlight: How to measure the brain of an octopus

Research Highlight: One brain area helps you to enjoy a joke — but another helps you to get it

30:24 Why multisensory experiences can make stronger memories

It’s recognized that multisensory experiences can create strong memories and that later-on, a single sensory experience can trigger memories of the whole event, like a specific smell conjuring a visual memory. But the neural mechanisms behind this are not well understood. Now, a team has shown that rich sensory experiences can create direct neural circuit between the memory regions involved with different senses. This circuit increases memory strength in the flies, and helps explain how sense and memories are interlinked.

Nature Podcast: 25 April 2023

Research article: Okray et al.

38:58 Briefing Chat

How elephant seals catch some shut-eye while diving.

New York Times: Elephant Seals Take Power Naps During Deep Ocean Dives

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Many AIs are 'black box' in nature, meaning that part of all of the underlying structure is obfuscated, either intentionally to protect proprietary information, due to the sheer complexity of the model, or both. This can be problematic in situations where people are harmed by decisions made by AI but left without recourse to challenge them.

Many researchers in search of solutions have coalesced around a concept called Explainable AI, but this too has its issues. Notably, that there is no real consensus on what it is or how it should be achieved. So how do we deal with these black boxes? In this podcast, we try to find out.

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In this episode:

01:55 “Oh GPT”

In the first of our festive songs, we pay homage to LLMs, the generative AI chat bots which have taken 2023 by storm. 

05:32 Twenty questions

In this year’s festive game, our competitors try to guess some of the biggest science stories of the year, solely by asking yes/no questions.

24:40 “Warming night”

In our final song this year, we take stock as 2023 is named the hottest year since records began. As worsening climate change continues to threaten lives, can science provide hope for the future?

28:24 Nature’s 10

Every year, Nature’s 10 highlights some of the people who have shaped science. We hear about a few of the people who made the 2023 list.

News feature: Nature’s 10

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In the latest episode of Nature hits the books, astronomer Aomawa Shields discusses her memoir Life on Other Planets: A Memoir of Finding My Place in the Universe.

The book tracks her career path as a scientist and a classically-trained actor, explores her experiences as an African American woman in STEM, and interrogates science’s place in culture — some of the things we discussed in this podcast.

Life on Other Planets: A Memoir of Finding My Place in the Universe Aomawa Shields Constable (2023)

Music supplied by Airae/Epidemic Sound/Getty images.

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Current COVID-19 vaccines offer great protection from serious illness, but they don't prevent people from becoming infected in the first place. Because of this, researchers have been searching for ways to boost mucosal immunity — the immune response on mucosal surfaces — as this is where the virus is first encountered by the body. Now a team have shown that mucosal immunity can be improved enough to block infection in rhesus macaques by administering booster vaccines directly into their lungs, through inhalation. They hope this could offer a way to stop humans getting COVID-19 in the future.

Research Article: McMahan et al.

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In this episode:

00:48 A new way to grow a tricky parasite in the lab

Toxoplasma gondii, the parasite that causes the zoonotic disease toxoplasmosis, has a complex, multi-stage life cycle. Some of these stages will only grow in the intestines of cats, making it difficult to study. Now, a team has found a way to grow one of these stages in vitro for the first time, which they hope will help researchers learn more about this parasite, estimated to have infected around 30% of the world’s population.

Research Article: Antunes et al.

08:50 Research Highlights

The tiny VR goggles designed for mice, and how a squirt of water could give coffee a bigger kick.

Research Highlight: Wee VR googles give mice a true immersive experience

Research Highlight: Why coffee particles clump and make a mess during grinding

11:25 Briefing Chat

Genetic searches reveal a potential super-sized protein, and the rise of ‘non-stop’ authors who publish a science paper every five days

Nature News: The world’s largest proteins? These mega-molecules turn bacteria into predators

Nature News: Surge in number of ‘extremely productive’ authors concerns scientists

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In this episode:

00:48 A gap for trapping light

Confining photons within materials opens up potential applications in quantum computing and telecommunications. But capturing light requires nanoscale cavities, which are difficult to make. This week, a team has created the smallest silicon gap yet for this purpose, just two nano-metres wide, by exploiting the intermolecular forces that are usually an obstacle when creating such small structures. They show this gap can trap light effectively, but they also believe that their method could be used to create tiny cavities for use in a range of different fields.

Research Article: Babar et al.

News and Views: Self-assembling structures close the gap to trap light

07:28 Research Highlights

Researchers head into the wilderness to search for dark matter, and the discovery that bottlenose dolphins can sense weak magnetic fields.

Research Highlight: The hunt for dark-matter particles ventures into the wild

Research Highlight: Dolphins have a feel for electric fields

09:54 The environmental cost of tackling poverty

Extreme poverty, defined as living on less than US$2.15 a day, affects around 10% of the world’s population. In the past, economic growth has generally been seen as key to reducing poverty; however, such growth has also led to an increase in climate-warming emissions. To find out whether poverty can be tackled without costing the planet, a team of researchers modelled how different levels of economic growth would affect global emissions. They found that ending poverty has only a negligible impact on emissions, which could be lowered even further by decarbonising energy production.

Research Article: Wollburg et al.

News and Views: Tackling extreme poverty around the world need not impede climate action

News: Catastrophic change looms as Earth nears climate ‘tipping points’, report says

News: Scientists skip COP28 to demand climate action at home

18:36 Briefing Chat

Scientists create a robotic octopus arm that you can control with a finger, and how disruptive science seems to elude farflung teams.

Nature News: How does it feel to have an octopus arm? This robo-tentacle lets people find out

Nature News: ‘Disruptive’ science: in-person teams make more breakthroughs than remote groups

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Around 500 million people are estimated to be in period poverty, lacking adequate access to sanitary products. Many of these people rely on donations, but this is far from a long-term solution. To tackle this researchers have developed a method to extract absorbent materials for menstrual pads from a common plant, Agave sisalana. The researchers say that their method can be performed using local techniques and has a lower environmental impact than the manufacture of other period products. They're aiming to scale-up this approach to help those in period poverty.

