?????? | Manbet

?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????.

?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ??? ???? ????? ???: https://www.sowt.com/ar/podcast 

???????:

1- https://rebrand.ly/v5k0hrb

2- https://rebrand.ly/aorckn4

3- https://rebrand.ly/60949a

4- https://rebrand.ly/le780qk

5- https://rebrand.ly/tvgqxrg

6- https://rebrand.ly/8e54a1

7- https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/ar/2-1784/

8- https://rebrand.ly/468kjne

9- https://www.hindawi.org/books/93091736/10/

10- https://rawi-publishing.com/articles/ancientfeasts/

11- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Akitu

12 - https://www.aldiwan.net/poem9555.html

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????.

??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????.

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ??? ???? ????? ???: https://www.sowt.com/ar/podcast 

???????:

1-https://bit.ly/4apBLmo

2- ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????.

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? .. ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? .. ????????.

??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ??? ???? ????? ???: https://www.sowt.com/ar/podcast 

???????:

1- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-McCandless

2- https://www.britannica.com/topic/monasticism

3- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Monasticism

4- https://bit.ly/3PnsR0F

5- https://www.britannica.com/science/loneliness

6- https://bit.ly/49RXvYa

7- https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/06/the-history-of-loneliness

8- https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/mar/19/history-solitude-david-vincent-biography-loneliness-fay-bound-alberti-review

9- https://extension.unh.edu/blog/2022/05/prolonged-social-isolation-loneliness-are-equivalent-smoking-15-cigarettes-day

10- https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/loneliness-lonely-young-people-elderly-women-trust-study-a8706521.html

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????.

???? ????? ??????? ?????????.

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ??? ???? ????? ???: https://www.sowt.com/ar/podcast 

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????.

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ??? ???? ????? ???: https://www.sowt.com/ar/podcast 

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

???????:

1- Roger Ekirch, La grande transformation du sommeil. Comment la révolution industrielle a bouleversé nos nuits

2- https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution

3- https://sleep.hms.harvard.edu/education-training/public-education/sleep-and-health-education-program/sleep-health-education-101

4-https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/09/health/sleep-history-wellness-scn/index.html

5- https://harpers.org/archive/2013/08/segmented-sleep/

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????.

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

???????:

1- ????? ??????? ?????? : ????? ?? ??????

2- https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/70-republic-of-sudan-1956-present/

3- https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2023/1/8/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A

4- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gaafar-Mohamed-el-Nimeiri

5- https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/The-growth-of-national-consciousness

6- https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/The-Addis-Ababa-Agreement

7- https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/Sudan-under-Bashir

8- https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/Conflict-in-Darfur

9- https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/Conflict-with-South-Sudan

10- https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/Challenge-to-Bashirs-rule-and-the-2019-military-coup

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????.

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ??? ???? ????? ???: https://www.sowt.com/ar/podcast 

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

???????:

1- https://www.lse.ac.uk/International-History/Events/2021/the-shahs-imperial-celebrations-of-1971

2-https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sasanian-dynasty

3- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty

4- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Genghis-Khan

5- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hulegu

6- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Il-Khanid-dynasty

7- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Timurid-dynasty

8- ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? (1501-1576)? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 2012.

9- Converting Persia, Religion and Power in the Safavid Empire, Rula Jurdi Abisaab. I.B. Tauris 2004

10- Formation of a Religious Landscape: Shi?i Higher Learning in Safavid Iran,Maryam Moazzen. Brill

11- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Safavid-dynasty

12- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ismail-I-shah-of-Iran

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? .. ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????.

?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????.

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

???????:

1- https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2017/07/peoples-and-languages-of-the-austrian-empire-in-19th-century-ethnographic-maps.html

2- https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/isa/woc01/

3- https://tannerlectures.utah.edu/_resources/documents/a-to-z/h/hoffmann94.pdf

4- https://www.britannica.com/topic/nationalism

5- BELL, D. A. (2001). The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680?1800. Harvard University Press. P16

6-https://stateofnationalism.eu/article/the-origin-of-nationalism/

7- BETWEEN GREEK NATIONALISM AND OTTOMANISM: CONTESTED LOYALTIES OF OTTOMAN GREEKS IN THE PERIODICALS OF TANZIMAT PERIOD (1869-1877)

8-https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balkan-Wars

9- https://www.britannica.com/event/Congress-of-Berlin

10- https://www.usip.org/publications/1996/04/serbian-nationalism-and-origins-yugoslav-crisis

11- https://www.britannica.com/place/Empire-of-Japan/Forging-a-national-identity

12- https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/historiography-and-memory-lebanese-civil-war.html

13- https://users.ox.ac.uk/~ssfc0005/The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20Arab%20Nationalism.html

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???.

