British History: Royals, Rebels, and Romantics

Thomas More's daughter Margaret tends to be in many of the rooms or on the sidelines when great things were happening in the court of Henry VIII. Aimee Fleming brings her into the center of the action, revealing her level of learning and how much impact she had on our understanding of the history of the Tudor court.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword
Courting the Virgin Queen, coming from Pen and Sword

Aimee Fleming
historyaimee.wordpress.com
@historyaimee79
Female Tudor Scholar and Writer: The Life and Times of Margaret More Roper

History shows us what's possible.

No one was closer to the Tudors Queens than their ladies-in-waiting. From helping them get ready for the day to sleeping in their rooms at night, these women had a front row seat to what happened at court. Nicola Clark takes us into their world.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword
Courting the Virgin Queen, coming from Pen and Sword

Nicola Clark
Twitter: @nikkiclark86
Insta: @nicolaclark86
The Waiting Game: The Untold Story of the Women who Served the Tudor Queens
Gender, Family, and Politics: The Howard Women

History shows us what's possible.

When thinking of the Tudors, we often jump to the exploits of Henry VIII. But two essential Tudor men preceded the big guy: his father and his brother. Dr. Sean Cunningham of the National Archives UK shares his interest and experience with these often often looked Tudor figures.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Dr Sean Cunningham
Head of Medieval Records, National Archives UK
Publications: Henry VII (2007); Prince Arthur: The Tudor King Who Never Was (2016)
Coming Dec 2024: Penguin Monarchs series: Henry VII
Twitter: @SeanC1509 

History shows us what's possible.

Before she was Gloriana, celebrating her victory over the Spanish Armada; before she was the Virgin Queen, revered in England and across Europe; before she was the longest reigning Tudor monarch, she was just young Elizabeth. Dr Nicola Tallis shares the journey of the young princess and how her early trials and turmoil prepared her to take the throne as the final, and some say greatest, Tudor.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Dr Nicola Tallis
nicolatallis.com
@NicolaTallis on Twitter
@Historian_Nicola on Instagram
Part of the Tudor Trio! @TheTudorTrio
Books: Young Elizabeth; All the Queen's Jewels, 1445-1548; Uncrowned Queen; Elizabeth's Rival; Crown of Blood

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

During the period of history known as the Anarchy, two women named Matilda stood in opposition: Empress Matilda and Queen Matilda (wife of Stephan of Blois). Sharon Bennett Connolly tells their stories.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Sharon Bennett Connolly
historytheinterestingbits.com
Twitter: @thehistorybits
Factbook: Historytheinterestingbits
Instagram: @sharonbennettconnolly
Books: Women of the Anarchy, King John's Right Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye, Ladies of Magna Carta, AND MANY MORE
Heroines of the Tudor World coming summer 2024

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Sarah Gristwood offers us a captivating collection of extracts from women’s diaries, looking back over 400 years to listen to women’s experience with  love and family and work and leisure has changed down the years. And how it hasn’t.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Sarah Gristwood
sarahgristwood.com
Twitter: @sarahgristwood 
Instagram: @sarah.gristwood
Facebook: sarah.gristwood
Secret Voices: A Year of Women's Diaries
Other books: Tudors in Love, Games of Queens, Queen Elizabeth II, Vita and Virginia, The Queen's Mary, The Story of Beatrix Potter, Blood Sisters AND MORE.

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

For the Tudors, image was everything! The monarchs used their clothing and jewels to project an image of magnificence, which reinforced their place on the throne. Judith Arnopp tells us how.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Judith Arnopp
juditharnopp.com
How to Dress Like a Tudor
Many other books, including the Henrician Chronicle, the Beaufort Chronicle, and more!

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers: brother of Elizabeth Woodville, brother-in-law of King Edward IV, uncle of King Edward V. When Edward IV died, Anthony was tasked with bringing the new King to England for his coronation. The trip didn't go as planned.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Danielle Burton
Blog: voyagerofhistory.wordpress.com
Insta: @voyagerofhistory
Twitter: @PrincessBurton
FB: Danielle Burton

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Eating with the Tudors is more than a guide to Tudor eating, it is a description of the changing world of monarchs and their people in the sixteenth century. Tudor food expert Brigitte Webster joins us to share her extraordinary research about how Tudors ate and lived.

Show notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Brigitte Webster
www.tudorexperience.com
Instagram: tudor_experience
Facebook: Tudor and 17th Century Experience
Twitter: @tudorfoodrecipe
Books: Eating with the Tudors, A Banquet at the Old Hall

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

We love to learn about the Tudors, but how did Tudors learn? And what was life like for Tudor women? Author and historian Amy McElroy joins us to explore the lives of learners and women during Tudor times.

Show notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Amy McElroy
amymcelroy.blog
Twitter: @amymc_books
Facebook: amymcelroy_books 
Instagram: amymcelroy_books
threads: @amymcelroy_books
bluesky: amymcelroy.bsky.social


Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

After-Christmas blues? Not in Tudor England. The celebrations were just beginning on December 25! Gifts were exchanged on New Year's Day in an extravagant ceremony, bringing joy, politics, and historic scandals.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Celebrating Christmas was a big event in Tudor times, just as it is today. Dr.James Taffe joins us to explore the fascinating ways Tudors experienced everything from joy to gluttony to melancholy during the 12 Days of Christmas and beyond.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

James Taffe
@tudortaffe
Serving the Tudors (coming in 2024)
Christmas with the Tudors
Courting Scandal: The Rise and Fall of Jane Boleyn

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Recent discoveries sponsored by the Richard III Society have opened new discussions about the Princes in the Tower. Nathen Amin weighs in about the likelihood the boys survived.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Nathen Amin
nathenamin.com
@nathenamin
Henry VII and the Tudor Pretenders: Simnel, Warbeck, and Warwick
The House of Beaufort: The Bastard Line that Captured the Crown
Tudor Wales

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

The Tudors are one of the most well-known of the English royal dynasties for several reasons: the larger than life characters, the multiple marriages and Virgin Queen, and the extraordinary portraits. When Hans Holbein the Younger became Henry VIII's painter, he helped create an image of the king that has shaped our understanding of the Tudors. Franny Moyle joins us to share her research into how Holbein helped create the legacy of Henry VIII.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Franny Moyle
Frannymoyle.com
The King's Painter: The Life and Times of Hans Holbein
(Can buy dedicated copy of the UK hardback, which has the best images, on her website)
@frannymoyle

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

With a country that's mostly a monarchy, it's tempting to skip over the gap between Charles I and Charles II. But those years of reimagining government changed things forever. Historian Miranda Malins joins us to explain the "gap years" that included wars, experiments, and Oliver Cromwell.

Show Notes

Miranda Malins
Mirandamalins.com
Facebook: mirandamalinsbooks
Pinterest: mirandamalins
@mirandamalins
Books: The Puritan Princess, The Rebel Daughter

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Double, double, toil and trouble is not so far removed from what becomes a modern chant, remember, remember the 5th of November. As always, history shows us what’s possible. And in 1605 and 1606, Shakespeare gives voice to the terrors of the time in plays that continue to enthrall us today: King Lear and Macbeth.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Join me for a tour of British history through the kings, queens, and castles in Cumbria! We'll see history play out in one of the most beautiful areas of England.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn changed the Tudors and England. But it went further than that. Authors Julia Fox and John Guy join me to discuss the international implications of Henry and Anne's marriage.

Show Notes

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Juliafox.co.uk
Johnguy.co.uk
Hunting the Falcon: Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, and the Marriage that Shook Europe

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

We feel like we know the Tudors in part because we are able to see them. In contemporary portraits and modern adaptations, images of the Tudors are all around us. Artist Kathryn Holeman shares her journey in bringing history to life.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Kathryn Holeman
kathrynholeman.com
Books: 'Twas the Night Before a Tudor Christmas, Colouring History: Tudor Kings and Queens, Colouring History: The Tudors
@kathrynholeman
Kathryn Holeman Illustrations

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

The records of history often overlook those who didn't have power and a voice, including women. Professor Suzannah Lipscomb joins us to reveal some of the ways of restoring women and their stories to history.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Suzannah Lipscomb
suzannahlipscomb.com
@sixteenthCgirl
Books: The Voices of Nimes; What is History, Now?; The King is Dead: The Last Will and Testament of Henry VIII; Witchcraft; 1536; and more
Podcast: Not Just the Tudors
HistFest Course: Restoring Women to History (book at histfest.org or eventbrite.co.uk)

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

I’d like to introduce my book, The Tudors by Numbers! I’m thrilled to have heard from some earlier readers, and I’m so grateful for the wonderful reviews I’ve received. Now it’s available in the US and the UK, I want to give it a proper launch. So here's the story of The Tudors by Numbers!

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers, published by Pen and Sword

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Tudor Queens had plenty of controversies, often involving other women. Lady Jane Grey and Amy Robsart were key figures in the Tudor court. We explore their stories in two historic novels, The Lady of Misrule and To Shield the Queen.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers

Lindsey Lindstrom 
Lindsey Lindstrom Design
LindseyLindstromDsgn (Etsy)

The Lady of Misrule by Suzannah Dunn
To Shield the Queen by Fiona Buckley

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Jane Seymour is one of the least well-known of Henry VIII's wives. And yet she had a front row seat to some of the most dramatic events of Henry's reign: the setting aside of Katherine of Aragon, the relentless pursuit of Anne Boleyn, Katherine's death and then Anne's fall and stunning execution. When Jane steps into Anne's shoes, what does she think of her husband and her own future as a "third" Queen of 1536.

Show Notes:
Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers

Adrienne Dilliard
www.adrienne-dillard.com
@ajdillard81
Keeper of the Queen's Jewels
The Raven's Widow
Cor Rotto

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

What could happen if all our favorite Jane Austen characters got together for a party? And then Mr. Wickham turned up dead? Claudia Gray takes us into a whole new Jane Austen world in her new series. And Mr. Wickham won't be the only victim!

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers

Claudia Gray
claudiagray.com
@claudiagray on Twitter and Tumblr
@claudia_gray on Instagram
The Murder of Mr. Wickham
The Late Mrs. Willoughby
More to come in this series! 

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

History can help us have more effective and more successful conversations at work and at home. Shakespeare's Henry V shows us how the work we do before we start speaking can make our language more powerful and more effective.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Welcome to 2023 Summer Specials! I'm doing some new things, including speaking about how history is right now. Queen Jane and Queen Mary show us how we can look back to gain clarity as we move forward.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
The Tudors by Numbers

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Welcome to the final official episode of Season 3 of Royals, Rebels, and Romantics! My first history book, The Tudors by Numbers, comes out the end of this month! Join me as I share some of my favorite Tudor numbers, from pertinent percentages to dazzling days. Looking ahead to summer specials and for Season 4, coming in September. Thank you for your support!

The Tudors by Numbers is out 30 June in the UK and 6 September in the US.

History shows us what's possible.

We think of Medieval times as that of kings...but there were some amazing women living and working and leading in those times as well. Sharon Bennett Connolly brings them to life in her books.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Sharon Bennett Connolly
historytheinterestingbits.com
@thehistorybits on Twitter
@sharonbennettconnolly on instagram
@sharonbconnolly on Facebook
Books: The Ladies of Magna Carta, The Heroines of the Medieval World, NEWLY RELEASED King John's Right Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de Haye, and many more!

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Anne Boleyn went from being crowned Queen to being executed for treason in less than three years. Natalie Grueninger explores what happened in her final dramatic year.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Natalie Grueninger
www.onthetudortrail.com
https://www.facebook.com/nataliegrueningerauthor
@themosthappy78 Instagram
@onthetudortrail Twitter
Talking Tudors podcast
patreon.com/talkingtudors
The Final Year of Anne Boleyn

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Anne Boleyn is the best-known wife of Henry VIII, remembered for changing Henry and England. Her daughter became one of the most famous Queens of England. Dr Tracy Borman joins us to share the story of the mother and daughter who changed history.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Tracy Borman
tracyborman.co.uk
Theatre tour: tracyborman.co.uk/theatre
@tracy_borman on tiktok
@tracyborman on Twitter
@tracy.borman on Instagram
Anne Boleyn and Elizabeth I: The Mother and Daughter Who Changed History
Crown & Sceptre: A New History of the British Monarchy from William the Conqueror to Charles III
and many more!

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Why are we seeing a coronation in 2023? Jessica Storoschuk, An Historian About Town, joins us to share the history of coronations past and what we can look for in the upcoming ceremony!

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Jessica Storoschuk, An Historian About Town
AnHistorianAboutTown.com
Substack: AnHistorianAboutTown.substack.com
TikTok: @AnHistorianAboutTown 
Twitter: @AnHistorianBlog 
Instagram: @AnHistorianAboutTown 
Also find Jessica on royalcentral.co.uk!

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

To celebrate the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's First Folio, Cassidy Cash joins us to chat about a couple of our favorite plays: The Tempest and Macbeth!