Research Article: Molina et al.

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In this episode:

00:49 What to expect at COP28.

The UN’s annual climate change conference is starting soon in Dubai. This time will be the first time that humanity formally assesses its progress under the 2015 Paris climate agreement, so we ask if this challenge of keeping warming below 1.5 ˚C can be met and what needs to happen at COP28 to make it a reality.

News Feature: Is it too late to keep global warming below 1.5 °C? The challenge in 7 charts

10:49 Research Highlights

Falcons show off their smarts, and how smoke from California wildfires made Europe cloudy.

Research Highlight: These falcons excel at problem-solving — and outdo some of the world’s smartest birds

Research Highlight: Huge California wildfires seeded cirrus clouds half a world away

12:59 Briefing Chat

The mystery surrounding a powerful cosmic ray, and how to make super hot plasma easily.

Nature News: The most powerful cosmic ray since the Oh-My-God particle puzzles scientists

Research Article: Xie et al.

Video: Super hot plasma made easy with stabilising fibres

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Researchers have been resurrecting apple trees to revive forgotten varieties of the fruit. They hope that sequencing these apples' genomes could uncover mutations that influence flavour, colour, crispness and other characteristics. This knowledge could help unlock the next blockbuster fruit, and develop trees that are more resistant to disease, climate change and other environmental pressures.

This is an audio version of our Feature Apple revival: how science is bringing historic varieties back to life

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In this episode:

00:46 What happens after polio is eradicated

Since 1988, cases of polio have fallen by more than 99%, and many observers predict that the disease could be eradicated within the next three years. However, eradication isn’t the same as extinction, so the next challenge is for researchers to make sure the disease won’t return. We discuss what a post-polio future may look like, and how to ensure that the disease is gone for good.

News Feature: Polio is on the brink of eradication. Here's how to keep it from coming back

09:48 Research Highlights

Botulinum toxin shows promise in treating a common disorder in older people, and how safeguarding seabirds may require significantly larger conservation-areas than previously thought.

Research Highlight: Botox’s paralysing effects can relieve an uncontrolled head tremor

Research Highlight: Seabirds’ lonely travels pose a conservation challenge

12:21 Briefing Chat

How demand for research monkeys is fuelling an illegal trade in smuggled animals, and the surprising observation that may help explain mysterious space explosions.

Nature: How wild monkeys ‘laundered’ for science could undermine research

Nature News: Mysterious ‘Tasmanian devil’ space explosion baffles astronomers

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In the latest episode of Nature hits the books, writer and researcher Jay Owens joins us to discuss her book Dust: The Modern World in a Trillion Particles.

Much like dust itself, Jay’s book travels the globe, looking at the impacts that these microscopic particles are having on the world, our health and environment, as well as exploring the role that humanity has played in creating them.

Dust: The Modern World in a Trillion Particles Jay Owens Hodder & Stoughton (2023)

Music supplied by Airae/Epidemic Sound/Getty images.

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In this episode:

00:46 Machine vision enables multi-material 3D printing

3D printers are capable of producing complex shapes, but making functioning objects from multiple materials in a single print-run has proved challenging. To overcome this, a team has combined inkjet printing with an error-correction system guided by machine vision, to allow them to print sophisticated multi-material objects. They used this method to make a bio-inspired robotic hand that combines soft and rigid plastics to make mechanical bones, ligaments, and tendons, as well as a pump based on a mammalian heart.

Research article: Buchner et al.

News & Views: Multi-material 3D printing guided by machine vision

Video: The 3D printer that crafts complex robotic organs in a single run

07:49 Research Highlights

Citizen-scientists help identify an astronomical object that blurs the line between asteroid and comet, and how a Seinfeld episode helped scientists to distinguish the brain regions involved in understanding and appreciating humour.

Research Highlight: Citizen scientists find a rarity: an asteroid trying to be a comet

Research Highlight: One brain area helps you to enjoy a joke — but another helps you to get it

10:31 Assessing the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for diabetes

Type 2 diabetes affects hundreds of millions of people around the world and represents a significant burden on healthcare systems. But behaviour change programmes — also known as lifestyle interventions — could potentially play a large role in preventing people from developing type 2 diabetes. This week in Nature a new paper assesses how effective this kind of intervention might be. Looking at a huge amount of data from the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme, the paper concludes that these interventions represent a viable diabetes prevention strategy.

Research article: Lemp et al.

News & Views: Diabetes prevention programme put to the test

17:35 Briefing Chat

How marine heatwaves revved up crabs’ metabolisms until they starved, and the AI-powered, robot chemist that could extract oxygen from water on Mars.

Wired: The Surprising Reason Sea Creatures Are Getting Hungrier

Nature News: This AI robot chemist could make oxygen on Mars

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In this episode:

00:46 Modifying a fungal drug to make it less toxic

Amphotericin B is a drug used to treat life-threatening fungal infections. But while it is effective against many fungal species, it is also extremely toxic to kidneys, meaning it is mostly used as a drug of last-resort. This week, a team has unpicked the mechanism behind the drug’s toxicity, allowing them to modify it and reduce side effects in human kidney cells. The researchers hope this new version of the drug could become a useful tool in fighting fungal diseases.

Research article: Maji et al.

09:00 Research Highlights

Reconstructing woolly rhino DNA using samples from fossilized hyena dung, and a soft robot that can perform surgery inside a beating heart.