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ??? ???? ????? ???: https://www.sowt.com/ar/podcast 

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

???????:

1- Antoniou GP, De Feo G, Fardin F, Tamburrino A, Khan S, Tie F, Reklaityte I, Kanetaki E, Zheng XY, Mays LW, et al. Evolution of Toilets Worldwide through the Millennia. Sustainability. 2016

2- https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01154679/document

3- The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis

4- https://www.dw.com/en/a-brief-history-of-the-toilet/a-51310832

5- Lee Jackson, author of Dirty Old London: The Victorian Fight Against Filth

6- https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/archive/collections/photographs/the-great-stink/

7- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-41999792

8- https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1064241

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???.

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ??? ???? ????? ???: https://www.sowt.com/ar/podcast 

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

???????:

1- ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????

2- BBC History Extra podcast The First Crusade | 1. The call to arms

3- BBC History Extra podcast The First Crusade | 2. On the road

4- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Seljuq

5- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toghril-Beg

6- https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Clermont

7- https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/The-First-Crusade-and-the-establishment-of-the-Latin-states

8- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-Schism-of-1054

9- https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Manzikert

10- ????? ???? ???? ????????

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???.

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ??? ???? ????? ???: https://www.sowt.com/ar/podcast 

???????:

1- ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????

2- BBC History Extra podcast The First Crusade | 1. The call to arms

3- BBC History Extra podcast The First Crusade | 2. On the road

4- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Seljuq

5- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toghril-Beg

6- https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Clermont

7- https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/The-First-Crusade-and-the-establishment-of-the-Latin-states

8- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-Schism-of-1054

9- https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Manzikert

10- ????? ???? ???? ????????

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????

 ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???. 

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ??? ???? ????? ???: https://www.sowt.com/ar/podcast 

???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

???????:

1- ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? 

2- BBC History Extra podcast The First Crusade | 1. The call to arms

3- BBC History Extra podcast The First Crusade | 2. On the road

4- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Seljuq

5- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toghril-Beg

6- https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Clermont

7- https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/The-First-Crusade-and-the-establishment-of-the-Latin-states

8- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-Schism-of-1054

9- https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Manzikert

10- ????? ???? ???? ????????

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????.

?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????.

???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????.

??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????: https://sow.tl/PlusApple

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????: https://www.sowt.com/ar/palestine

?????? ??? ???:

?????? ????????: https://sow.tl/newsletter

????????: https://www.instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

?????/???: https://twitter.com/sowt

??????: https://www.youtube.com/@Sowt 

??? ???: https://tiktok.com/@sowtpodcasts 

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts 

????? ??: https://jo.linkedin.com/company/sowt

???? ??? ???? ????? ???: https://www.sowt.com/ar/podcast 

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? "????? ???? ?????? The Lipstick Effect" ????? ???? ?????? ??????

??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ????????: ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???.

??????? «???» ?? ????? «???».

?????:

In Argentina, Inflation Passes 100% (and the Restaurants Are Packed)The Lipstick Effect: How Boom or Bust Effects BeautyPost-Pandemic Lipstick Effect in a Post-Mask GermanyCosmetic Procedures and the ?Lipstick Effect?Effects of social media use on desire for cosmetic surgery among young women

????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????:

?????: twitter.com/sowt

????????: instagram.com/sowtpodcasts

??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts

???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? https://sow.tl/PlusApple

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.

 ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ????????: ??? ???? ???? ???.

??????? «????» ?? ????? «???».

?????:

Norrin M. Ripsman & Jack S. Levy (2007) The Preventive War that Never Happened: Britain, France, and the Rise of Germany in the 1930s, Security StudiesWorld War II - Germany - Road To WarThe Road to War - JAPANThe Road to War - ITALYThe Road to War - USASpanish Civil War

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"???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????". ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????.

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?????:

??????? ??? ?????? - ???? ????????Leo Africanus; A Man Between Worlds - BBC????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????Leo Africanus: The Man With Many Names, by Pekka Masonen, 2011

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???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????

?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????. ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? «????» ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????! ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?