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Cassidy Cash, That Shakespeare Life
cassidycash.com
Resources for The Tempest and other Shakespeare experiences:
patreon.com/thatshakespearelife
cassidycash.com/stephen-hopkins-with-andrew-buckley/
cassidycas.com/did-shakespeare-think-unicorns-were-real/
cassidycash.com/ep-145-cleire-water-with-vaughn-scribner/
cassidycash.com/pregnancy-at-sea-with-katarzyan-burzynska-ep-203/
cassidycash.com/david-ingram

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

The Tower of London is known for execution & fear. In Tudor time it was also a hub of power, especially for two important Tudor women: Jane Grey Dudley and Mary Tudor. Dr. Valerie Schutte joins us to explore Tudors & power at the Tower.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Dr. Valerie Schutte
https://tudorqueenship.com
@tudorqueenship
Books:
Mary I in Writing: Letters, Literature, and Representation
Writing Mary I: History, Historiography, and Fiction
Princesses Mary and Elizabeth Tudor and the Gift Book Exchange
The Palgrave Handbook of Shakespeare's Queens
AND MORE!

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Rose Bakewell of Mrs. Bakewell's Cream Tea Company joins us to share the history and special joys of tea time! From a debate over the clotted cream or jam first question to the royal history of tea, this conversation is a real treat. Mrs. Bakewell is dedicated to bringing the experience of tea to the US!

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Rose Bakewell
mrsbakewells.com
Twitter: @mrsbakewells
Facebook: mrsbakewellscreamteacompany
Instagram: mrsbakewells
tiktok: @mrsbakewells

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Anne Boleyn is one of the most famous women in Tudor history. But what about the women behind the crown? Sylvia Barbara Soberton takes us into Anne's court and introduces us to her ladies-in-waiting.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Sylvia Barbara Soberton
sylviabarbarasoberton.blogspot.com
Facebook: ForgottenTudorWomen
Instagram: forgottentudorwomen
Twitter: @sylviabso
Books:
Ladies in Waiting: The Women Who Served Anne Boleyn
The Forgotten Tudor Women series
Great Ladies: The Forgotten Witnesses to the Lives of Tudor Queens
Golden Age Ladies: Women Who Shaped the Courts of Francis I and Henry VIII
AND MORE!


Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Grace O'Malley was described as "the most notorious in all the coasts of Ireland." Join us as we go to sea with the famous Pirate Queen!

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Anne Chambers, Grace O'Malley, the Biography of Ireland's Pirate Queen

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Helene Harrison, author of Elizabethan Rebellions: Conspiracy, Intrigue, and Treason shares the behind-the-scenes details of the rebellions that plagued Elizabeth I throughout her reign.

Show Notes

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Helene Harrison
Elizabethan Rebellions: Conspiracy, Intrigue, and Treason 
tudorblogger.com
Facebook – /tudorblogger
Twitter – @tudorblogger
Instagram – @tudorblogger

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Eleanor of Aquitaine was Duchess of vast lands in France, wife of two kings, mother of two kings, and remarkable woman in her own right. She created legends and was a legend.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Historian Nathen Amin explains how the marriage between Henry Tudor and Elizabeth of York was the foundation of a new dynasty and a royal family with descendants still on the throne today.  

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Nathen Amin
nathenamin.com
@nathenamin
@nathan.amin
Books: Henry VII and the Tudor Pretenders (2021), The House of Beaufort (2017), York Pubs (2016), Tudor Wales (2014)

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert married their nine children and 40+ grandchildren into royal houses all over Europe and beyond in an attempt to create a grand family dynasty that would promote world peace. The effects were not what they had anticipated.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Mary I was the first crowned Queen regnant of England. And she was the first to marry as Queen. Dr. Johanna Strong joins us to explain why Mary's marriage to Philip of Spain changed ideas about marriage and the monarchy.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Dr. Johanna Strong
https://drjohannastrong.ca/
twitter: @jo_strong_
instagram: _johanna.strong_
LinkedIn: johanna-strong

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

Let's shake up history together!
@shakeuphistory

History shows us what's possible.

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon married the Duke of York in 1923, reluctantly joining the royal family. Little more than a decade later, she was at the heart of the abdicating crisis when her husband became King George VI. The new king and queen stabilized the monarchy and inspired the nation during the dark days of World War II. Then in 1952, devastated by the death of her husband, Queen Elizabeth shifted from her role as Queen Consort to Queen Mother, a position she would hold until her death in 2002 at age 101.. Gareth Russell joins us this week to discuss this remarkable woman and her place in the ever-changing royal family.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Gareth Russell
podcast: Single Malt History
Books: 

• Illustrated Introduction to the Tudors (2014)
• The Emperors: How Europe’s Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War (2014)
• A History of the English Monarchy from Boadicea to Elizabeth I (2015)
• Young and Damned and Fair: The Life of Catherine Howard, Fifth Wife of Henry VIII (2017)
• Ship of Dreams: The Sinking of the Titanic and End of the Edwardian Era (2019)
• Do Let’s Have Another Drink!: The Dry Wit and Fizzy life of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (2022)

Twitter: @garethrussell1
Instagram: @_garethrussell
Facebook: Garethrussellhistorian
simonandschuster.com/authors/Gareth-Russell

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Shakespeare's First Folio, the first publication of "all" the works of Shakespeare, compiled by his friends and printed for all of us is 400 years old this year! Shakespeare is everywhere, from the stage to the street to a cruise to an airplane! 

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Here are some of the things I referenced (and other Shakespeare sources):
Folger Shakespeare Library, www.folger.edu
Shakespeare Documented, www.shakeseparedocumented.folger.edu
Shakespeare Theatre Company, www.shakespearetheatre.org
Royal Shakespeare Company, www.rsc.org.uk
Guildford Shakespeare Company, www.guildford-shakespeare-company.co.uk

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Gemma Hollmann joins us to share how Edward III's reign was shaped by the two women in his life: his queen Philippa of Hainault and his mistress was Alice Perrers. They were at the very center of the royal court.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Gemma Hollman
www.justhistoryposts.com
@GemmaHAuthor and @JustHistoryPosts
Books: The Queen and The Mistress: The Women of Edward III (Pegasus Books) and Royal Witches: Witchcraft and Nobility in 15th Century England (Pegasus Books).

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

For the start of 2023, let's take a quick look at the beginnings of the English and then British royal dynasties. How did the royals shift from one dynasty to the next, and why does that matter? It's all about beginnings to begin our year together!

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

What a year! It seems that 2022 had more than its fair share of highs, such as the Platinum Jubilee, to lows, such as the death of HM the Queen. Join me for a look back at this extraordinary year in British history.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Books mentioned (no particular order!)
The House of Dudley, by Joanne Paul
Blood, Fire, and Gold: The Story of Elizabteh I and Catherine de Medici, by Estelle Paranque
The Siege of Loyalty House, by Jessie Childs
Crown and Sceptre (US edition), by Tracy Borman
Femina, by Janina Ramirez
Tudor England: A History, by Lucy Wooding
The Tudors: Passion, Power, and Politics, by Charlotte Bolland
The Restless Reputlic, by Anna Keay
Agatha Christie: An Elusive Woman, by Lucy Worsley
Gloriana: Elizabeth I and the Art of Queenship, by Linda Collins and Siobhan Clarke

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Dr. Tracy Borman joins us at the end of 2022 to give us context on the Queen's Platinum Jubilee and her passing, and why this year will be so significant in royal history.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

tracyborman.co.uk
Be sure to check out the Events page!
@tracyborman on Twitter
@tracy.borman on Instagram
Crown & Sceptre: A New History of the British Monarchy from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth II (Hodder & Stoughton); recently updated to include the accession of Charles III

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Sarah Gristwood's high acclaimed The Tudors in Love is finally available in the US--just in time for the holidays! Sarah graciously joins us to discuss how the Tudors took courtly love to new highs (and lows).

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Sarah Gristhood
www.sarahgristwood.com
@sarahgristwood
The Tudors in Love (now available in the US!)
Elizabeth II: The Queen and the Crown
Game of Queens: The Women Who Made Sixteenth Century Europe
Blood Sisters: The Women of the Wars of the Roses
Elizabeth and Leicester
Arbella: England's Lost Queen
AND MANY MORE!

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Tracing Christmas celebrations through the years, from the novels of Jane Austen to Charles Dickens and A Christmas Carol.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom

Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Imagine spending Christmas in Tudor England with Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn! Enjoy the re-told classic tale and more than 30 recipes, games, and activities to celebrate as Laura Loney shares The Night Before a Tudor Christmas.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Laura Loney
'Twas the Night Before Tudor Christmas (Illustrated by Kathryn Holeman)
lauraloney.com
@laurelleavesandlaundry
lauraloneyauthor

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

At this time of year, it's fun to gather with family and friends. But imagine what it would have been like with the family of one of England's most fascinating kings: Richard III!

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

How did the Tudors, with a shaky claim to the throne and a series of monarchs that didn't fit the mold, evolve into one of the most memorable dynasties in history? They relied on art and majesty to tell their story. Find out how as we visit the Met Museum.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

www.metmuseum.org
https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2022/tudors 
Exhibition Catalogue: The Tudors: Art and Majesty in Renaissance England, by Elizabeth Cleland and Adam Eaker
with contributions by Marjorie E. Wieseman and Sarah Bochicchio.

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Elizabeth I was the final, longest-reigning, and possibly greatest Tudor monarch. Prof Susan Doran helps us understand the woman and the Queen.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Professor Susan Doran
https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-susan-doran
@SueDora26898513
Elizabeth and Mary: Royal Cousins Rival Queens exhibition guide
Elizabeth's Circle
Monarchy and Matrimony: the Courtships of Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I and Religion
The Tudor Chronicles
The Myth of Elizabeth I
And many more

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

The role of Queen Consort is complicated, and it takes a special kind of woman to leave her mark. Historian and author Leanda de Lisle joins us to discuss two women who changed history: Anne Boleyn and Henrietta Maria.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Leanda de Lisle
leandadelisle.com
@leandadelisle
Books:
Henrietta Maria: Conspirator, Warrior, Phoenix Queen
The White King: The Tragedy of Charles I
Tudor: The Family Story
The Sisters Who Would be Queen
After Elizabeth


Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Special encore episode featuring Dr. John Cooper.

The Gunpowder Plot changed history. Just not in the way the plotters imagined.

Show Notes

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Guest: Dr. John Cooper
@tudorgentleman
Project at Westminster: virtualstephens.org.uk
The Queen's Agent: Sir Francis Walsingham and the Rise of Espionage in Elizabethan England (Pegasus Books)
Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

Summary

The Gunpowder Plot was a turning point in history. Dr. John Cooper joins us to explore the connections to Elizabeth I's reign, introduce us to Guy Fawkes and the other plotters, and imagine what the world would be like if the plotters had succeeded.

History shows us what's possible.

500 years ago, Anne Boleyn joined the Tudor court, and she was fascinated us ever since. Join me as I visit Hever Castle and Hampton Court Palace to walk where Anne walked.

Show Notes: 

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Helpful websites:
www.hevercastle.co.uk 
Historic Royal Palaces (Tower of London, Hampton Court Palace, and so much more!) hrp.org.uk

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

London Calling! I'm inviting you to join me in London as I visit the British Library, National Archives, Tower of London, and Victoria and Albert Museum.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
Helpful websites: 
Historic Royal Palaces (Tower of London, Hampton Court Palace, and so much more!) hrp.org.uk
British Library: bl.uk
nationalarchives.gov.uk
Victoria and Albert Museum: vam.ac.uk


Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

As I go on the road, I'm sharing this special episode about Anne Boleyn's falcon returning to Hampton Court Palace. 

The recent discovery of a falcon thought to have been used in Anne Boleyn's court set the history world on fire. Sandi Vasoli and James Peacock, historians at the heart of the falcon story, join me to discuss its history and return to Hampton Court Palace.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Sandra Vasoli
sandravasoli.com
Books: Struck with the Dart of Love, Truth Endures, Anne Boleyn's Letter from the Tower
facebook.com/historicfictionauthor
@queenannefan
@sandravasolibooks

James Peacock
The Anne Boleyn Society
facebook.com/anneboleynsociety
@anneboleynsoc
@anneboleynsociety

James and Sandi discuss Anne and her daughter Elizabeth on this video produced by Natalie Grueninger for On the Tudor Trail: https://bit.ly/39qyZTM 

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

We're going on the road! I'm headed to England to walk with history. Can't wait to share stories of the Royals, Rebels, and Romantics I meet along the way!

Show Notes: 

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd
Helpful websites: 
Historic Royal Palaces (Tower of London, Hampton Court Palace, and so much more!) hrp.org.uk
westminster-abbey.org
hevercastle.co.uk
British Library: bl.uk
nationalarchives.gov.uk


Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

We know her as the only regnant Queen to never marry, the Virgin Queen, Gloriana. But was Elizabeth I ever involved in a real royal romance?

Show Notes: 

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Elizabeth I understood the power of monarchial magnificence. Author and historian Siobhan Clarke shares how the Queen used portraits to create the lasting image of Gloriana.

Show Notes: 

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Dr. Joanne Paul
thehistoryguides.com
Gloriana: Elizabeth I and the Art of Queenship
We mentioned bookdepository.com to order from the US as well as the UK.