Research Highlight: Woolly-rhino genome emerges from cave hyena’s fossilized poo

Research Highlight: A robot performs heart surgery with a strong but delicate touch

11:26 Phosphorus found at the edge of our Galaxy

Phosphorus is a vital element for life and for planet formation, but although abundant in the inner part of the Milky Way, it has been undetected in the outer regions of our Galaxy. Now, researchers have identified phosphorus-containing molecules huge distances from Earth, although exactly how this phosphorus was created is unclear. The team suspect that lower-mass stars are behind the phosphorus generation, and believe that the detection of the element could broaden the range of planets that may be habitable in our Galaxy.

Research article: Koelemay et al.

18:14 Briefing Chat

What Osiris-REx’s hypersonic capsule return could teach researchers about asteroids hitting Earth’s atmosphere, and the genetic studies that could help restore the genomes of Scotland’s endangered ‘Highland tigers’.

Nature News: Asteroid sampler’s hypersonic return thrilled scientists: here’s what they learnt

Nature News: How to keep wildcats wild: ancient DNA offers fresh insights

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In the past year, generative AIs have been taking the world by storm. ChatGPT, Bard, DALL-E and more, are changing the nature of how content is produced. In science, they could help transform and streamline publishing. However, they also come with plenty of risks.

In this episode of Nature's Take we discuss how these AIs are impacting science and what the future might hold.

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In this episode:

00:46 An injectable gel for healing muscles

Severe muscle injury can be debilitating, with long recuperation periods. Now, researchers have developed a material that can be directly injected into injured muscle, helping to stimulate and heal damaged tissue. The team showed this approach could rapidly restore walking ability in severely injured rats and regenerate muscles within four weeks. They hope that this solution could one day help humans with similar injuries, and overcome some of the limitations of current recuperation strategies.

Research article: Jin et al.

News and Views: Hydrogel implant rehabilitates muscles through electrical stimulation

10:02 Research Highlights

Ancient human genomes fill in a missing link between Europe’s first humans and later arrivals, and how ferns are inspiring pest-resistant crops.

Research Highlight: Ancient DNA reveals traces of elusive first humans in Europe

Research Highlight: Fierce ferns make insect-fighting proteins

12:43 Briefing Chat

Largest release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes shows promise at controlling dengue, and the genes that explain why starfish aren’t so symmetrical.

Nature News: Dengue rates drop after release of modified mosquitoes in Colombia

Video: How would a starfish wear trousers? Science has an answer

Research Article: Formery et al.

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For decades, BMI — calculated by dividing weight by height squared — has been as an international standard to determine healthy weights.

However, BMI does not measure body fat, and ignores many other factors that can affect how healthy someone it.

Now, a small but growing movement of reseachers and clinicians are calling for other metrics to be used in conjunction with BMI when diagnosing and treating obesity.

This is an audio version of our Feature: Why BMI is flawed — and how to redefine obesity

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For years, researchers have been listening to Mars and the quakes that ripple through it, to understand the planet's internal structure and uncover its history. But often these results have left more questions than answers. Now, though, new research published in Nature reveals the composition and size of Mars's core, finding that it is much smaller than previously thought.

Research Article: Khan et al.

Research Article: Samuel et al.

News and Views: Deep Mars is surprisingly soft

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In this episode:

00:47 An automated way to monitor wildlife recovery

To prevent the loss of wildlife, forest restoration is key, but monitoring how well biodiversity actually recovers is incredibly difficult. Now though, a team have collected recordings of animal sounds to determine the extent of the recovery. However, while using these sounds to identify species is an effective way to monitor, it’s also labour intensive. To overcome this, they trained an AI to listen to the sounds, and found that although it was less able to identify species, its findings still correlated well with wildlife recovery, suggesting that it could be a cost-effective and automated way to monitor biodiversity.

Research article: Müller et al.

12:30 Research Highlights

Researchers develop algae-based living materials that glow when squeezed, and a 50-million-year-old bat skull that suggests echolocation was an ancient skill.

Research Highlight: Give these ‘living composite’ objects a squeeze and watch them glow

Research Highlight: Fossilized skull shows that early bats had modern sonar

15:11 Briefing Chat

A brain imaging study reveals how high-fat foods exert their powerful pull, and how being asleep doesn’t necessarily cut you off from the outside world.

Nature News: Deep asleep? You can still follow simple commands, study finds

Nature News: Milkshake neuroscience: how the brain nudges us toward fatty foods

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In this episode:

00:47 An RNA-based viral system that mimics bacterial immune defences

To protect themselves against viral infection, bacteria often use CRISPR-Cas systems to identify and destroy an invading virus’s genetic material. But viruses aren’t helpless and can deploy countermeasures, known as anti-CRISPRs, to neutralise host defences. This week, a team describe a new kind of anti-CRISPR system, based on RNA, which protects viruses by mimicking part of the CRISPR-Cas system. The researchers hope that this discovery could have future biotechnology applications, including making CRISPR-Cas genome editing more precise.

Research article: Camara-Wilpert et al.

09:05 Research Highlights

Carved inscriptions suggest a queen named Thyra was the most powerful person in Viking-age Denmark, and the discovery of a puffed-up exoplanet that has just 1.5% the density of Earth.

Research Highlight: Runes on Viking stones speak to an ancient queen’s power

Research Highlight: ‘Super-puff’ planet is one of the fluffiest worlds ever found

11:38 Modelling the future of Greenland’s ice sheet melt

Climate-change induced melting of Greenland’s vast ice sheet would contribute to 7m of sea level rise. But it has been difficult to calculate how the ice sheet will respond to future warming. This week, a team suggest that abrupt ice loss is likely if the global mean temperature is between 1.7 °C and 2.3 °C above pre-industrial levels. Keeping temperature rise below 1.5 °C could mitigate ice loss, if done within a few centuries, but even a short overshoot of the estimated threshold could lead to several metres of sea-level rise.

Research article: Bochow et al.

17:50 Briefing Chat

A massive reproducibility exercise reveals over 200 ecologists get wildly-diverging results from the same data, and how melting simulated lunar-dust with lasers could help pave the Moon.