??????? «????» ?? ????? «???»

?????:

Le Pouvoir De La Musique, Et Son Magnifique Effet Sur Le Cerveau Humain Documentaire ExclusifYour Brain On MusicMusique et cerveau - Entretien avec Hervé Platel- 36.9°"Cerveau musical" avec Isabelle PeretzEarliest music instruments found

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??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????

??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ????????: ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????.

??????? «????» ?? ????? ???.

?????:

Chocolate: A Cultural Encyclopedia, by Ross F. Collins

Le petit déjeuner, un repas mondialisé | Faire l'histoire | ARTE

The history of chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli

First taste of chocolate in Ivory Coast | VPRO Metropolis

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??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????.

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??????? «????» ?? ????? «???».

?????:

Les origines du supermarché avec David Castello-Lopes

Comment les hypermarchés nous font marcher!

Nash equilibrium

????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? - ??? ??? ?? ???

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?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????

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???????:

Opium WarsOpium tradeA Century of International Drug ControlChine : 6000 ans d'histoire chinoiseBBC Empire - Episode 4 Making a Fortune Jeremy PaxmanÉpisode 1/4 : Les guerres économiques de l'opiumLes guerres de l?opium sont au coeur de la réforme des manuels d?histoire de Hong Kong opérée par PékinSUPPLEMENTARY TREATY BETWEEN HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN AND THE EMPEROR OF CHINAThe Opium Wars | BBC Radio 4

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??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????!

????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ????? ????????: ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????.

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???????:

Ville sous canicule | ARTEMain basse sur l'eau | ARTE?????? | ???? ?????? - ????? ??????? ??????? (3/2) | ??????? ?? ?????Global Water Wars (Full Episode) | Parched?????? | ??????? ??? ?????? - ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? | ??????? ?? ?????Water scarcity: Addressing the growing lack of available water to meet children?s needsImminent risk of a global water crisis, warns the UN World Water Development Report 2023

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?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????.

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????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? «?? ???»? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? «??????? ???» ???? ????.

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?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? "?????" ?? ??????? ???????? ????????

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??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????:

caforarabjournalism.com

??????? «????» ?? ????? ???.

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1- The Measure of a Woman: Fembots, Fact and Fiction

2- Persuasive Robotics: The influence of robot gender on human behavior

3- Throwback Thursday: A Boston Woman Becomes the First Female Telephone Operator

4- How AI bots and voice assistants reinforce gender bias

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??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.

??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????.

???????? ????? ??????? - ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.

??????? «????» ?? ????? «???».

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?????:

1- ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????.

2- Disruption, Self-Reflection and Renovation: Revisiting the Arabic Influences in Don Quijote, David Sebastian Cross and Basma Ahmad Sedki Al-Dajani, 2020.

3- youtu.be/JibrlA0gYQc

4- youtu.be/HwAIUYLzaRw

5- radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/les-matins/don-quichotte-un-heros-d-aujourd-hui-1474251

6- youtu.be/xulT2h3j5Vs

7- youtu.be/WjUJfqTY2-0

8- youtu.be/dDUPu6tMWHY

9- youtu.be/JvR9MMxoXuA

10- europe1.fr/emissions/la-morale-de-linfo/on-croit-mieux-voir-quand-on-lit-des-intentions-sous-des-causes-3311987

11- don-quichotte.org/2021/10/09/le-mystere-de-cid-hamet-benengeli-lauteur-morisque-de-don-quichotte

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????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? «????» ?? ???? ?? ??????? «???»? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????.

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??????? «???» ?? ????? «???».

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????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.

??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????.

??????? «????» ?? ????? «???».

?????:

1- thefreelibrary.com/A+song+for+Bolivar.-a0180277641 
2- britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar 
3- youtu.be/arDiHSSjY0U 
4- youtu.be/P2jdX5PAdjM 
5- radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/concordance-des-temps/simon-bolivar-encore-et-toujours-2262033 
6- archive.org/details/bolivarmanimage/page/102/mode/2up 
7- Vayssière P., Simon Bolivar, le rêve américain, Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris, 2008
8- John Lynch - Simon Bolivar (Simon Bolivar)_ A Life-Yale University Press 2007

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???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? «???????» ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????.

??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????.

??????? «????» ?? ????? «???».