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

The Dudley family was at the heart of the Tudor dynasty from start to finish. Sometimes they were were friends and supporters of the monarch; other times they went to the block as traitors. Dr. Joanne Paul explains the history of this fascinating family.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Dr. Joanne Paul
joannepaul.com
@Joanne_Paul_
The House of Dudley: A New History of Tudor England

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Welcome to this special episode of Royals, Rebels, and Romantics as we mark the death and especially take time to appreciate the life of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: madiRFAN - Far From Home via Pixabay membership

History shows us what's possible.

Before she was the iconic Virgin Queen, Elizabeth was a teenager navigating the changing politics of the Tudor court. Dr. Elizabeth Norton tells us how Elizabeth's upbringing helped create the Virgin Queen.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Dr. Elizabeth Norton
elizabethnorton.co.uk
@enortonhistory
The Temptation of Elizabeth Tudor (available at bookstores everywhere!)

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: History by Andy_Grey via Audio Jungle, Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Looking at the Tudors through their numbers can give us fresh insight into how they ate, what they did about toilets, and where they died. It's all fascinating and fun with Tudors by the Numbers!

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

The expulsion of James II, reign of William and Mary, and rebellions of the Jacobites started with a warming pan and some fake news about a baby.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

We can look all kinds of places to see Tudor politics playing out--Hampton Court, Whitehall, the Tower. Sometimes, we can even look to the playhouse.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Henry Tudor gained the crown of England by defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth. But his real battles for the throne were just beginning.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Henry Tudor used the legends of the Welsh red dragon and King Arthur to establish the Tudor dynasty.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

This week I'm previewing my upcoming book, The Tudors by the Numbers! How did Henry Tudor manage to become King of England and start a dynasty? It begins with the number 1.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

https://issuu.com/historywithrosie/docs/the_historians_magazine_edition_7_all_things_tudor (my article about the Tudor Rose)

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

We're celebrating Christmas in July!

This week, we experience tournaments and treats, Tudor style!

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

We're celebrating Christmas in July!

This week, we journey to Hever Castle, the childhood home of Anne Boleyn where host Dr. Owen Emmerson shares elements of a Tudor Christmas.

Show Notes

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Guest: Dr. Owen Emmerson
www.drowenemmerson.com
@drowenemmerson
The Boleyns of Hever Castle (with Claire Ridgway)
Becoming Anne (with Kate McCaffrey)

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

We're celebrating Christmas in July!

This week, we return to Old Hall for a Christmas with my dear friend Brigitte Webster.

Show Notes:

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Guest: Brigitte Webster
www.tudorexperience.com
Instagram: tudor_experience
Facebook: Tudor and 17th Century Experience
Twitter: @tudorfoodrecipe
Book: A Banquet at the Old Hall

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Historic fiction is a wonderful way to engage with historic characters and settings in an imaginary world. Lindsey joins me to chat about a couple of our favorite novels, taking you to the legend of King Arthur and the court of James I.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

History shows us what's possible.

In the midst of Queen Elizabeth II's Jubilee year, I thought it would be fun to remember our first Jubilee Queen, Victoria.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Dr. Candy Campbell
www.florencenightingalelive.com

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

In 1947, then-Princess Elizabeth said, "I declare before you all that my whole life whether it be long or short shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong." She has spent 70 years doing so.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

The splendor and excesses of Anne Boleyn's coronation ceremony give us a moment to pause in the swift course of her time as Queen Consort. Think of what that moment meant to her and the king.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

We often focus on Anne Boleyn after she meets the King. Dr. Owen Emmerson and Kate McCaffrey share the story of what was involved in Becoming Anne.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Dr. Owen Emmerson
drowenemmerson.com
@drowenemmerson
The Boleyns of Hever Castle (with Claire Ridgway)
Becoming Anne (with Kate McCaffrey)

Kate McCaffrey
kateemccaffrey.wordpress.com
@kateemccaffrey

Hever Castle
hevercastle.co.uk
@hevercastle

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

The recent discovery of a falcon thought to have been used in Anne Boleyn's court set the history world on fire. Sandi Vasoli and James Peacock, historians at the heart of the falcon story, join me to discuss its history and return to Hampton Court Palace.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Sandra Vasoli
sandravasoli.com
Books: Struck with the Dart of Love, Truth Endures, Anne Boleyn's Letter from the Tower
facebook.com/historicfictionauthor
@queenannefan
@sandravasolibooks

James Peacock
The Anne Boleyn Society
facebook.com/anneboleynsociety
@anneboleynsoc
@anneboleynsociety

James and Sandi discuss Anne and her daughter Elizabeth on this video produced by Natalie Grueninger for On the Tudor Trail: https://bit.ly/39qyZTM 

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Understanding the complex character of Anne Boleyn is an ongoing journey. Dr. Elizabeth Norton gives us insight into the most-loved, most-reviled, and most-discussed of Henry VIII's wives.

Show Notes

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Dr. Elizabeth Norton
elizabethnorton.co.uk
@enortonhistory
The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women
The Temptation of Elizabeth Tudor
Anne Boleyn: The King's Obsession
Margaret Beaufort
The Anne Boleyn Papers
And MANY more!

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Elizabeth Woodville and Anne Boleyn were unlikely Queen Consorts who had secret marriages and were decried as overly ambitious. In other words, they both told a King he had to put a ring on it.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

When it comes to Shakespeare, there are still discoveries to be made!

Show Notes:

Show Notes:
Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd


Michael Blanding
michaelblanding.com
@michael_blanding, @michaelblanding
In Shakespeare's Shadow (paperback available 3 May)
https://bit.ly/Cymbelinestory (Guardian article)

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

We're joined by Dr. Peggy O'Brien from the Folger Shakespeare Library who shares ideas for teachers and all of us on ways to experience Shakespeare. As the Folger says, "Shakespeare's world belongs to you."

Show Notes:
Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Dr. Peggy O'Brief
@obrienfolger 
@folgered
[email protected]
folger.edu
teaching.folger.edu

History shows us what's possible.

Late Night Living and That Shakespeare Life

Show Notes:
Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
patreon.com/carolannlloyd

Cassidy Cash, That Shakespeare Life
@thatshakespearelife
www.cassidycash.com
www.cassidycash.com/where-to-watch-every-shakespeare-play-online-for-free

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Shakespeare used death in various ways in his plays: death was pervasive, haunting, theatrical, and personal. Join us to experience some death by Shakespeare!

Show notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
www.smithsonianassociates.org

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Christine Morgan shares the real story of Mary Boleyn, a savvy and strong woman who survived her family's downfall in Henry VIII's England.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory

Christine Morgan
@mschristinemo
Historian and Presenter at Tudors Dynasty Podcast 

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Daughters of Kings were real players in the English court and in the courts of their husbands. Kelcey Wilson-Lee introduces us to these amazing women.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
Kelcey Wilson-Lee
kelceywilsonlee.com
@kwilsonlee
Daughters of Chivalry: The Forgotten Children of Edward I

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

To celebrate my 100th episode, I'm joined by Katie Dvorak, Johanna Strong, Jessica Storoschuck, Heather Darsie, Rachael Dickzen, and Tracy Borman to chat about SIX the Musical!

After all, the SIX wives of Henry VIII are the epitome of Royals, Rebels, and Romantics!

Thank you to Katie Dvorak, Johanna Strong, Jessica Storoschuck, Heather Darsie, Rachael Dickzen, and Tracy Borman.

Thank you to everyone involved in SIX the Musical!
sixthemusical.com
sixonbroadway.com
@SIXthemusical
@SIXBroadway

Katie: @katd18
Johanna: @_johanna.strong_, @jo_strong-
Jessica: royalcentral.co.uk, @royalcentral, @royal.central, @anhistorianblog
Heather: maidensandmanuscripts.com, @hrdarsiehistory, @hdarsiehistory
Rachel: racheldickzen.com, @racheldickzen
Tracy: tracyborman.co.uk, @tracyborman, @tracy.borman

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Show Notes: 

The stories of Anglo-Saxon women show us how much we share with them and have to learn from their history.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
Annie Whitehead
https://anniewhiteheadauthor.co.uk/
https://www.facebook.com/anniewhiteheadauthor/
https://www.instagram.com/anniewhiteheadauthor/
https://twitter.com/AnnieWHistory
https://anniewhitehead2.blogspot.com/
https://anniewhiteheadauthor2.blogspot.com/
https://rwranniewhitehead.blogspot.com/

Books: Women of Power in Anglo-Saxon England, To Be a Queen, Alvar the Kingmaker, Iclingas Tales, Mercia: The Rise and Fall (more coming!)

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Show Notes

The British Library's exhibition, "Elizabeth and Mary: Royal Cousins, Rival Queens," reminds us of the power, politics, and personalities of these two extraordinary women.

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
British Library
www.bl.uk
https://www.facebook.com/britishlibrary
@britishlibrary

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Before he was King of England, he was a son, brother, husband, father, and uncle. Matt Lewis joins us to talk about the family of Richard III.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
Matt Lewis
www.mattlewisauthor.com
Medieval Monday on History Hit
Facebook: Matt Lewis author
Twitter: @mattlewisauthor
Instagram: @mattlewishistory
Books: Richard III: Loyalty Binds Me; Richard III in Fact and Fiction; Cousins of Anarchy: Stephen and Matilda's Civil War; Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine: Founding an Empire: and many more!

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

From Elizabeth I to Elizabeth II, accession days and jubilee years have been a cause for national celebration.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Anna of Cleves had an interesting life before and after her short marriage to Henry VIII.

Show Notes:

Show Notes:
Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
Heather Darsie
Instagram: @hdarsiehistory
Twitter: @hrdarsiehistory
maidensandmanuscripts.com
Anna, Duchess of Cleves: The King's Beloved Sister

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Mary's determination should come as no surprise. She is the daughter of Katherine of Aragon and Henry VIII after all! 

Show Notes:
Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
Johanna Strong
Instagram: @_johanna.strong_
Twitter: @jo_strong_

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

"If adventures will not befall a young lady in her own village, she must seek them abroad." (Northanger Abbey)

Show Notes:
Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
Nicole Jacobsen
Lexi K. Nilson
Instagram: @JaneAustenwashere
Facebook: @JaneAustenwashere

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

I do think our views shape the representation of the figures, and the representation of the figures shapes our views of them. 

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

Tracy Borman joins us to discuss the English and British monarchy, from William the Conqueror to Her Majesty the Queen.

Show Notes:

Carol Ann Lloyd with Tracy Borman
tracyborman.co.uk
Be sure to check out the Events page!
@tracyborman on Twitter
@tracy.borman on Instagram
Crown & Sceptre: A New History of the British Monarchy from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth II (Hodder & Stoughton)
Available now in the UK and in February 2022 in US

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Inspiring Dramatic Pack by Smart Sounds via Audio Jungle; Music Broadcast License

History shows us what's possible.

History shows us what's possible.

Fashion is about function--and more! Dr. Sarah Bendall shares the ins and outs of dressing for the court job you want--in the court of Elizabeth I and the Stuarts!

Show Notes:

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Guest: Dr. Sarah A. Bendall
www.sarahabendall.com
@sarahabendall
Shaping Femininity (published by Bloombury)

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

History shows us what's possible.

The royal family has always made Christmas a special time of the year. Jessica Storoschuk shares how Queen Charlotte and Queen Alexandra made unique contributions to the holiday celebrations.

Show Notes:

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Guest: Jessica Storoschuk
www.anhistorianabouttown.com
@anhistorianblog

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

History shows us what's possible.

At Old Hall, visitors can experience and feel history. That's never more true than at Christmas!

Show Notes:

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Guest: Brigitte Webster
www.tudorexperience.com
Instagram: tudor_experience
Facebook: Tudor and 17th Century Experience
Twitter: @tudorfoodrecipe
Book: A Banquet at the Old Hall

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

History shows us what's possible.

Being at Hever Castle helps shrink the distance between our modern lives and history. Join us for a trip back in time at Hever Castle.

Show Notes:

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Guest: Dr. Owen Emmerson
www.drowenemmerson.com
@drowenemmerson
The Boleyns of Hever Castle (with Claire Ridgway)

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

History shows us what's possible.

I’m kicking off the holiday season with a quick discussion of one of my favorite Christmas movies…The Lion in Winter!

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

Though a series of Christmas celebrations, Eleanor developed from being a young girl in Aquitaine to Queen Consort of France, then to wife of the heir to the English throne, then Queen Consort of England and mother of a growing royal family. Even spending 16 Christmases in captivity couldn’t keep Eleanor down, and she joined the family for that famous Christmas court in 1184. After outliving both royal husbands, Eleanor was the center of celebrations through the reign of Richard I, where she used her considerable talents to promote and secure his rule and his reputation. Even in retirement, she continued to carve out a legacy, leaving monuments to the Plantagenet empire that would change the face of England and Europe for centuries to come.

Huge shoutout to the extraordinary work of Elizabeth Chadwick about Eleanor!

History shows us what's possible.

The changing monarchy is much like the changing royal services of Thanksgiving. From the first Elizabeth to the second, so much has changed. But public appreciation for Queen and country continues to inspire.