Nature News: Reproducibility trial: 246 biologists get different results from same data sets

Nature News: How to build Moon roads using focused beams of sunlight

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In this episode:

00:46 Engineered pig kidneys show transplantation promise

Kidneys from genetically-engineered miniature pigs have been transplanted into non-human primates, in some cases keeping the animals alive for more than a year. Using CRISPR, a team made dozens of edits to the pig genome to prevent the monkeys’ immune system from attacking the organs. They also removed pig retrovirus genes that could represent an infection risk. These steps are necessary if pig organs are to be used in human transplants, something many clinicians and researchers think will be needed to overcome a critical shortage of organs for transplantation.

Research article: Anand et al.

News and Views: Pig-to-primate organ transplants require genetic modifications of donor

Nature News: The most-complex gene edits yet move pig organs closer to human transplant

09:02 Research Highlights

How babies’ nasal immune systems could explain why they tend to have mild cases of COVID-19, and the molecular ‘glue’ that allows 3D printing with challenging materials.

Research Highlight: How the littlest children stop SARS-CoV-2 in its tracks

Research Highlight: 3D printing tackles tricky materials with help from tiny crystals

11:35 Briefing Chat

This time, the discovery that the human brain uses one system for estimating whether a group contains four or fewer items, and a different one for when there are five or more. Plus, we discuss how researchers fixed the Euclid telescope’s wobbles.

Nature News: Your brain finds it easy to size up four objects but not five — here’s why

Nature News: ‘Immense relief’: Universe-mapping Euclid telescope fixes problem that threatened mission

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In this Podcast Extra, two computer scientists, Shobhana Narasimhan and Sana Odeh, join Nature's Anne Pichon to discuss the barriers that women and gender-diverse people still face when working in science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

They share their experiences and perspectives on the challenges facing women in research, and reflect on potential ways to move forward.

Comment: ‘I wrote my first piece of code at seven’: women share highs and lows in computer science for Ada Lovelace Day

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In this episode:

00:45 A bright satellite is concerning researchers

Satellites reflect sunlight down to Earth, and some do so with such intensity it risks obscuring astronomers' observations from ground-based telescopes. A paper in Nature suggests that the telecommunications satellite called BlueWalker 3 at times outshines most stars visible from Earth. Astronomers worry about the increasing number of such bright satellites making astronomy more difficult, and so the team suggest that future launches should undergo impact assessments.

Research article: Nandakumar et al.

Nature News: Huge new satellite outshines nearly every star in the sky

09:27 Research Highlights

Analysis of carrot genomes reveals how the vegetable got its orange hue, and the self-healing diamond that can fix microscopic fractures.

Research article: Coe et al.

Research Highlight: Crack this kind of diamond, and it heals itself

11:47 The last meal of a 400-million-year-old trilobite

Trilobites are a group of extinct marine arthropods distantly related to animals like crabs and spiders. Although found throughout the fossil record, little is known about the lives of this diverse group of animals. Now, a team has used powerful x-rays to peer inside a trilobite fossil and uncovered the contents of its last meal, over 400-million-years ago. This animal appears to have been an unfussy scavenger, gorging itself on a variety of small, shelled animals.

Research article: Kraft et al.

22:20 Nobel News

Flora Graham from the Nature Briefing joins us to talk about the winners of this year’s science Nobel Prizes.

Nature News: Pioneers of mRNA COVID vaccines win medicine Nobel

Nature News: Physicists who built ultrafast ‘attosecond’ lasers win Nobel Prize

Nature News: Tiny ‘quantum dot’ particles win chemistry Nobel

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Australia's swamp tortoise is one of the most endangered species in the world. This species lives in wetlands that are under threat due to rising temperatures and a reduction in rainfall.

In an effort to save the tortoise, researchers are trialling a controversial strategy called assisted migration. This approach has seen captive-bred tortoises released in other wetlands some 330 kilometres south of where they are naturally found. The aim is to see whether the animals can tolerate cooler climates, and whether this new habitat might ensure the species’ future as the planet warms.

While many conservation biologists and land managers have long resisted the idea of assisted migration, attitudes are changing and other projects are beginning to test whether it can protect protect animals at risk from climate change.

This is an audio version of our Feature: These animals are racing towards extinction. A new home might be their last chance

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In this episode:

00:45 How to tackle AI deepfakes

It has long been possible to create deceptive images, videos or audio to entertain or mislead audiences. Now, with the rise of AI technologies, such manipulations have become easier than ever. These deepfakes can spread misinformation, defraud people, and damage economies. To tackle this, researchers and companies are developing tools to find and label deepfakes, in an attempt to rob them of their potential to wreak havoc.

News Feature: How to stop AI deepfakes from sinking society — and science

11:17 Research Highlights

Ultra-accurate measurement of Earth’s day-length using lasers, and the insect that amputates its own legs to survive the cold.

Research Highlight: How lasers detect day-length changes of a few milliseconds

Research Highlight: Snow-loving flies amputate their own legs for survival

14:04 Stacked timbers might be evidence of ancient woodworking

Ancient stone tools are well preserved in the archeological record, and are used by researchers to understand the lives of ancient hominins. But other materials like wood are less common, since they will only preserve under specific conditions. Now researchers have found a trove of wooden artefacts in Zambia dated to be around 476,000 old. In particular, stacked timbers from the site could be the earliest known wooden structure, perhaps implying that ancient hominins had a greater capacity for woodworking than previously thought.

Research article: Barham et al.

News & Views: Hominins built with wood 476,000 years ago

Nature News: These ancient whittled logs could be the earliest known wooden structure

22:00 OSIRIS-REx brings haul of asteroid dust and rock back to Earth

This week, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx successfully landed a capsule containing rocks and dust from the asteroid Bennu. We talk with reporter Alex Witze, who was on the ground in Utah when the samples landed, to find out what these ancient rocks could reveal about the origins of the Solar System.