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?????:
1- open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/9-2-the-relationship-between-television-and-culture 
2-greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/watching_tv_can_boost_emotional_intelligence
3- theconversation.com/if-you-cry-while-watching-movies-it-is-probably-a-sign-of-your-emotional-strength-182664 
4- ouest-france.fr/leditiondusoir/2022-06-03/pourquoi-aimons-nous-tant-regarder-des-series-les-explications-d-un-specialiste-07c6bca9-797e-4092-8de9-fddb50a30966 
5- thebridgechronicle.com/lifestyle/living/watching-movies-has-psychological-benefits-and-here-is-all-we-know-about-it  
6- sites.imsa.edu/acronym/2020/12/08/the-psychological-benefits-of-watching-movies 

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?? ????? ???? «??? ??? ???????» ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? "????? ??????"? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.

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???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? «?????? ????????» ?? ????? ??????? ?????????.

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?????:
1- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3-1GXWO4sM 
2- Khalid Abou El-Lail. The History of BANI HILAL between Written Texts and Oral Performances
3- ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? (2012)
4- ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? (1971)
5- Slyomovics, Susan. (2020) The Arab Oral Epic of the Bani Hilal Tribe Al-S?rah al-Hil ¯ aliyyah
6- CANOVA, G. (2003). HILALI NARRATIVES FROM SOUTHERN ARABIA

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? "????? ?????? ???? ????".

??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????.

??????? «????» ?? ????? «???».

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?????:
1- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-the-Terrible 
2- https://www.history.co.uk/articles/why-was-ivan-so-terrible 
3- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc2T7s5IKUM&ab_channel=Europe1 
4- https://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/11165/ 
5- Madariaga, Isabel De (2006). Ivan the Terrible. Yale University Press
6- https://www.britannica.com/event/Khrushchevs-secret-speech 
7- Jean-Pierre Arrignon, Russie des tsars: d?Ivan le Terrible à Vladimir Poutine.
8- Isabel Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible: first tsar of Russia
9- https://www.rbth.com/history/329825-madness-of-3-russian-tsars

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????? ???? ????? ???????... ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? «????»? ????????.

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?? ???? ????????? ?? «????» ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????.

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??????? «????» ?? ????? «???».

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??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? «????». 

????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????.. ?? ???? ??? ?????.
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????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.

???????:
?) ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18196349
?) ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????: https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/when-passports-first-introduced/
?) ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????: https://www.imidaily.com/editors-picks/the-passport-throughout-history-the-evolution-of-a-document/
?) ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/a-history-of-the-passport
?) ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????: https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/094484-013-A/faire-l-histoire/

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??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? «????».

?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? «??? ???????»? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????.

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??????? «?????» ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ???.

???????: 

?) https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190326-what-is-epigenetics 
?)  https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b00wdjgl
?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hrl9_GwNLGI&ab_channel=TEDxTalks
?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrqmuYvk3iQ&ab_channel=TEDxTalks

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?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????.

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????  ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? - ??????? ???? ??????????.
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????.

???????:
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??? ?????? ?? ?99 ??? ?107
???? ???: ?????? ?? ????? ????? Eric Geoffroy: https://youtu.be/nbRuM0P3N4w?t=2414

 

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??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????. 

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? - ??????? ???? ??????????.
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????.

???????: 
1-  https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titanic
2- https://youtu.be/t3XXF9TIkDs?t=3108
3-https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/events/2016/9/29/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-840-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%81-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81
4-https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/issues/2015/11/18/%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A
5https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byTR6eyCjf8&ab_channel=testigodirecto
6-https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1446374-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A9%D8%9F
7-https://www.railway-technology.com/analysis/featurethe-worlds-deadliest-train-accidents-4150911/

 

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???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? 

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????  ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???????  ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? - ??????? ???? ??????????.
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????.

???????:

1- The Ottomans: Khans, Caesars and Caliphs, Marc David Baer, Basic Books. Pages from 96 to 112
2- The Ottomans: Khans, Caesars and Caliphs, Marc David Baer, Basic Books. Pages from 165 to 187.
3- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus

 

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?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????. 

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????  ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????. 

??? ?????? ?? ??????? «????» ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? - ??????? ???? ??????????.
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????.