Show notes:

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

Sources for this show:
MAROTTI, ARTHUR F., and STEVEN W. MAY. “Two Lost Ballads of the Armada Thanksgiving Celebration [with Texts and Illustration].” English Literary Renaissance, vol. 41, no. 1, Wiley, 2011, pp. 31–63, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43447703.
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/spanish-armada-history-causes-timeline 
Julie Ferguson, “Promoting the Peace: Queen Anne and the Public Thanksgiving at St. Paul’s Cathedral.” In Performances of Peace: Utrecht 1713. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43447703?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Af6111d749dde2096f875b08de7209a43&seq=12#page_scan_tab_contents

History shows us what's possible.

The Tower of London stands supreme among British historic landmarks. From the Peasants' Revolt to the Tudors, and from the execution site to the Crown Jewels, the Tower encompasses British history for royals, rebels, and romantics.

Show Notes:

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Guest: Siobhan Clarke
thehistoryguides.com
Books: King and Collector: Henry VIII and the Art of Kingship (2021), The Tudors: The Crown, the Dynasty, the Golden Age (2020), A Tudor Christmas (2018)
Note: You can purchase UK-published books not yet available in the US online at bookdepository.com or blackwells.co.uk. Siobhan's book about Elizabeth I will be published in the UK in spring 2022.

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

History shows us what's possible.

Henry VII claimed to end the Wars of the Roses. But he didn't make good on that until the end of his reign.

Show Notes:

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Guest: Nathen Amin
@nathenamin on Facebook, Instagram, twitter
nathenamin.com
Books: Henry VII and the Tudor Pretenders: Simnel, Warbeck, and Warwick (2021), The House of Beaufort (2017), York Pubs (2016), and Tudor Wales (2014)

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

Summary

For Henry VII, the battle for the English throne didn't end at Bosworth. Nathen Amin explains how some Yorkist supporters rallied behind two significant attempts to topple the Tudors before the dynasty had a chance to take hold. It wasn't until the end of his reign that Henry VII could look back and see the results of his attempt to establish a new dynasty.

History shows us what's possible.

The Gunpowder Plot changed history. Just not in the way the plotters imagined.

Show Notes

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Guest: Dr. John Cooper
@tudorgentleman
Project at Westminster: virtualstephens.org.uk
The Queen's Agent: Sir Francis Walsingham and the Rise of Espionage in Elizabethan England (Pegasus Books)
Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

Summary

The Gunpowder Plot was a turning point in history. Dr. John Cooper joins us to explore the connections to Elizabeth I's reign, introduce us to Guy Fawkes and the other plotters, and imagine what the world would be like if the plotters had succeeded.

History shows us what's possible.

Queen Consorts make unexpected rebels.

Show Notes:

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
carolannlloyd.com
@shakeuphistory
Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

Summary

Considering her position as Queen, her personal wealth and land, which greatly enhanced the wealth and power of Henry II, and her providing the king several sons, it’s surprising that Eleanor of Aquitaine would spend 16 years as an imprisoned rebel. 

Isabella of France was a Queen Consort who became an unexpected rebel against her husband. She led a successful invasion and put her young son on the throne, positioning herself as a powerful force. Another unlikely rebel, and one who was very successful.

Marguerite of Anjou was an acknowledged leader in the Wars of the Roses. Her efforts propelled Lancastrian forces to victory. In defeat, she proved a powerful rebel and attracted the support of the Kingmaker to make another play for power.

After doing everything she could to rebel against Richard III, Elizabeth Woodville saw her fortune turn. After Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at Bosworth and did become King of England, Elizabeth’s title as Queen Dowager was restored and she saw her daughter crowned Queen Consort of England. Not bad for a rebel!

Henrietta Maria used her family and her faith to raise money and troops in support of her husband Charles I. After his execution, she kept the royal family alive at an alternative court in France, and she's one of the reasons the monarchy was able to be restored. 

History shows us what's possible.

Show notes:

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Guest: Professor Suzannah Lipscomb
suzannahlipscomb.com
facebook.com/sixteenthCgirl/ 
twitter.com/sixteenthCgirl
instagram.com/sixteenthCgirl
podcast: Not Just the Tudors on HistoryHit

Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

Summary:

Professor Suzannah Lipscomb is an author, historian, broadcaster, and now podcaster. Her expertise covers a wide range of topics, including witchcraft. Her latest book is What is History Now, which she edited with Helen Carr.

Here Professor Lipscomb shares the history of witchcraft, how it's related to power and powerlessness, and the ways accusations and trials have been used to exert control during times of transition and anxiety. It's an important topic with clear resonance for today.

History shows us what's possible.

History shows us what's possible.

Show Notes:

Credits:
Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Guest: Cassidy Cash
www.carolannlloyd.com
Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

Links:
www.cassidycash.com
https://www.cassidycash.com/macbeth-saved-shakespeare-gunpowder-plot/
 
Summary:
Shakespeare was writing in a time when people believed in witches. So when the witches appear in Macbeth, it would have been a terrifying moment. Cassidy Cash of That Shakespeare Life podcast helps us understand the play, the witches, and all the things Shakespeare was trying to accomplish.

Shakespeare's Macbeth was first performed early in the reign of King James. It was a tumultuous time and most people were on edge. The witches represented a real and present danger to the people. Cassidy explains how Shakespeare used these creatures and the particulars of their play to grab the attention of the audience that mattered most to him: the King himself.

From Shakespeare's day to our, Macbeth and the witches continue to capture our imagination.

History shows us what's possible.

Show Notes:

Credits:
Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

Sources Mentioned:
Borman, Tracy. Witches: James I and the English Witch Hunts.
Davies, Owen. "A Spell-binding History of Witches" (History Extra).
Lipscomb, Suzannah (Presenter). Witches: a Century of Murder.
Lipscomb, Suzannah. Witchcraft: A Ladybird Expert Book. 
 
Summary:
From early days in Jewish and Egyptian cultures to the middle ages, and from the surge of witch hunts across Europe in the 16th and 17th century to a new resurgence in self-identified witches today, the notion of witches and witchcraft is part of our history. As Alice Hoffman wrote in Practical Magic, “There’s a little witch in all of us.”

History shows us what's possible.

Show Notes

Kate McCaffrey, the Assistant Curator at Hever Castle, has recently uncovered new evidence on the Book of Hours owned and used by Anne Boleyn. Kate shares her findings and some connections to Elizabeth I.

Credits:
Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
www.carolannlloyd.com
Guest: Kate McCaffrey
kateemccaffrey.wordpress.com
Twitter: @kateemccaffrey
Instagram: @kateemccaffrey
Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

Episode Summary: 
Hever Castle was the childhood home of Anne Boleyn. The beautiful castle offers amazing insights into the family and personal life of this famous wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I.

Recently, Assistant Curator Kate McCaffrey uncovered evidence that Anne Boleyn's personal Book of Hours had been passed to family friends who cared for and kept the memento safe after Anne's dramatic fall from favor and violent death. The network of women from the neighborhood of Hever also have important connections to Anne's daughter, Elizabeth I. Kate generously shares her research and insights with us.

History shows us what's possible.

SHOW NOTES

Forced to abdicate in favor of her baby son, Mary Queen of Scots fled to England in 1568. For 19 years, she and Queen Elizabeth I became increasingly at odds as Mary was the focus of and then willing participant in plots to assassinate Elizabeth and put Mary on the English throne. We know that story. I think it's also important to realize that, although there were forces working against both women that they could not control, both women took control of their narratives and established lasting legends that helped shape history.

Credits:

Host: Carol Ann Lloyd
Creative Director: Lindsey Lindstrom
Music: Historical Documentary licensed through Audio Jungle/Envato Markets

www.carolannlloyd.com

Episode Summary:

John Knox may have been intended his work to challenge the rule of Catholic Mary Tudor, but it was Protestant Elizabeth I who came to the throne the year the First Blast was published. Marie of Guise died two years later. That left two women who were poised to rule England and Scotland for years to come: Mary Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I.

Mary Queen of Scots spent her youth in France and married Francois, heir to the French throne. They married and became King and Queen of France in 1559. They claimed to be King and Queen of England as well. After Francois's early death, Mary returned home to Scotland to begin her active rule.

So in 1561, there were two women ruling side by side in England and Scotland.

Elizabeth I had been on the English throne for three years. She had established a middle way in a hope of calming the chaos and turmoil that had accompanied the religious extremism of Mary I and Edward VI. Her pragmatic approach meant she kept Catholics on her privy council and focused on the behavior rather than the beliefs of her subjects. As Francis Bacon is reported to have said of her, she didn’t want to make windows into men’s souls. 

Mary also initially took a pragmatic approach to religion. Catholics in Scotland were hoping that her return would represent a major change in the government and a surge in Catholicism across the country. They were to be disappointed. Mary kept all the Protestant lords in power and sought to work closely with the Earl of Moray, her half-brother (he was the illegitimate son of James V). When Catholic powerhouse Lord Huntly led a rebellion against her, Mary joined with Moray. She was committed to policies that strengthened ties to England rather than those promoting Catholicism in Scotland. This indicates to historians like Jenny Wormald that Mary was already starting to focus on the English throne. 

Forced to abdicate in favor of her baby son, Mary fled to England. For 19 years, the two women became increasingly at odds as Mary was the focus of and then willing participant in plots to assassinate Elizabeth and put Mary on the English throne. We know that story. I think it's also important to realize that, although there were forces working against both women that they could not control, both women took control of their narratives and established lasting legends that helped shape history.

History shows us what's possible.

Dr. Tracy Borman is an internationally well-known and well-loved historian, broadcaster, and author. Her books are credited with humanizing the Tudors as she shares such details as Henry VIII’s love of puddings and Elizabeth I’s invention of her own perfume. Her nonfiction recreates and brings to life the famous figures of the Tudor dynasty. And her new non-fiction trilogy is described as “luring readers” into the world of Stuart England through the story of Lady Frances with effortless storytelling and vivid details. 

Tracy has been part of many historic programs for television, including The Fall of Anne Boleyn, Inside the Tower of London, World’s Greatest Palaces, Private Lives of the Monarchs, Inside the Court of Henry VIII, Majesty and Mortal: Britain’s Great Palaces, Tales from the Royal Bedchamber, and more.

Her non-fiction books include Henry VIII and the Men who Made Him; The Private Lives of the Tudors: Uncovering the Secrets of Britain’s Greatest Dynasty; Thomas Cromwell: The Hidden Story of Henry VIII’s Most Faithful Servant; Elizabeth’s Women; The Story of the Tower of London; Witches: A Tale of Sorcery, Scandal, and Seduction; Matilda: Queen of the Conqueror, and King’s Mistress, Queen’s Servant. Her fiction series, the King’s Witch trilogy, includes The King’s Witch, The Devil’s Slave, and The Fallen Angel. 

Tracy’s new book, Crown & Sceptre: A New History of the British Monarchy, will be released in the UK later this year and in 2022 in the US. It coincides with the celebrations of Queen Elizabeth II’s Platinum Jubilee.

Tracy is also Joint Chief Curator of Historic Royal Palaces and actually has an office in Henry VIII’s grand palace, Hampton Court.

You can find Tracy on social media:
Twitter: @TracyBorman
Instagram: tracy.borman
Website is tracyborman.co.uk.

History shows us what's possible.

Dr. Tracy Borman is an internationally well-known and well-loved historian, broadcaster, and author. Her books are credited with humanizing the Tudors as she shares such details as Henry VIII’s love of puddings and Elizabeth I’s invention of her own perfume. Her nonfiction recreates and brings to life the famous figures of the Tudor dynasty. And her new non-fiction trilogy is described as “luring readers” into the world of Stuart England through the story of Lady Frances with effortless storytelling and vivid details. 

Tracy has been part of many historic programs for television, including The Fall of Anne Boleyn, Inside the Tower of London, World’s Greatest Palaces, Private Lives of the Monarchs, Inside the Court of Henry VIII, Majesty and Mortal: Britain’s Great Palaces, Tales from the Royal Bedchamber, and more.

Her non-fiction books include Henry VIII and the Men who Made Him; The Private Lives of the Tudors: Uncovering the Secrets of Britain’s Greatest Dynasty; Thomas Cromwell: The Hidden Story of Henry VIII’s Most Faithful Servant; Elizabeth’s Women; The Story of the Tower of London; Witches: A Tale of Sorcery, Scandal, and Seduction; Matilda: Queen of the Conqueror, and King’s Mistress, Queen’s Servant. Her fiction series, the King’s Witch trilogy, includes The King’s Witch, The Devil’s Slave, and The Fallen Angel. 

Tracy’s new book, Crown & Sceptre: A New History of the British Monarchy, will be released in the UK later this year and in 2022 in the US. It coincides with the celebrations of Queen Elizabeth II’s Platinum Jubilee.

Tracy is also Joint Chief Curator of Historic Royal Palaces and actually has an office in Henry VIII’s grand palace, Hampton Court.

You can find Tracy on social media:
Twitter: @TracyBorman
Instagram: tracy.borman
Website is tracyborman.co.uk.

History shows us what's possible.