Nature News: Special delivery! Biggest-ever haul of asteroid dust and rock returns to Earth

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In this episode:

00:45 A new insight into cancers' selective spread

Cancer cells can spread to bones in the late stages of disease and in many cancers, cells actually preferentially metastasise to the spine. The reason for this has been a puzzle to researchers for years, but now a team has found a new kind of stem cell that may be involved in this process. The stem cell is found in mice and humans and could represent a clinical target in the treatment of cancer.

Research article: Sun et al.

News and Views: Stem cells provide clues to why vertebrae attract tumour cells

09:55 Research Highlights

A preference for certain percussion instruments among palm cockatoos, and modelling where people wait on train platforms.

Research Highlight: This parrot taps out beats — and it custom-builds its instruments

Research Highlight: The maths of how we wait in crowded places

12:29 Briefing Chat

This time, a second trial shows the effectiveness of using MDMA to help treat post-traumatic stress disorder, and how an upgrade to an X-ray laser will let researchers make ultra-crisp ‘molecular movies’.

Nature News: Psychedelic drug MDMA moves closer to US approval following success in PTSD trial

Nature News: World’s most powerful X-ray laser will ‘film’ chemical reactions in unprecedented detail

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In this episode:

00:46 A sustainably-sourced, super-strong adhesive

The modern world is held together by adhesives, but these fossil-fuel derived materials come at an environmental cost. To overcome this, a team have developed a soya-oil based adhesive, which also takes inspiration from the proteins that marine animals like mussels use to stick firmly to rocks. The researchers say their glue is strong, reversible, and less carbon intensive to produce than existing adhesives.

Research article: Westerman et al.

07:43 Research Highlights

Why chemicals derived from wood could be sustainable alternatives to a common plastic building block, and how historical accounts helped researchers estimate the brightness of a 1859 solar flare.

Research Highlight: Wood component yields useful plastics — without the health risks

Research Highlight: A historic solar flare’s huge intensity is revealed by new tools

10:08 New insights into childhood stunting and wasting

Around the world, millions of children are affected by malnutrition, which can result in stunting or wasting, both associated with serious health issues. Despite a widespread recognition of the seriousness of stunting and wasting, there are still questions about their extent, causes and consequences. To answer these, a team have pooled data from previous studies, and show that nutritional interventions targeting the earliest years of life could have the greatest impact.

Research article: Benjamin-Chung et al.

Research article: Mertens et al.

Research article: Mertens et al.

Nature Collection: Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals

20:29 Briefing Chat

This time, what rejoining the Horizon Europe research-funding programme means for UK research, and the 1.4-million-year-old stone balls that are mystifying scientists.

Nature News: Scientists celebrate as UK rejoins Horizon Europe research programme

Science: Were these stone balls made by ancient human relatives trying to perfect the sphere?

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In this episode:

00:30 Early humans pushed to brink of extinction

Around 900,000 years ago the ancestors of modern humans were pushed to the brink of extinction, according to new research. Genetic studies suggest that the breeding population of our ancestors in Africa dropped to just 1,280 and didn’t expand again for another 117,000 years. This population crash would likely have had an impact on human genetic diversity, and may have driven the evolution of important features of modern humans, such as brain size.

Nature News: Human ancestors nearly went extinct 900,000 years ago

3:49 The pollution legacy of Antarctica’s research stations

Poor historical waste practices have left high levels of pollution around Antartica’s research facilities. By surveying the seafloor near Australia’s Casey research station, researchers have revealed high concentrations of hydrocarbons and heavy metals.This pollution is likely to be widespread, but its impact on the continent is unknown.

Nature News: Antarctic research stations have polluted a pristine wilderness

07:43 Melting sea-ice causes catastrophic penguin breeding failure

Persistently low levels of sea-ice around Antarctica have caused emperor penguins to abandon their breeding colonies early, resulting in the death of large numbers of chicks. Although the affected populations only represent a small number of the total emperor penguins on the continent, it’s unclear how they’ll fare if trends in sea-ice melt continue.

Science: Emperor penguins abandon breeding grounds as ice melts around them

09:23 The AI trained to describe smells

Researchers have developed an artificial-intelligence that can describe how compounds smell by analysing their molecular structures. The system’s description of scents are often similar to those of trained human sniffers, and may have applications in the food and perfume industries. Currently the AI works on individual molecules, and is unable to identify the smells associated with complex combinations of molecules, something humans noses do with ease.

Nature: AI predicts chemicals’ smells from their structures

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In this episode:

00:47 First observation of oxygen 28

Oxygen 28 is an isotope of oxygen with 20 neutrons and eight protons. This strange isotope has long been sought after by physicists, as its proposed unusual properties would allow them to put their theories of how atomic nuclei work to the test. Now, after decades of experiments physicists believe they have observed oxygen 28. The observations are at odds with theory predictions, so they imply that there’s a lot more physicists don’t know about the forces that hold atomic nuclei together.

Research article: Kondo et al.

News and Views: Heaviest oxygen isotope is found to be unbound

10:06 Research Highlights

How venus fly traps can protect themselves from wildfires, and a ball-point pen that can ‘write’ LEDs.

Research Highlight: Venus flytraps shut their traps when flames approach

Research Highlight: A rainbow of LEDs adorns objects at the stroke of a pen

12:39 An AI for Drone Racing

AIs have been beating humans at games for years, but in these cases the AI has always trained in exactly the same conditions in which it competes. In chess for example, the board can be simulated exactly. Now though, researchers have demonstrated an AI that can beat humans in a place where simulation can only take you so far, the real world. The Swift AI system is able to race drones against champion-level humans, and beat them most of the time. The researchers hope this research can help improve the efficiency of drones in general.

Research article: Kaufmann et al.