??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????:
?????: twitter.com/sowt
????????: instagram.com/sowtpodcasts
??????: facebook.com/SowtPodcasts

???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? sowt.com/plus

???????:
1- Yo soy el Diego, autobiography of Diego Armando Maradona, p. 32 ? Editorial Planeta, 2000
2- Rock, David (1987). Argentina, 1516?1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
3- https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution
4- "Bolivar, Simon". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
5- Galasso, Norberto (2011). Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Colihue.
6-  Barros, Álvaro (1872). Fronteras y territorios federales de las pampas del Sud (in Spanish). tipos á vapor. pp. 
7-  Bolt, Jutta; Van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2013). "The First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820" (XLS). 
8- Barnes, John (1978). Evita, First Lady: A Biography of Eva Perón. New York: Grove Press
9-https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war
10- https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands/History
11-  "Argentine to reaffirm Sovereignty Rights over The Falkland Islands". National Turk. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
12- Por MATIAS QUEROL. "Malvinas, el curioso renacer del rock argentino". About. Archived from the original 
13- Ivan Lopez-Muniz (5 April 2017). "Diego Maradona's Hand of God proved that cheating isn't always immoral". Howler Magazine. ESPN
14- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/20/argentina1
15- Dawnay, Oliver (6 June 2019). "Argentina legend Diego Maradona says 'Hand of God' goal against England was 'symbolic revenge' for the Falklands War". Talksport.
16- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMQyQRw1Bbc&ab_channel=ELDIEGODELAGENTE

 

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?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? .. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? .. ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????. 

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????  ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????  ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? - ??????? ???? ??????????.
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????.

???????: 
1- Collins, Roger (1983), Early Medieval Spain, New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 151, ISBN 0-312-22464-8.
2- ?????????????, ???? ??????? ?????? (2000)? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?. 90? ISBN 9959-29-015-8.
3- ????, ???? ??? ???? (1997)? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ISBN 977-505-082-4.
4- ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? (1980)? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????.
5- Fierro, M. (2012). Abd Al-Rahman III. Oneworld Publications. pp.110-117
6- ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? (1940)? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? - ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????.
7- Cities of Light: The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain (2007 Documentary)
8- ???????: ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? 316-422 ????/ 928-1031 ??????? ?.?. ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????.
9- Dass, Nirmal (20 ????? 2016)? "Review of The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise: Muslims, Christians, and Jews Under Islamic Rule in Medieval Spain"? Intercollegiate Studies Institute? Intercollegiate Studies Institute? ????? ?? ????? ?? 12 ????? 2018? ???? ???? ?????? 24 ???? 2016.

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?? ??? ????? .. ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ??? .. ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? .. ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? - ??????? ???? ??????????.

?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????.

???????:

????: https://sow.tl/3wjTpqJEvans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2000). The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Constable and Robinson. ISBN 1-84119-225-2Begg, Paul (2003). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History. London: Pearson Education?????? ?? ??????? ?????: be/lADBHDg-JtA?t=1007?????? ?? The Globe: be/lADBHDg-JtA?t=1035Kershen, Anne J., "The Immigrant Community of Whitechapel at the Time of the Jack the Ripper Murders", in Werner, pp. 65–97; Vaughan, Laura, "Mapping the East End Labyrinth", in Werner, p. 225????: https://sow.tl/3FOrjH2Honeycombe, The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870-1970, p. 54Novels and Social Writings ISBN 978-0-521-26213-2 p. 147Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 1; Police report dated 25 October 1888, MEPO 3/141 ff. 158–163, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 283; Fido, p. 82; Rumbelow, p. 12????: https://sow.tl/3yBIpXa ????: https://sow.tl/3PjgnWt?????: https://youtu.be/lADBHDg-JtA?t=1008

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?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????.

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? - ??????? ???? ??????????.
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????.


???????:
https://greekreporter.com/2021/10/01/the-tragic-story-of-the-fall-of-icarus/
??????, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? (1988)? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? - ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????.
Pierre-Louis Clément, Les Montgolfières : Leur invention, leur évolution du XVIIIe à nos jours, Paris, 1982.
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k619621v/f1.item.zoom
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https://www.cairn.info/revue-romantisme-2013-4-page-125.htm
https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/
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Gibbs-Smith, C.H. A History of Flying. London: Batsford, 1953.
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https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/2019/07/perdue-en-mer-le-mystere-du-dernier-vol-damelia-earhart#:~:text=UN%20DERNIER%20VOL%20FATAL,le%20long%20de%20l'%C3%A9quateur
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/briefing/roland-garros-facts-french-open.html
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anthony-Herman-Gerard-Fokker
https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Versailles-1919
??????? ????? ????? ??????:

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AA

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????.