We're back for another season featuring the royals, rebels, and romantics of British History! Season Two will bring some new fun to the podcast.  Here's what's ahead:

• September will be all about Elizabeth I.
• October will delve into the world of witches and other sorcery.
• November will give us a chance to remember, remember lots of rebels and rebellions.
• And December will be a time for festive and famous holiday celebrations!!

We'll also be launching a patron program soon, giving you an opportunity to play a larger role. Stay tuned!

To start us off, here are some questions we're considering  about Elizabeth I.

• Why was she taken out of the line of succession and then put back in again? 
• Why did Edward VI disinherit her instead of just passing over Mary and leaving the crown to Elizabeth?
• Why didn't Mary, who did not like Elizabeth, choose NOT to disinherit her?
• Why did Mary Queen of Scots claim the English throne?
• How did people feel about Elizabeth becoming Queen?

It's all Elizabeth, all month!

History shows us what's possible.

The Tudor court was always on the move. Basic hygiene required that the court remain in any one palace for just a few weeks before moving out so everything could be cleaned. Think of no indoor plumbing or running water. After a few weeks, it was time to move.

During the spring and summer, those moves went beyond London into other parts of the country. This was for practical reasons in some ways—plague and other illnesses often came during these months, and London was crowded and therefore dangerous. Getting out of the city made good sense to avoid contagion.

But beyond the need for cleaning and the advantage of avoiding disease, the most important motive for spring and summer progresses was to see and be seen. It was important for the monarch to visit worrisome areas of the country. That way, the highest figures in the government could identify areas where trouble was brewing and make a preemptive strike to settle things down. In addition, the physical presence of majesty could be enough to convince would-be rebels to think twice (or more!) about causing trouble. The size of the household and presence of guards and knights was a visual reminder of the power of the monarch. 

Early progresses of the first and final Tudor monarchs give us some great insight into the potential power of the royal progress.

History shows us what's possible.

Tudors spent their summers working hard, playing hard, enjoying season fruits, and sometimes having a great time. Brigitte Webster of Tudor & 17th Century Experience continues to share her expertise on how Tudors enjoyed their summers.

Find more about Brigitte and how you can immerse yourself in a real Tudor experience at https://www.tudorexperience.com and be sure to follow her on Instagram (@tudor_experience), Facebook (Tudor & 17th Century Experience), and Twitter (@tudorfoodrecipe). 

History shows us what's possible.

From special summer food to the Banqueting House, and from harvest days to feasting, Tudor summers were a time of working hard and celebrating. Brigitte Webster, owner of Tudor and 17th Century Experience, shares the details of Tudor summer fun and feasting. Living at Old Hall, a 16th century home, Brigitte experiences the full Tudor experience. 

Brigitte shares the fun of a Tudor summer, which included gathering together to share a meal, eating outside, and discovering and enjoying the power of sugar.

History shows us what's possible.

When we think of Jane Austen’s novels, we often think of life in the parlor. Well-dressed Bingley sisters making pointed comments in the grand rooms of Netherfield Hall. Mr. Knightley visiting Emma and Mr. Woodhouse at Hartfield. Lady Catherine deBourgh holding court at Rosings. And Mr. Darcy watching Elizabeth play the piano at Pemberley. Ladies read books and walk around the room. Gentlemen write letters. Relationships develop and dissolve.

But what might happen if they take a journey to the seaside?

Austen's characters tease us with the promises and perils of sea bathing!

“The sea is very rarely of use to any body. I am sure it almost killed me once.”
BENEFITS OF THE SEASIDE

“The sea is no beautifier, certainly; sailors do grow old betimes; I have observed it; they soon lose the look of youth.”
DANGERS OF THE SEA

“There has been a solemn engagement between them ever since October—formed at Weymouth, and kept a secret from every body.”
SCANDALS OF THE SEASIDE

“A little sea-bathing would set me up for ever.”
APPEAL OF THE SEASIDE

History shows us what's possible.

In 1800, Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, erected the first known Christmas tree at Windsor Castle. She hosted a party for the children of Windsor families. According to Dr. John Watkins, who wrote a biography of Queen Charlotte, the large yew tree stood in a tub in the middle of the drawing room at Queen’s Lodge. The branches were decorated with “bunches of sweetmeats, almonds, and raisins in papers, fruits and toys, most tastefully arranged, and the whole illuminated by small wax candles.” 

Prince Albert popularized the Christmas tree. As he and Queen Victoria shared their family tradition of gathering around the tree at Windsor Castle with popular publications of the day, the tradition caught on with families throughout the country. With the support (and possibly encouragement) of the royal family, Illustrated London News, Cassell’s Magazine, and The Graphic shared images of the royal Christmas at Windsor with details about the royal trees.

After Victoria, in the early 20th century, the royals began celebrating Christmas at Sandringham. Edward VII decided to start holding family Christmas celebrations there in 1864. George V continued the tradition of the royal family Christmas at Sandringham. In 1932, King George V delivered the first royal Christmas broadcast live from Sandringham House. 

George VI, who succeeded his brother, gave his first Christmas broadcast in 1937. In 1939, George VI spoke on the first Christmas of World War II. He sadly reflected on the loss of peace during the Christmas season and praised the Royal Navy, British Expeditionary Force, and armies of the Empire. As the war ended and new challenges arose, George VI spoke of the unity and steadfastness of the Commonwealth and the Empire.

Her Majesty the Queen gave her first Christmas message from the same desk and chair that her father and grandfather had used. She pledged to carry on the tradition of Christmas broadcasts and thanked people for their loyalty and affection. She has delivered broadcasts from Sandringham, New Zealand, Buckingham Palace, and Windsor Castle. As technology progressed, she moved the broadcast from radio to television and then to HD, and often incorporates additional footing.

This year, the Queen’s annual Christmas message will be delivered from Windsor Castle—which is the same location as her two previous addresses of 2020. Last year, in 2019, the Queen said it is “the small steps, not the giant leaps” that bring about lasting change in the world. This was a reference to the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission and our own roles in doing good in the world. As always, her message is both timely and utterly timeless.

History shows us what's possible.

When Victoria and Albert married in 1840, they consciously set about improving the image of the monarchy. Creating a family Christmas, with children gathered around the tree, was an essential part of this. With their Christmas tree as a centerpiece, the royal family was ready to create a picture-perfect Christmas. In 1848, the Illustrated London News featured a drawing of the royal family celebrating around a decorated Christmas tree. Eager to share the image of family-centered royals, especially at Christmas, Victoria and Albert were happy to have the image published. The popularity of the Christmas tree grew rapidly in Britain after the image appeared. 

A few years later, in 1860, an image of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, and their children decorating the tree was featured in Godey’s Lady’s Book. The growing popularity of Christmas and the Christmas tree helped make the royal family seem like a benefit to the British people. Even into the 20th century, images of the young Victoria and Albert decorating the Christmas tree continued to emerge. For example, in the 1910 Life of Queen Victoria for Boys and Girls by Alice Corkran features an image of the young queen and prince consort, with a couple of their young children, decorating the Christmas tree. The image of the royal family celebrating around a Christmas tree became permanently connected with Victoria’s reign. 

Like A Christmas Carol, the popularity of A Visit from St. Nicholas helped shape the perception of Christmas and continues to do so today. Likewise, the efforts of Victoria and Albert, supported by economic and technological advances, were essential to the transition of Christmas from a quiet celebration at the beginning of the 19th century to the modern celebration we enjoy today.

History shows us what's possible.

For the Tudors, Christmas was a highlight of the year. It was a time of feasting on especially grand dishes, of dancing and singing, of enjoying the antics of the Lord of Misrule and special holiday revels and entertainments, and of showing off. Oh, and of course going to church. 


The Tudors certainly made the most of these traditions. Families in Tudor times carried on decorating their homes with holly and ivy. They brought in mistletoe and often shaped it into the double ring under which couples could kiss. Tudor lords opened their great manors for members of the village, inviting in members of the village to partake of a special meal. Common families indulged in meat, pastries, fruit, and other specialties over Christmas that they wouldn’t see for the rest of the year. The holiday lasted for twelve days, from December 25 to Twelfth Night in January. It was a time people stopped working, spent more time in church, visited families, enjoyed entertainment, and shared gifts.

History shows us what's possible.

We're celebrating Christmas in July!

Unlike today, Medieval Christmas decorations did not start going up mid-October! In fact, because of Advent, the 40 days before Christmas were pretty bleak. Once noon passed on December 24, decorating homes and churches could begin. Family members wrapped up warmly and headed outside to gather the holly bows, ivy, red berries, pine branches and cones, and other greenery they would use to decorate their homes.

There weren’t Christmas trees in homes in Medieval England. Instead, the center of the decorations was often a double ring of mistletoe that was hung in a prominent location. The tradition of kissing under the mistletoe was common in this time, and often the kissing couple of pluck one of the red berries each time they shared a kiss. Again, we see remnants of pagan and other beliefs. The Celtic druids believed holly warded off evil spirits. Romans and others believed mistletoe would encourage fertility, protect crops, and keep witches away. 

Another Christmas tradition is the Yule log. The family would drag a large piece of tree trunk into the house and light it on Christmas Eve, using a piece of the Yule log from the year before. To ensure good luck and better fortune in the coming year, it was important to keep the log burning throughout the holiday season. It was allowed to go out after Epiphany, and a portion was kept to light next year’s log.

Most people had eaten sparsely and fasted during Advent, so they looked forward to Christmas feasting. For all levels of society, Christmas food usually represented better fare than the usual. Laborers, farm workers, and the like often treated themselves to meat at Christmas—usually boiled. This was often the only time of year they ate meat. Sometimes, the lord of the manor would feast on venison and then offer the leftover bits and entrails to his workers. These bits, called umbles, were often baked into a pie. An umble pie. That’s right—the beginning of humble pie. In addition to meat, workers and peasants might treat themselves to cheese and eggs and even a cake.

Members of the aristocracy dined so well during the rest of the year that they had to go all out to make Christmas feasts something special. And they did! Decorated with seasonal greenery and spices, the Great Hall was the setting for the grandest meals. The Christmas feast was several courses, often hailed by trumpets or other music as it was carried in. The higher levels of aristocracy were entitled to more variety of food and more courses. The king, of course, had the best of everything. His holiday meals would go on for hours, with various courses introduced with musical numbers and other performances.

Waes Hael!

History shows us what's possible.

She was surrounded by men: daughter of a Duke, sister of an Earl, and wife of the King's illegitimate son! But Mary Howard, daughter-in-law of Henry VIII, was not about to be pushed around. She stood up for what was hers, refused to be married off, and ended up with an income and a chance to make a life of her own.

No wonder her father described her as "too wise for a woman."

Join Rebecca Larson of Tudors Dynasty to meet a remarkable woman and get a new perspective on women's lives in Tudor England.

History shows us what's possible.

The whole idea of the royal succession was for the throne to pass from the King to his adult, prepared, son. That’s the pattern that makes the “The King is dead, long live the King” thing work. But in English and Scottish and British history, that didn’t always happen. Sometimes there wasn’t an adult son ready to take the throne. Sometimes (gasp!) the throne went to a woman! And sometimes (double gasp!), it went to a child. Throughout Medieval times, when the King needed to rule and a strong King meant a strong country, a child on the throne was a bit of a problem. It was right there in the Bible: “Woe to thee, O land, when thy king is a child.”

It was not automatically a full disaster. But it was certainly less than ideal. 

It had taken Henry VIII nearly 30 years of his reign to have a son, so by the time Edward was born, the King was in his final decade. Henry’s health was failing by the end of 1546. So he did everything he could to help smooth the way for his son to take and keep the throne. Although young, Edward was a determined and dedicated reformer and his reign saw significant reforms and the beginning of the use of the term “Protestant.” Edward’s second Book of Common prayer provided a model for worship that would be used for 400 years. He was beginning to write in his journal about his frustration with those who didn’t follow his religious laws—it’s likely that if he had lived longer, his persecution of Catholics would have increased. But Edward was one of the few child Kings who did not grow to adulthood and rule on his own.

One of the interesting things about the reign of Richard II was that he had one of his best royal moments while still in his minority. Although just 14 years old, Richard responded decisively. He met the rebels at Mile End and agreed to some of their demands. The rebels grew restive and the King’s men responded, pulling Tyler off his horse and killing him. Despite the rebels’ outcries, Richard shouted that he was their true captain and led them away from the scene. It was not the end of outbreaks of rebellion, but Richard had shown his potential as a leader and exercised authority in the defeat, capture, and execution of the rebels. Ironically, Richard’s success with the Peasant’s Revolt turned out to contribute to his downfall. It seemed to fuel Richard’s belief in his absolute power as King—and he started to exercise it.

If it’s bad to have a king who’s a child, imagine the potential disaster if the King is an infant. Especially in the midst of a huge war with France. There’s a moment at the end of Shakespeare’s Henry V, after the “band of brothers” speech and the glories of Agincourt and the humor of King Henry and Princess Katherine where the Chorus comes back on stage and rips the thrill of victory right out from under us. Henry V’s victories were followed shortly by his early death.
Henry the Sixth, in infant bands crown’d King
Of France and England, did this King succeed;
Whose state so many had the managing,
That they lost France and made his England bleed.