News and Views: Drone-racing champions outpaced by AI

Video: AI finally beats humans at a real-life sport - drone racing

19:51 Briefing Chat

This time, the Indian Space Research Organization’s successful moon landing, and the low level of support offered to researchers whose first language isn’t English by journals.

Nature News: India lands on the Moon! Scientists celebrate as Chandrayaan-3 touches down

Nature News: Scientists who don’t speak fluent English get little help from journals, study finds

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Investigations suggest that, in some fields, at least one-quarter of clinical trials might be problematic or even entirely made up. Faked or unreliable trials are dangerous, as they could end up being included in the reviews that help inform clinical treatments. However, the extent of the problem in unclear, and many researchers urge stronger scrutiny.

This is an audio version of our Feature: Medicine is plagued by untrustworthy clinical trials. How many studies are faked or flawed?

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In this episode:

00:47 The brain-computer interfaces that help restore communication

People with certain neurological conditions can lose the ability to speak as a result of facial paralysis. This week, two teams demonstrate the potential of devices called brain-computer interfaces to help people in these situations communicate. These interfaces work by identifying the brain activity associated with the intent to say words, and converting this activity into speech-related outputs, such as text or audio. Both devices show marked improvements compared with previous interfaces, and show that the technology could represent a way to help restore communication to people with severe paralysis.

Research article: Metzger et al.

Research article: Willett et al.

News and Views: Brain implants that enable speech pass performance milestones

11:46 Research Highlights

How wind-tunnel experiments could help athletes run the fastest marathon ever, and an analysis that could help explain why birds are the colours they are.

Research Highlight: Physicists find a way to set a new marathon record

Research Highlight: Which birds are drab and which dazzle? Predators have a say

14:06 How much heat can tropical leaves take?

As the climate warms, tropical forests around the world are facing increasing temperatures. But it’s unknown how much the trees can endure before their leaves start to die. A team has combined multiple data sources to try and answer this question, and suggest that a warming of 3.9 °C would lead to many leaves reaching a tipping point at which photosynthesis breaks down. This scenario would likely cause significant damage to these ecosystems’ role in vital carbon storage and as homes to significant biodiversity.

Research article: Doughty et al.

21:01 Briefing Chat

This time, a reexamination of Ötzi the iceman’s DNA suggests he had a different appearance, and the failure of a Russian mission to the moon.

Nature News: Ötzi the Iceman has a new look: balding and dark-skinned

Nature News: Russian Moon lander crash — what happened, and what’s next?

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In this episode:

00:49 The search for animals’ magnetic sense sufferers a potential setback

Exactly how animals sense Earth’s magnetic field has long eluded researchers. To understand it, many have turned to the fly model Drosophila melanogaster, long thought to be able to detect magnetic fields. However, a recent Nature paper has raised questions about this ability, a finding that could have repercussions for scientists’ efforts to understand the mechanism behind magnetic sensing, one of the biggest questions in sensory biology.

Research article: Bassetto et al.

News & Views: Replication study casts doubt on magnetic sensing in flies

10:53 Research Highlights

The world’s first filter feeder, and human-caused climate change in the Bronze Age.

Research Highlight: This ancient reptile wanted to be a whale

Research Highlight: Bronze Age deforestation changed Europe’s climate

13:03 An iconic observatory shuts down

This week the famed Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico shut down. The facility’s main telescope collapsed in 2020 and the site has since been battered by storms and pandemic-related shutdowns. Now, with funding exhausted and no clear plan in place, scientists are wondering what will become of the site.

Nature News: Closing down an icon: will Arecibo Observatory ever do science again?

20:28 Briefing Chat

This time, the Standard Model of physics still isn't dead according to new measurements of muons' magnetic moment, and finding the most diverse habitat on Earth under your feet.

Nature News: Dreams of new physics fade with latest muon magnetism result

The Guardian: More than half of Earth’s species live in the soil, study finds

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A perfect storm of factors has led to huge racial disparities in maternal healthcare. In the USA, as abortion clinics continue to close, this inequity is projected to widen. In this podcast from Nature and ScientificAmerican, we hear from leading academics unpacking the racism at the heart of the system. From the historical links between slavery and gynaecology to the systematic erasure of America’s Black midwives. What is behind the Black maternal mortality crisis, and what needs to change?

Read more of Nature's coverage of racism in science.

Read full list of sources here

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In this episode:

00:46 A measure of refugees’ welcome in Europe

With repeated humanitarian crises displacing millions of people, researchers have been considering how this might affect acceptance of refugees. Will some refugees be more welcome than others? Will continued movements erode support for refugees overall? To answer these questions, a huge study looks at the attitudes of 33,000 people from 15 European countries towards refugees. They find that overall support for refugees has slightly increased, although some characteristics, such as ability to speak the language of the country they’re settling in, are preferred. They hope this research will help policymakers to respond to stresses on the asylum system.

Research article: Bansak et al.

11:26 Research Highlights

The unusual feeding grounds of the pygmy right whale, and the JWST spots a possible quasar from the early Universe.

Research Highlight: An enigmatic little whale’s habits, from its own mouth

Research Highlight: JWST spots what could be a quasar from the early Universe

13:44 Briefing Chat

We discuss some highlights from the Nature Briefing. This time, how designing shapes to roll down wiggly lines has implications for quantum physics, and a settlement for the family of Henrietta Lacks.

Research Article: Sobolev et al.

Video: These shapes roll in peculiar ways thanks to new mathematics

Nature News: How the ‘groundbreaking’ Henrietta Lacks settlement could change research

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In the latest episode of Nature hits the books, physicist Athene Donald joins us to discuss her book Not just for the boys, why we need more women in science.

We discuss how science has historically excluded women, the barriers to entry and retention that remain prevalent, and what could be done to improve the situation for female scientists today.

Not Just for the Boys: Why We Need More Women in Science, Athene Donald, Oxford University Press (2023)

Music supplied by Airae/Epidemic Sound/Getty images.