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? - ??????? ???? ??????????.

?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????.

???????
????? ????? ??? ???????? ?.?.???? ???? ????? ??? ???????.
https://archeorient.hypotheses.org/11641
Shelagh Jameson, Chronology of the Campaigns of Aelius Gallus and C. Petronius, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 58, Parts 1 and 2 (1968), pp. 71-84,

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?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????.

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? - ??????? ???? ??????????.
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????.

 

???????
Murphy, Patrick J.; Coye, Ray W. (2013). Mutiny and Its Bounty: Leadership Lessons from the Age of Discovery. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17028-3.
David E. Stannard (1993). American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-508557-0.
Hudson, Charles M. (1997). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-5290-9.
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Mickleburgh, Hayley, L. (1 January 2012). "New insights into the consumption of maize and other food plants in the pre-Columbian Caribbean from starch grains trapped in human dental calculus" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 39 (7): 2468–2478. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.020. hdl:1887/18542.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Columbian-exchange
Froese, Duane, Mathias Stiller, Peter D. Heintzman, Alberto V. Reyes, Grant D. Zazula, André ER Soares, Matthias Meyer et al. "Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 13 (2017): 3457-3462.
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Goodman-Elgar, Melissa (2008). "Evaluating soil resilience in long-term cultivation: a study of Pre-Columbian terraces from the Paca Valley, Peru". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (12): 3072–3086. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.06.003 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
https://www.rei.com/blog/camp/yes-there-are-still-bison-in-america-heres-where-to-see-them#:~:text=Today%2C%20about%2020%2C000%20bison%20roam,found%20in%20privately%20owned%20herds.
https://www.britannica.com/list/18-food-crops-developed-in-the-americas
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https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bison/people.htm#:~:text=For%20thousands%20of%20years%2C%20Native,of%20Indian%20people%20and%20society
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099348/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/marlon-brando-declines-best-actor-oscar#:~:text=On%20March%2027%2C%201973%2C%20the,reviving%20performance%20in%20The%20Godfather

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?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? .. ???? ??..

???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????, ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???.

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????.

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? - ??????? ???? ??????????.
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????.

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???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????.. ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? .. ???????? ???????

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??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? «????? ??? ?????».

????? «????? ??? ?????» ?? ??????? «?????»? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? 2013? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????.

?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???.

??????? «?????» ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????.

????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? «?????????»:
https://sow.tl/3HZ5AMb

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???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????.

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???.

??????? «?????» ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ???.

???????:

?) ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????: https://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/rendez-vous-avec-x/rendez-vous-avec-x-17-janvier-2021
?) ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ????: https://shahid.mbc.net/en/shows/The-Shah%3A-Downfall-Of-An-Empire/show-414986
?) ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2c0OiaNx6k&ab_channel=AlJazeeraChannel%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9
?) ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Reza-Shah-Pahlavi

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???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? «???????? ?????».

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???.

??????? «?????» ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ???.

???????:

?) ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tys5ubTKJck
?) ???? ?????? «????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????»: https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/histoire-quand-la-banane-etait-la-meilleure-amie-des-dictateurs
?) ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236796640_Plants_and_Progress_Rethinking_the_Islamic_Agricultural_Revolution
?) ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPMoMLeJ9nA

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???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????.

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???.

??????? «?????» ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ???.

???????:
?) ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????: https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/195/195892/the-world-according-to-colour/9781846148248.html
?) ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wD_CbJOPbnQ
?) ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/120907-men-women-see-differently-science-health-vision-sex
?) ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????: https://www.purplecampaign.org/why-purple
?) ??????? ??? ??? ?????: http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/activities/GreenSun.html

Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????.

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???.

??????? «?????» ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ???.

???????:

?) ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????: https://youtu.be/CS_db_7cVh4?list=PL4UgrEBwk58e0rb0t2UE8mR8xoYtjmGtk
?) ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vaKwRjgmKc
?) ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uO79nDE8U5E
?) ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxaTKKQBhdM
?) ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ????: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mr7wWLK9xjI&list=PL4UgrEBwk58e0rb0t2UE8mR8xoYtjmGtk
?) ??????: ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFZHc8YZ_z8
?) ???? ??? ??? ???????: https://www.britannica.com/place/Albania
?) ???? ?? ???? ????: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Enver-Hoxha
?) ???? ??? ???? ???? ????: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/death-enver-hoxha

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