Of course, England wasn’t the only country with child Kings. The Stuarts saw a series of Kings named James take the throne as children. In 1406, James I was 12 and in captivity when he became King. James II became King at age 6 after his father was assassinated. The exact birth of James III is disputed, but he certainly was no older than 10 when he became King. James IV became King of Scotland at age 15 after his father died in battle. James V was only 17 months old when he became King after his father’s death in battle. And James VI was only 13 months old when he became King. So from 1406 to 1567, the incoming King was a young boy. There was, of course, one exception. Still a child, but not a boy. The exception is, of course, Mary Queen of Scots. 

So having a child on the throne may have been as bad as prop

History shows us what's possible.

For much of royal history, Kings literally ruled. And a King’s primary job description was to ensure peace and prosperity at home, protect against enemies abroad, and secure the succession. Be a judge, be a soldier, be a dad. A King’s success was typically judged against these criteria, at least through the Middle Ages and into the sixteenth and seventeenth century. Then Queens took the throne, which shifted the focus on family roles somewhat. Parliament began to take more control. A constitutional monarchy emerged. Still, the focus on fathers continued well into the 20th century.

We’re going to take a look at five royal fathers: Henry II, Edward III, Henry VIII, Prince Albert, and George VI. For all, we’ll be considering this well-known question: Does father know best?

We start with a first and a second: first Plantagenet King and second husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine, Henry II. Henry produced many sons and created a dynasty. Not a bad start.

And now on to Edward III. Edward and Philippa produced 13 children, 9 of whom lived to adulthood. He had an impressive five sons, although the descendants' behavior implies that might have been too many.

Next up: Henry VIII, one of the most famous…and infamous…royal fathers. The obsession of his life and his reign was laser focused on the goal of producing a son. So after all that effort to finally have a son, what kind of father was he?

Our next royal father was never King himself, but he was father of a King and some Queens, and grandfather of many royals all across Europe. I’m speaking of Prince Albert, the consort of Queen Victoria.

Our final father is quite recent: George VI, the father of the current Queen. It’s easy to see how George VI’s dedication to his family benefitted his daughters and his nation.

History shows us what's possible.

Born in 1662 and 1665, Stuart Princesses Mary and Anne came into a turbulent world—especially turbulent for the royal family. Their grandfather, King Charles I, had been executed by Parliament in 1649. Their uncle, Charles II, had been invited to come back to England and restore the monarchy in 1660. Then there was the Great Plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of 1666. In 1671, when Mary was 9 and Anne was 6, their mother died. Over the years, the two girls had seen several baby siblings die as well. Their life may have been royal, but it had not been particularly carefree.

Worried about long-term Catholic rule, leading nobles invited William of Orange to pursue Mary’s claim to the throne. Mary became popular, and people looked to her as the “mother” of the nation. Naturally, people hoped she would quickly produce heirs to provide for the succession. But for the time being, the heir was Mary’s sister, Anne.  

Mary’s role in ruling the country changed in 1690 when William decided to lead the army against James’s attempt to retake his throne. Parliament passed the Regency Act in 1690 to clarify Mary’s right to exercise regal power. Mary’s administration was one of challenge, with war, naval mismanagement, plots against the King and Queen, and religious tensions. Mary’s style of rule was to seek William’s guidance, writing him regularly and seeking his advice and counsel. She attended council meetings. Initially, she spent most of the time listening, but as time went on she gained confidence and a voice. 

The sisters' relationship fractured as Anne relied more on her friend Sarah Churchill and ignored the wishes of the King and Queen. The quarrels between the sisters escalated, and Anne left court. The two sisters never saw each other again.

Anne became Queen after William's death in 1702.  Anne made much of her English background to distance herself from William and the specter of the French-supported Jacobites. She declared “I know my heart to be entirely English.” She also promised, “I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me, which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England.” This was exactly what the English people wanted to hear.

One of the most significant outcomes of Anne’s reign were the Acts of Union. Although England and Scotland had been ruled by the same monarch since the death of Elizabeth I in 1603, the two countries were not united into a single kingdom. From her first speech to Parliament, Anne took a firm stand on union, declaring it to be “very necessary.” The articles passed the Parliaments of both countries in early 1707, uniting England and Scotland into Great Britain with one Parliament. Anne attended a thanksgiving service in St. Paul’s Cathedral. Sir John Clerk wrote, “Nobody on this occasion appeared more sincerely devout and thankful than the Queen herself.”

In August of 1714, after suffering two violent strokes, Queen Anne died. With Anne’s death, the turbulent Stuart dynasty came to an end.

History shows us what's possible.

The four generations of Stuart reign—James I, his son Charles I, his sons Charles II and James II, and James’s daughters Mary and Anne—represented a manifestation of chaos and conflict. Particularly in the reigns of the male Stuarts, the battles between Catholic and Protestant, King and Parliament, and England and the continent rocked the country, weakened the peace and prosperity, and threatened future of the monarchy (in fact, eliminated the monarchy for a period of time!).

Two sets of siblings sat on the throne during the Stuart regime: brothers Charles II and James II and sisters Mary and Anne. Their relationships and their reigns reimagined the monarchy, the role and power of Parliament, and the place of England on the world stage.

Stuart sibling rule: it changed everything.

Royal brothers Charles and James lived through one of the most turbulent periods of the monarchy: the declaration of war between Parliament and King, and years of a Civil War. Both brothers supported their father and ultimately fled the country to stay safe and keep trying to return.

After Cromwell's death, Parliament invited Charles to return and take the throne. Determined to recreate the magnificence of royal rule, Charles created new coronation regalia, established a glittering court, and earned the nickname "The Merry Monarch." But he also had to deal with plague, the Great Fire, and the lack of legitimate children. He'd had to give some power to Parliament and couldn't enact the pro-Catholic legislation he wanted to. Eventually, he became a Catholic on his death-bed and left the throne to his Catholic brother, James.

King James II's religious views were well-known by the time he came to the throne, and rebellions against him came quickly. He prevailed, but when he sought to marry a second time and possibly have a son who would prevent his Protestant daughter Mary from inheriting the throne, things came to a head. After his son was born, Parliament invited Mary and her husband William to "invade" England and take the throne. The King's support faded and he fled, leaving the throne to joint rulers William and Mary.

The two Stuart brothers had seen England through some of its most turbulent times: battles of religion, plague, fire, threats from abroad, rebellions at home. Charles II was invited back to restore the monarchy; William and Mary were invited to invade and end the reign of James II. Their reigns changed everything.

History shows us what's possible.

Making secret marriages, creating the right image, navigating court politics, and escaping in disguise—just another Tudor family story!

From her birth in 1575, Arbella had a claim to the throne. As Queen Elizabeth was in her 40s with no plans to marry, the chances of her giving birth were rapidly diminishing. That represented the end of Henry VIII’s descendants. Then there were the descendants of Henry’s elder sister, Margaret Tudor. Margaret’s son had been James V of Scotland; at his death, his daughter Mary became Queen of Scotland. Now she was an essentially a prisoner in England with her son James VI reigning in her stead. Many in England dismissed all these claimants as they had been born in Scotland and therefore were not eligible for the English throne. But Margaret Tudor’s daughter, Margaret Douglas, had been born in England. So had her two sons, Henry and Charles. Henry, Lord Darnley had been murdered in Scotland (where he had become King by marrying Mary Queen of Scots) in 1567. Charles, Earl of Lennox, died a year after Arbella’s birth.

So from the death of her father in 1576, Arbella was considered by some to be the descendant of Henry VII with the best claim to the throne. 

No one had made a better career of marrying her way to wealth and influence than Bess of Hardwick. The Queen could insist on a single life, demanding her court have but one mistress and no master. But for the rest of the country, a favorable marriage was a woman’s greatest path to wealth and security. With her perceived nearness to the English throne, Arbella was seen as a prime target for men all over England and Europe. For more than 10 years, her name was at the center of potential marriage alliances with the major single princes of Europe. Arbella’s family was determined to create the most profitable alliance for her and for themselves.

Bess of Hardwick commissioned the portrait to raise Arbella’s profile at court and on the continent. Queen Elizabeth even said of Arbella, “Look to her; she will be one day even as I am.” But it’s possible Bess had overplayed her hand. Perhaps the ongoing presence of the young, lovely, marriageable Arbella, who was expecting to be named as heir, was too much for Elizabeth to bear. Bess and Arbella were sent away from court from time to time.

As the years went on, Arbella’s chances of succeeding Elizabeth began to fade. She felt exiled at Hardwick, away from court and repeatedly denied the chance of marriage. Her favor with the Queen was diminishing. Could Bess and Arbella clear the path to Elizabeth's throne?

History shows us what's possible.

I’m one of those people who, when the Prince Harry and Meghan Markle announced their wedding date, immediately thought: “Why would you want to get married on the anniversary of Anne Boleyn’s execution?” That’s what May 19 means to us in Anne Boleyn fandom. That and one more thing, at least to me: 19 May is also the date Anne’s daughter Elizabeth was released from the Tower. 

So how did the two women come to share that fateful day at the Tower? 

Anne Boleyn's 1533 coronation celebrations would last four days and include a triumphant arrival at the Tower of London. Once she arrived at the Tower, Anne was greeted by heralds, great officers of state, and finally by the King himself. The Queen’s apartments, now gone, were located in the innermost ward of the Tower, between the White Tower and the main curtain wall. Then on Saturday, 31 May Anne processed from the Tower to Westminster for her coronation. As Anne left the Tower in glory no one could have imagined the events that would bring her back just three years later.

On 19 May 1536, Anne left the Queen’s Lodgings in the Tower for the last time. She had worried she would be put into a dungeon when she arrived on 2 May; she was not, but the royal apartments had been little comfort as she had watched her life unravel. That morning she walked past the Great Hall and through Coldharbour Gate, the remains of which can still be seen today. When she passed along the west side of the White Tower, she saw the scaffold. A single stroke and it was over. Anne’s body was placed in a makeshift coffin, by legend an arrow case, and buried in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula. 

After the Wyatt rebellion, Mary I was certain her half-sister was guilty. On 18 March, 1554, Mary sent Elizabeth to the Tower. Elizabeth is described as playing the moment of her arrival at the Tower to its fullest effect, sitting down on the steps and when encouraged to come in out of the rain replying “It is better sitting here than in a worse place.” Declaring herself the truest subject in the land, she entered the Tower.

On 19th of May, the soldiers knocked at Elizabeth’s door. She would have known the date, of course. She would have known how her half-sister hated her mother, and how much she would love to have Elizabeth follow in Anne’s footsteps to the executioner. Instead, Elizabeth was taken from the Tower on 19 May 1554. Guarded by Bedingfield’s men, Elizabeth set off for Woodstock.

On 17 November 1558, Mary I died. Word came to Elizabeth at Hatfield. According to legend, she sank to her knees and quoted the scripture in Psalms: “This is the Lord’s doing, and it is marvelous in our eyes.” After spending two days being celebrated and honored at the Tower, Elizabeth left for her procession to Westminster. According to Sir John Hayward, Elizabeth remarked, “Some have fallen from being princes in this land to be prisoners in this place. I am raised from being a prisoner in this place to be a prince in this land.” 

I think the day she left the Tower, Elizabeth began her journey toward becoming the Queen her mother would have wished her to be.

History shows us what's possible.

As the first Tudor King, we recognize Henry VII as the patriarch, so his wife Elizabeth of York could be seen as the natural matriarch. Elizabeth represented the Yorkist claim to the throne, so she was an essential part of the story of the Tudors representing the union of York and Lancaster. She bore the King four children who survived infancy and early childhood, providing two sons—an heir and a spare. This guaranteed the continuation of the dynasty. Definitely a successful matriarch! 

On the other hand, Henry VII’s mother Margaret Beaufort was the driving force in keeping Henry Tudor alive and safe. She also kept the possibility of his taking the throne a real thing. She managed to be successful in the courts of both Lancaster and York and to develop relationships with supporters of both sides. Without her influence, it’s hard to imagine Henry Tudor being able to assemble the level of support (including Stanley’s troops) to defeat Richard III and be accepted as King. Also the work of a successful matriarch.

These women weren’t traditional Queen Mothers. Margaret Beaufort had never been Queen, married to the King. Although Henry Tudor’s claim to the throne came through her, she never claimed the throne for herself. Elizabeth of York was married to the King, but she died before her husband and thus was never a Queen Dowager or Queen Mother. 

Nevertheless, Margaret Beaufort and Elizabeth of York shaped the early Tudor monarchy and helped establish the strength of the dynasty that would last more than a hundred years and continues to capture and hold our attention. We’re going to consider them in tandem and not in competition: two women, both mothers, who put the family business on the fast track to success.

Henry VII had commissioned extraordinary tombs for himself and Elizabeth and for Margaret in the beautiful Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey. The grand tomb of Henry and Elizabeth was designed by Italian sculptor Pietro Torrigiano. The tomb base is topped by the bronze effigies of the King and Queen. Angels sit at each corner of the tomb, supporting the royal coat of arms. Margaret Beaufort’s tomb rests is to the right of Henry and Elizabeth’s. Her effigy was also created by Torrigiano in gilt bronze. She is dressed in a widow’s dress and hood; her portcullis badge and the Tudor rose surround her. At the west and east ends of her tomb chest are the arms of Edmund Tudor and Thomas Stanley; on the south side are the arms of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, and on the north side are the arms of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon.

Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII, and Elizabeth of York created the Tudor dynasty. Henry had been the monarch, but without the extraordinary contributions of Margaret Beaufort and Elizabeth of York, the dynasty could not have succeeded. It was not a case of the “Good Wife” versus “The Mother-in-Law from hell.” It was two strong women leaving their own special mark on their family and the nation.

History shows us what's possible.

This week, we’ll be looking at six of the women who came to England and became game-changers: Emma of Normandy, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Isabella of France, Henrietta Maria of France, Mary of Modena, and Mary of Teck. In her own way, each of these women had an extraordinary and lasting impact on her son (or, in some cases, sons) and his rule.

Emma’s political alliances and influence helped shaped the monarchy. She also established a family relationship between the dukes of Normandy and the Anglo-Saxon kings of England, which gave the Normans a hereditary claim to the English throne. Emma was involved and influential in politics on both sides of the English Channel and throughout Europe. Less than 15 years after Emma’s death, William of Normandy set out for England. His claim to the throne was based in part on Emma and her influence. 

It was after Henry’s death in 1189 that Eleanor really came into her own. Richard, her favorite son, took the throne on his father’s death. One of his first acts was to release Eleanor from prison; he made her his Regent while he participated in the Third Crusade. Eleanor had a large and strong network across the kingdom, and she successfully promoted Richard’s policies and his reputation. He became known as Richard the Lionheart, in part because of her efforts to establish (or possibly embellish?) his reputation. When he was captured on his way home from the Crusade, Eleanor herself raised the funds for his ransom and traveled to deliver it. She was with him when he died in 1199. She died in 1203 and was buried next to her husband, Henry II.

Isabella of France raised forces against her husband and installed her son on the throne. She ruled as Regent for a few years, then after her son took control, lived an independent and wealthy life. She is the only one of our Queen Mothers to actually overthrow her husband to put her child on the throne.

Mary of Modena gave us one of the strangest scandals of the Stuart regime. After a series of miscarriages, she gave birth to a healthy son in 1688. Appalled at the thought of a Catholic succeeding to the throne, Protestants responded by accusing the Queen of miscarrying again and smuggling in a fake heir in a warming pan! The birth of the prince tipped Parliament into inviting William and Mary to replace James and Mary of Modena on the throne.

Mary of Teck is the last non-English Queen consort and Queen Mother. Actually born and raised in the UK, she was technically Princess of Teck. She was selected as a royal bride by Queen Victoria and married her grandson Prince George. After the death of his father Edward VII, George became King George V and Mary became Queen. She represented continuity of the monarchy through the abdication of her son Edward VIII and helped generate support for her son George VI. She lived to see her granddaughter come to the throne, providing an amazing arc from Victoria to Queen Elizabeth II.

History shows us what's possible.

Rogue scholar Dennis McCarthy has relied on plagiarism software, travels through Europe, and an obsession to find the truth to continue his quest for a new source of Shakespeare's plays. He concludes that Tudor courtier and author Thomas North, whose family was at the center of political intrigue for years, wrote plays that Shakespeare used as source material.

Award-winning journalist and author Michael Blanding traces the journey of McCarthy, the so-called "Steve Jobs of the Shakespeare community." Blanding takes us on a journey with McCarthy through the Elizabethan court, through trips to France and Italy, and through an imaginative reenactment of North's influence on the world's most famous playwright.

North by Shakespeare, a Rogue Scholar's Quest for the Truth Behind the Bard's Work is a lively discussion of forgotten journeys, newly discovered manuscripts, political intrigue, and possible new ways of seeing stories we thought we knew.

History shows us what's possible.

We know London was very important to Shakespeare and his evolution from life in Stratford in the 1580s when he married and had children to the early 1600s when his company became the favored actors of the King and he dressed in the King’s livery. Shakespeare’s London was a place where fortunes were made and lost, where reputations were forged and destroyed, and where life could expand to include appearances and applause at court but could also be extinguished in a street fight or the executioners axe.

London was where Shakespeare lived for 20 years (at least). We know he was there by 1592 when disparaging comments were published by Robert Greene in his A Groat’s Worth of Wit. He wrote and acted in London; his plays were performed there. He lived in Shoreditch and Southwark. He successfully petitioned for the award of Shakespeare family coat of arms in his father’s name. He became a shareholder in the Lord Chamberlain’s Men and was involved in the building of the Globe Theatre. He purchased property in London. His reputation grew as his company was favored by James I. The company acquired Blackfriars Theatre, allowing them to put on indoor plays to a more affluent audience. Sometime around 1608 he returned to live in Stratford, although he kept ties with London and his company and continued writing plays. He retired around 1613, possibly related to the burning of the Globe Theatre—an event which was said to have devastated him. He died in 1616 in Stratford and was buried in the Holy Trinity Church.

The 20 years in London shaped his life and work. His history plays, some of his early successes, were based in London and told the story of the city and the country. The theater allowed Shakespeare to explore the questions of violence, religious chaos, population growth, an influx of foreigners, and new opportunities for economic and social success that were happening around him. Let’s take a look at three of the places that were especially important to Shakespeare and his plays: the Temple, the tavern, and the Tower.

London was more than a home for Shakespeare: it was a library, a laboratory, a playground. He lived and worked and watched and listened. And the world of London, as the examples of the Temple, the tavern, and the Tower demonstrate, shape the essence of his plays.

History shows us what's possible.

It’s spring! Time for fun! Time to be outside! Time to play sports! Time to enjoy flowers and birds! Time for picnics! Time for Shakespeare!

Wait…what? Shakespeare fun? Isn’t Shakespeare serious and impossible to understand and boring and old, and irrelevant, and pretty much the opposite of fun?

In a word: no. Shakespeare can be boring and old and serious and irrelevant, but it doesn’t need to be. In fact, Shakespeare started out as a guy who moved to London to pursue the career he wanted, which was to dress up and act and write stories that appealed to all kinds of people and make money by creating popular entertainment. His plays were full of naughty jokes and silly characters and recognizable family drama and challenges to authority. The people watching the plays were eating and drinking while they watched, and even threw a bit of food at the actors if things got a bit dull.

Shakespeare shook things up in the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. Joined by fellow playwrights and actors, Shakespeare made English theatre a vibrant part of London life. Despite the plague closing the theatres for months at a time and cynical censors who didn’t want anyone questioning authority, Shakespeare created worlds out of words that are fun and tragic and controversial and full of family and friends and enemies and armies.

We are ready to shake up spring with Shakespeare.

History shows us what's possible.

We celebrate our 50th episode by celebrating the FINAL FIVE, the winners of our first ever Monarch Madness!

1. King Arthur

In many ways, the musical Camelot is a fitting way to think of King Arthur. We don’t know if he was a real person or not. There are stories that start in the fifth and sixth century of a great warrior. Later stories turned him into a military leader and eventually a King. The stories continued to grow.

From fifth century to today, the legend of King Arthur and what he stood for, a fleeting wisp of glory, has lived on. No surprise he was a big winner in Monarch Madness.

2. Edward IV and Team York

Team York was another big winner in Monarch Madness! It was another one-sided contest, with Edward IV outstripping Henry VI by a long way. Henry VI really never had a chance. He was not a great King, and he allowed factions to fill and ultimately destroy his government. He didn't have what it took to be King.

Edward IV definitely had what it took. He was the only King in history to take his throne by force, lose it by force, and then invade his country and take it by force again. Edward took up the Yorkist standard and brought the family to the throne—twice. He was a strong and successful King.

3. Henry VII

Henry VIII might be one of the most famous Kings of England—if not the most famous—but he did not prevail against his father in Monarch Madness. This would have been infuriating for him, as he seemed to be fighting against his father’s memory and achievements his entire life. So perhaps even Henry VIII realized that the most significant of the first two Tudor Kings was, indeed, Henry VII.

Henry VII created the Tudor dynasty. He created the Tudor story. He created the narrative of his claim to be the Lancastrian heir. He created the Tudor rose. He ensured the succession. Henry VII created a dynasty that would last 118 years and change England—and Europe—forever.

4. Elizabeth I

Two women battled for power in the sixteenth century. Both Mary Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I of England were center stage. After centuries of male rule, England and Scotland were ruled by women. And both women were ambitious, interested in gaining and maintaining power, and willing to fight for the throne. Eventually, only one would prevail.

Ultimately, Elizabeth I was voted most successful Queen. It’s partly her choice of advisors that gave Elizabeth the opportunity to be the more successful Queen. William Cecil and Francis Walsingham and others worked tirelessly to secure Elizabeth’s throne. In addition, Elizabeth had cultivated a relationship with her people from the time of her accession to the throne. Most English Catholics remained loyal to her, despite the efforts of the Pope to turn them against her.

5. All Six Wives

Although I am committed to considering each of Henry VIII’s wives as an individual and seeing her for who she really was, as we went on with the experience I realized that it’s not really the point to look at which wife changed Henry most. They all changed Henry in various important ways. Overall, I’d say he wasn’t worthy of those women, and they all deserved better. And they all changed Henry VIII and his reign, changed Tudor England, and changed history. 

The wives showed Henry the value and power of women. The wives taught Henry about courage. The wives taught Henry that women could rule. The wives provided Henry with future leaders of the Tudor dynasty. Over the length of his reign, together and individually, the wives of Henry VIII changed him. 

Monarch Madness was an opportunity to shake up history together. Thank you for joining me!!

History shows us what's possible.

Henry VIII was married more times than any monarch in English history! Being the King’s wife certainly changed each of the women. But how did the women change Henry? And which wife changed him the most…or the most significantly? That’s our debate for Round Five of Monarch Madness. Or should I say Marital Madness? With Henry VIII, marriage was a bit of a mad gamble!

Katharine of Aragon changed Henry by loving him and seeing him at his best and most promising moments. She created a happy marriage and tried to give him a son. She also taught him the essence of disappointment, both in their inability to have a son and in her refusal to accept his desire to annul their marriage. Her determination and stubbornness was an unexpected lesson for Henry.

Anne Boleyn taught Henry to fall, for the first time in his life, head over heels in love. This great love inspires Henry to his “Great Matter.” She also, unfortunately for her, taught Henry he could move on. After spending the first 27 years of his reign with Katherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn, Henry married four other women in the final eleven years of his reign. Henry had a much easier time envisioning the end of an inconvenient relationship after Anne Boleyn.

Jane Seymour gave him his greatest desire: a healthy legitimate son. This showed the world Henry's dynasty would continue. Having a son and heir was the crowning glory of Henry VIII's reign. Her death devastated him. Jane's impact is evidenced by Henry's including her in his family dynasty portrait and choosing to be buried with her.

Anna of Cleves didn't recognize Henry as King when he dressed as a servant, instead seeing him as an old, unattractive, pushy, unappealing man. He never forgave her. But he also made her the best "get out of jail" offer when he ended their marriage. She had a better relationship with the King after their marriage ended, showing the value of playing nice.

Katheryn Howard first gave Henry an opportunity to regain moments from his younger days. Married to a young bride (possibly as young as 18), Henry was able to pretend he was young again. But he could only achieve this by creating a narrowly defined reality for Katheryn, his rose without a thorn, with no one in her life but him. As her past came forward and disputed his view of her, he became the worst version of himself and executed another wife.

Kateryn Parr was Henry's final wife and offered him a bit of redemption. She supported his children and brought his daughters back to court. She encouraged him to return them to the succession. She was not a nursemaid; instead, she was Regent for him when he went to France and was his companion as he faced his limited future.

All his wives changed him. But which wife changed him most? That’s up to you!! Vote for the wife you think made the greatest difference on possibly history’s worst husband: Henry VIII.

History shows us what's possible.

Mary became Queen of Scotland before she was a week old and Queen Consort of France at age 17. By the time she was 25, her position of Queen Consort of France had ended with the death of her husband, and she had been forced to abdicate the Scottish throne. She fled to England in 1568 and spent the next 19 years as the Catholic alternative to be Queen of England. She married three times and had a son, who became King of Scotland as an infant and eventually became King of England as well. In a time of Kings, Mary was daughter of a King, wife of a King, mother of a King.

Elizabeth was born heir to the throne of England, a title she lost when her mother fell from favor. Elizabeth spent the rest of her father’s reign illegitimate and barred from the succession by Act of Parliament until the Third Succession Act in 1543 put her back in the succession—after her half-brother and half-sister. She was under suspicion during both of her siblings’ reigns, experiencing accusations of treason and time in the Tower of London. She came to the throne at age 25 and ruled England alone for 45 years—the only Queen of England to never marry. She held the throne in the face of rebellions at home and threats from abroad. However, she died without an heir and eventually left her throne to the son of her rival.

But that’s only the basics. Who were these women and what were their reigns like? What is success for a Queen? In a world that demanded men on the throne, how did Elizabeth and Mary make their own way and who, ultimately, was most successful?

History shows us what's possible.