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Neuroscientists are creating more naturalistic experiments that they hope will provide a more nuanced understanding of animal — and human — behaviour.

These set-ups differ from the classic laboratory experiments that have been used for decades, and may help in the understanding of behaviours such as escaping a predator or finding scarce food. By studying these natural actions, scientists are hoping to glean lessons about the brain and behaviour that are more holistic and more relevant to everyday activity than ever before.

This is an audio version of our Feature: Lab mice go wild: making experiments more natural in order to decode the brain

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In this episode:

How tweaking social media algorithms affects polarization

Societies are becoming increasingly polarized, with people reportedly shunning those with differing political views. Social media is often thought to be exacerbating these divides, by creating echo chambers and filtering out dissimilar views. Many hoped that tweaking the algorithms that drive these platforms could reduce polarization. But, a group of studies show that such changes have little to no affect on polarization, implying that solutions to this issue are trickier than previously thought.

Research Article: Nyhan et al.

News and Views: Influence of Facebook algorithms on political polarization tested

News: Tweaking Facebook feeds is no easy fix for polarization

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In this episode:

00:46 How to see in the dark like it’s daytime

There are many methods for better night-vision, but often these rely on enhancing light, which may not be present, or using devices which can interfere with one another. One alternative solution is to use heat, but such infrared sensors struggle to distinguish between different objects. To overcome this, researchers have now combined such sensors with machine learning algorithms to make a system that grants day-like night-vision. They hope it will be useful in technologies such as self-driving cars.

Research article: Bao et al.

News and Views: Heat-assisted imaging enables day-like visibility at night

09:27 Research Highlights

Benjamin Franklin’s anti-counterfeiting money printing techniques, and how much snow is on top of Mount Everest really?

Research Highlight: Ben Franklin: founding father of anti-counterfeiting techniques

Research Highlight: How much snow is on Mount Everest? Scientists climbed it to find out

11:47 Briefing Chat

We discuss some highlights from the Nature Briefing. This time, the cost to scientists of English not being their native language, and the mysterious link between COVID-19 and type 1 diabetes.

Nature News: The true cost of science’s language barrier for non-native English speakers

Nature News: As COVID-19 cases rose, so did diabetes — no one knows why

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In this episode:

00:45 A sustainable solution for schistosomiasis control

Schistosomiasis is a serious parasitic disease that affects millions of people, who become infected when they come into contact with contaminated water. To prevent the spread and reinfection of this disease, researchers trialled an environmental intervention that removed plants from lakes in Senegal. These plants act as food for freshwater snails – intermediate hosts for the disease. Results showed that this reduced disease levels, and that the plants could be composted to increase agricultural yields, suggesting this approach could be used to improve health and the economy.

Research article: Rohr et al.

News and Views: A sustainable way to control the parasitic disease schistosomiasis

12:03 Research Highlights

How artificial intelligence can predict the art that people will find memorable, and the protein-based, shock-absorbing gel that can stop projectiles in their tracks.

Research Highlight: Memorable artworks are easy to predict

Research Highlight: Supersonic ‘bullets’ are softly captured by a protein gel

14:52 Briefing Chat

We discuss some highlights from the Nature Briefing. This time, an update on Chandrayaan-3, India’s latest attempt to land a craft on the Moon - and birds that use anti-bird spikes to build nests.

Nature News: India's Moon lander successfully launches — but biggest challenge lies ahead

The Guardian: Crows and magpies using anti-bird spikes to build nests, researchers find

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In this episode:

00:23 Using ChatGPT to generate a research paper from scratch

A pair of scientists have produced a research paper in less than an hour with the help of the generative artificial intelligence (AI) ChatGPT. The aim of this exercise was to explore the technology’s ability to act as a research ‘co-pilot’ and spark debate about its use. While AI tools like ChatGPT have the potential to speed up research, it is still unclear what role they should play in research.

Nature News: Scientists used ChatGPT to generate an entire paper from scratch — but is it any good?

06:28 Last week saw the world’s hottest day on record – twice

On Monday last week the average worldwide temperature reached 17.01 °C, beating a record set in 2016. Then, on Tuesday that record was broken again, as average temperatures hit 17.18 °C. Further record-breaking days may follow this year as a result of climate change, and the arrival of the El Niño weather phenomenon, which is expected to strengthen in the coming months.

Bloomberg: Earth Keeps Breaking Temperature Records Due to Global Warming

Nature News: El Niño is here — how bad will it be?

10:03 Anti-ageing protein boosts monkey memories

Injecting monkeys with the naturally occurring protein klotho can improve their cognition. Previous work had shown that elevated levels of the enzyme could improve cognitive functions in mice, now researchers have shown that injecting klotho into old rhesus macaques caused them to perform better in memory-related tasks. While the mechanism behind this effect is unclear, it’s hoped that the finding could ultimately lead to new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases in humans.

Nature News: Anti-ageing protein injection boosts monkeys’ memories

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In this episode:

00:46 The effects of evolution on a minimal genome

In 2016, researchers created a ‘minimal cell’ bacterium with a genome that only contains genes essential for the organism's survival. Any mutation in these genes could be fatal, so it was unclear whether there could be scope for evolution. But now, a team has grown this bacterium through 2,000 generations and shown that it does have the ability to evolve and can recover from some of the fitness costs associated with its streamlined genome.

Research article: Moger-Reischer et al.

09:21 Research Highlights

Dolphins use ‘baby talk’ when talking to their offspring, and how microwaving plastic containers can release microplastic particles.

Research Highlight: Dolphin mums whistle ‘baby talk’ with their calves

Research Highlight: What happens when you microwave that plastic bowl?

12:18 The first hints of giant gravitational waves

Gravitational waves were first detected in 2015, when two black holes collided — sending ripples in space-time across the Universe. Last week, four separate research collaborations found signatures of a wholly different kind of gravitational wave, with unknown origins. Nature’s Davide Castelvecchi explains how these waves were detected, and what this could mean for researchers’ understanding of black holes and the history of the cosmos.

Nature News: Monster gravitational waves spotted for first time

Nature News: Giant gravitational waves: why scientists are so excited

20:01 Briefing Chat

We discuss some highlights from the Nature Briefing. This time, new vaccine to protect Tasmanian devils against a deadly contagious cancer, and the ‘paradoxical’ palm that flowers and fruits underground.

Nature News: Tasmanian devil cancer vaccine approved for testing

The Guardian: ‘Mind-boggling’ palm that flowers and fruits underground thrills scientists

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In the past two years, there has been an explosion in the number of papers published relating to 'skeletal editing', a technique that allows chemists to precisely edit a molecule by deleting, adding or swapping single atoms in its core.

Although many of these methods are early in development, researchers hope skeletal editing could revolutionize how organic chemists design molecules, dramatically speeding up the drug-discovery process.

This is an audio version of our Feature: ‘Almost magical’: chemists can now move single atoms in and out of a molecule’s core

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In this episode:

00:46 Inside the brains of sleeping octopuses

Researchers have probed the brains of octopuses and confirmed previous reports suggesting that these invertebrates have a two-stage sleep cycle similar to that seen in many vertebrates. The team suggests this system may have evolved independently in the two groups, as there are millions of years of evolutionary history between them. However, despite its presumed importance, it is a mystery why this system exists at all.

Research article: Pophale et al.

Nature Video: Do octopuses dream? Brain recordings provide the first clues

10:37 Research Highlights

A huge volcano eruption that caused the most extreme lightning ever recorded, and a paper-inspired fabric that can keep you warm and cool.

Research Highlight: Underwater volcano triggered the most intense lightning ever recorded

Research Highlight: Fabric warms or cools the body at the flick of a switch

13:03 A hormone associated with more effective weight loss

Calorie-restricted diets often lead to rapid weight loss at first, but over time this can slow, or even reverse. This is due to the body adapting; slowing its metabolism to use energy more efficiently. Now though, researchers have identified a key hormone in mice that seems to prevent this slowdown, which could prove useful for people who wish to lose weight.

Research article: Wang et al.

20:02 Briefing Chat

We discuss some highlights from the Nature Briefing. This time, the robot raspberry that teaches fruit-picking machines how to harvest, and an exoplanet without an atmosphere.

Nature Communications: Junge et al.

Nature Video: A robotic raspberry teaches machines how to pick fruit

Nature News: Life in the cosmos: JWST hints at lower number of habitable planets

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In this episode:

00:45 Why losing the Y chromosome makes bladder cancer more aggressive

Loss of the Y chromosome in bladder cancer cells is associated with increased severity of disease, but the reasons behind this have been unclear. Now researchers show that the loss of this chromosome helps tumour cells evade the immune system. However, this mechanism also makes the cells more vulnerable to certain chemotherapy treatments, and the researchers hope their findings could help improve outcomes for patients in the future.

Research article: Abdel-Hafiz et al.

07:30 Research Highlights

How pollution particles ferry influenza virus deep into the lungs, and why artificial lights could dazzle glow worms into extinction.

Research Highlight: Flu virus hitches a ride with haze particles deep into the lung

Research Highlight: Glow-worms’ ‘come-hither’ signals are lost in the glare of human lights

10:10 Engineering synthetic cartilage

The cartilage in our joints is able to withstand and dissipate a lifetime of impacts, protecting our bones and muscles from damage. But the mechanical properties of cartilage have made it difficult to mimic, and developing synthetic cartilage to replace damaged tissue has proved challenging. Now a team has developed a protein-based material that shares some of cartilage’s characteristics, and shown its potential in helping heal damaged tissue.

Research article: Fu et al.

17:44 Briefing Chat

We discuss some highlights from the Nature Briefing. This time, how early magnetic minerals might help explain why nature shows a preference for the ‘left handed’ or ‘right handed’ versions of certain molecules, and how human’s thirst for groundwater has made the North Pole drift.

Science: ‘Breakthrough’ could explain why life molecules are left- or right-handed

Nature News: Rampant groundwater pumping has changed the tilt of Earth’s axis

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In this episode:

00:47 How to make quantum computers ready for real world applications

Quantum computers have long held the promise of being able to perform tasks that classical computers can’t. However, despite this promise, there have been few applications that can only be accomplished by a quantum computer. Now though, researchers show that a quantum computer can resolve a physics problem concerning the orientation of quantum particles in a 2D material, which is difficult to accomplish with a ‘regular’ machine. They hope that this shows how quantum computers could be applied in real world research applications in the near future.

Nature News: IBM quantum computer passes calculation milestone

Research article: Kim et al.

News and Views: Quantum computer scales up by mitigating errors

10:11 Research Highlights

How some bacteria turned their defences into weapons, and a forecast of how quickly arctic sea ice will disappear.

Research Highlight: Cholera bacteria turn slime into an offensive weapon

Research Highlight: The Arctic could go ice-free in less than a decade

12:45 How psychedelics might work in the brain

Psychedelics are a group of drugs that affect perceptions of consciousness, and are of increasing interest in the treatment of conditions like depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction. However, a lot is unknown about how they affect the brain. Now, researchers have shown that these varied drugs may have a shared mechanism: making the brain more able to forge new connections between synapses. They hope that this will inform how best to use psychedelics in treatments.

Research article: Nardou et al.

News and Views: Timing is key for behavioural benefits of psychedelics

20:17 Briefing Chat

We discuss some highlights from the Nature Briefing. This time a study showing that the energy drink additive taurine increases the lifespans of several animals, and how much reformatting research papers is costing science.

Nature News: Taurine supplement makes animals live longer — what it means for people is unclear

Nature News: Revealed: the millions of dollars in time wasted making papers fit journal guidelines