The famous 1537 portrait of the Tudor Dynasty included dynasty founders Henry VII and Elizabeth and current leaders Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. It also included an altar that posed the question: who, father or son, deserves to be recognized as preeminent?

Henry VIII definitely chooses himself. But is he right?

Returning from 14 years in exile, Henry Tudor claimed the throne, rallied support from discontented nobles, and hired mercenaries. Against all odds, the exile and his army of mercenaries and malcontents defeated the brilliant warrior Richard III and his royal forces at Bosworth Field. Henry Tudor became King of England.

But becoming King and remaining King were two different things. To secure his reign, Henry Tudor created a narrative that put him on the throne the day before Bosworth and made Richard and his followers traitors fighting against the King.  He came up with a stunning successful emblem to symbolize all of this: the Tudor rose. Then Henry VII stamped that Tudor rose all over London.

He created a council of professionals rather than nobles. He married his children into the major royal families of Europe, creating important alliances. He embarked on building projects, including the Lady Chapel of Westminster Abbey. He increased royal income, creating a surplus for his successor. And at his death, he passed along the crown in the most peaceful and successful transition of power in nearly 100 years. He wasn't as famous as his son, but that might be a good thing.

Henry VIII turned the Kingdom upside down and put England on the world map with his marital misadvantures. Sometime rival Francis I remarked "The Queen that now is?" when he heard Henry was ending another marriage (at that point, it was Anne of Cleves). He married more times than any other monarch, and is the only King to behead any wives, let alone two of them. But that's not all Henry is known for.

As part of his marriage-go-round, he found himself unable to convince the Pope to annul his current marriage. So he broke with Rome and declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England. His own beliefs were still primarily Catholic, but this step opened the door to significant religious reform in the future.

He also created the Royal Navy, forming the foundation of the force Elizabeth I would use to fight off the Spanish Armada. He embarked on amazing building projects such as Hampton Court Palace, which can be visited today. He collected tapestries and jewels and promoted English magnificence and his image in ways that are burned into our consciousness.

So...which Henry did most?

History shows us what's possible.

For Round Two, we’re jumping right into the middle of an epic battle: York versus Lancaster. The Question is which King DESERVED to win the Wars of the Roses: Henry VI of the House of Lancaster or Edward IV of the House of York. Both men were the son of a warrior, both men sat on the throne, both men won the crown in battle. So which King, Henry or Edward, do you think deserved to be the ultimate winner of the Wars of the Roses?

Henry VI was the son of one of the greatest kings in English history: Henry V. Son of that great warriors, Henry VI was the first King of England to inherit the French throne! King of France and England, all before turning a year old. And there’s the problem. 

The early years of Henry VI’s reign were also the early years of his life! When Henry V realized he was dying, he made provisions for his baby son’s reign with his brothers sharing responsibility. So young Henry VI was surrounded by relatives with their individual personalities and competing agendas. 

The York family were descendants of King Edward III, just like Henry VI was. Richard, Duke of York, was a loyal servant of the King who wanted a more important job. The king needed someone to establish order in France following the death of the Duke of Bedford. He appointed the Duke of York lieutenant-general of France. This was York’s big break, so he headed off to France.

The King’s court fell apart in 1453. Summer brought disaster in France. The English army was destroyed by a French force. This represented a lasting defeat for the English. Henry VI was devastated and, possibly as a result, fell into an illness that left him unable to speak, recognize those around him, or comprehend where he was. He couldn’t eat or walk. It was as if he retreated from life. The next March, the Duke of York was elected as protector and defender of the realm. It was agreed that he would act until the king recovered.

The king recovered as suddenly as he had become ill. His physical strength was restored. He was able to move around unassisted. He was able to communicate. He recognized those around him. He was delighted to see his wife and meet his newborn son. All those around him reportedly wept with joy.

York did not weep with joy. He was thrown out of government and responded by raising an army and eventually fighting for the crown. After a series of battles, Richard Duke of York was killed at Wakefield in 1460. But his son Edward took up the fight and, a year later, was proclaimed King Edward IV.

The fighting continued. After Yorkist forces defeated the Lancastrians, the Lancastrians regrouped. They were significantly helped by the addition of the "Kingmaker,"who had supported York but switched sides and restored Henry VI to the throne in 1470. But York assembled a new army and fought back, taking the throne once more in 1471. This time Edward IV made sure Henry VI and his main supporters were dead or immobilized, and he reigned for a dozen years.

So...was it ok for the Dukes of York to come out in open rebellion against the King? Was it OK for Edward IV to take the throne (twice) from an anointed King?

Who deserved to win the Wars of the Roses?

History shows us what's possible.

Round one of Monarch Madness cuts right to the heart of English monarchy: what is it? And who contributed most to the earliest notion of English or British kingship? Two kings stand out, both of whom developed larger than life legends that carried centuries into the future. Both can be said to epitomize the notion of what it means to be a British monarch.

But only one can win round one of Monarch Madness. So who will it be: King Arthur or Richard the Lionheart?

Was there a “real” King Arthur? We actually don’t know. But his legend has affected British and world history and literature for centuries. So whether there was a real person or not, there is no doubt that King Arthur is a contender for the crown here. 

Arthur's influence is seen from Edward I and Edward III to the Tudors and even US President John F. Kenned. For more than 1500 years, King Arthur represented a valiant and warrior who inspired several dynasties of the British monarchy and eventually also a US Presidency. A likely candidate for the round one winner!

Known throughout history as a great military leader who was fearless in battle, King Richard I earned his nickname "Lionheart" for his extraordinary efforts and success in the Crusades. Even alongside some of the greatest leaders of Western Europe, Richard stood out.

Richard's legend grew after his lifetime in the stories of Robin Hood. King Richard represents order, bravery, and honor in the legend and is idealized as a leader. That notion was reinforced by the statue of Richard in front of Westminster, sitting atop his horse with sword raised high in triumph and overlooking the place where monarchy and government do their work. Another fine candidate to win round one!

History shows us what's possible.

Once there was a Prince who was becoming known as a bit of a playboy. Naturally boisterous and more devoted to fun than his brother, he had spent years having a good time all around the world. While his brother married a lovely English young woman in a gorgeous ceremony and then started a family, the Prince continued to race from one party to the next.

And then, quite suddenly, he fell in love. But not with the expected English aristocrat. The Prince fell in love with an American! And, to make matters worse in a family threatened by scandal, she was divorced! The establishment in the monarchy were stunned. What was to be done about it?

The Prince of Wales, known as David to his family and friends, fell in love with and was determined to marry Wallis Simpson. His brother, known as Bertie, married Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. Their romances threatened and reshaped the continuation of the British monarchy in 1936 and for years to come.

History shows us what's possible.

Victoria decided she was ready to be married after all. Just a few days after Albert’s return to England, Victoria wrote to Lord Melbourne, the Prime Minister, to inform him of her decision to marry Albert. Melbourne supported the choice. As Queen, Victoria was the one to propose. On October 15, she sent for the Prince and asked him to marry her. She was thrilled when he accepted.

The wedding was a triumph. Lord Melbourne declared, “Nothing could have gone off better.” The Queen’s wedding to Prince Albert had started several traditions: white wedding dresses,   elaborate cakes, and a sprig of myrtle in royal bouquets. Royal weddings now held but during the daytime. The very profile of a royal wedding as a public event was established by Victoria, and that tradition seems here to stay.

That tension—between the personal and the political—infused the marriage from the beginning. There was love and attraction, and there was a desire to rule for both of them. Albert was not agreeable to a secondary role, and he was eager to become involved in government. As one pregnancy followed another, Victoria was literally unable to keep up with her work. Her worry about being away for two or three days was swallowed up in the dangerous and arduous experience that was pregnancy and childbirth in her time. Within months of the marriage, Albert had moved his writing desk next to Victoria’s so he could participate in her work. Despite her resistance in the earliest weeks, Victoria eventually welcomed his help.

In face of needing to create a new model of royal marriage and royal family life, Victoria and Albert started with an astonishing wedding and moved on to a marriage full of children, technological progress, international success, the Great Exhibition, and a new way of celebrating Christmas. Out of this they created a complicated marriage that changed Britain and the world.

History shows us what's possible.

More than 200 years after her death, which was marked by an explosion of celebrations and books and merchandise and movies and television specials in 2017, Jane Austen continues to be one of the most popular authors and most widely-read authors in the world. 

So what is it about Jane Austen? Why does she remain so popular?

Jane Austen novels are all about families. There are some brothers and many sisters. There are parents. There are children. Families fall apart. Families come together. New families are created. There are fathers (like Mr. Dashwood) who die, causing a crisis. There are fathers (like Mr. Bennet) who will die and cause a crisis. There are missing mothers, especially in Highbury. There are family members who move to live with other families, or people who are brought in to be considered “like family.” 

Austen’s focus on families explores the dynamics of interpersonal relationships—something we all share. And in the novels, it’s mostly about courtship and marriage. Most of the primary characters throughout the novels are involved with courtship and/or marriage. And, less often, love. For white, middle-class women, which is the extent of Jane Austen’s world, acquiring a husband is the most important decision of a woman’s life. In this world, marriage couldn’t happen without some impact on money and economics.

Henry Tilney sees marriage in clear terms, noting that “man has the advantage of choice, woman only the power of refusal.” As far as he can see, this is true. But is it always true? 

Many women in Austen marry for money or at least security. That was a reality of the time. Women relied almost entirely on the incomes of their fathers or husbands for survival. But in Austen, the world not left to the practical Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins pairings. Couples manage to find love and happiness as well. So that brings me to couples bound by love and enthusiasm for each other and hope for not just survival but also fun. It’s no surprise that favorite male and female characters end up marrying each other and creating favorite couples.

Admiral and Sophie Croft (Persuasion): The Crofts are not living the traditional life most of Austen’s characters strive for, and they are enjoying themselves enormously.

Henry Tilney and Catherine Moreland (Northanger Abbey): Why do they work so well? They enjoy themselves and each other. 

Marianne and Brandon (Sense and Sensibility): Austen assures us that “Marianne could never love by halves; and her whole heart became, in time, as much devoted to her husband as it had once been to Willloughby.”

Captain Wentworth and Anne Elliot (Persuasion): The scene where Wentworth writes the letter and finds a way to give it to Anne, begging her to read it with a look is one of the most powerful and romantic moments in all of Austen.

Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet (Pride and Prejudice): Their dazzling relationship has a terrible start—they are completely unimpressed with each other, Darcy finding Elizabeth only “tolerable, I suppose, but not handsome enough to tempt me.” But soon enough he finds her much more than tolerable, and they are well on their way to a second proposal, a happy ending, and the top spot as favorite couple.

History shows us what's possible.

In honor of Valentine’s Day, we’re celebrating love stories this month. And I thought I’d start with someone who certainly should have been an expert, someone who would have personally supported chocolate and flower vendors had he lived in another time—Henry VIII.

So I asked my people, fellow Tudor fans and enthusiasts, some important questions: Which wife did Henry VIII love most? Who was his favorite? Who loved him most? And, in this quest to find Henry VIII’s true Valentine, I have heard from many people who have strong feelings about the matter. It’s been so exciting to hear and read your thoughts about that much-marrying monarch and his quest for true love.

I think a key reason that Henry VIII had so much trouble having a successful marriage is that he wanted to have a marriage that fulfilled his personal as well as his political needs. In the sixteenth century, that wasn’t how it worked, at least among royalty. Marriages were business agreements, designed to form political alliances and strengthen the realm.

Henry VIII spent his entire reign searching for true love. Did he ever succeed? Did anyone love him for himself? Which wife was his favorite? Which wife did he love most?

I think there are three different answers here: the wife who loved Henry most, Henry's favorite wife (and why), and the wife Henry loved the most.

History shows us what's possible.

Show Notes: Here are some great sources if you want to learn more!
Nicola Tallis, Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey
Suzannah Lipscomb, The King is Dead: The Last Will and Testament of Henry VIII
Helen Castor, England's Forgotten Queen: The Life and Death of Lady Jane Grey (video)

Imagine the moment in 1553. King Edward VI is dying. He has spent his reign dedicated to the cause of religious reform. The efforts have been dramatic and wrenching for many in the country: new laws that wiped out religious practices and celebrations that have shaped the life of England for hundreds of years, churches broken up and precious artwork and stained glass windows destroyed, people’s families torn apart by different responses to mandated religious practices. But for Edward and those closest to him, the efforts have brought England closer to the truth and closer to God Himself. Their efforts mean nothing less than the salvation of the country.

Now it was hanging by a thread.

Next in line to the throne is Edward’s half-sister, Mary. A devoted Catholic, Mary has actively refused all of Edward’s efforts to convince her to conform to the new religion. She has maintained her Catholic beliefs, even under pressure and repeated threats. As Queen, Mary will have the power to undo everything Edward has done.

So, is there anything Edward can do to prevent Mary returning the nation to Catholicism and, in his mind, sending everyone to hell? Could anyone else succeed him? Surely there was a fine Protestant male in the family somewhere!

On 10 July, and for the next few days, Jane was in the position of power. She held the Tower, the greatest fortress in the land. She commanded the royal armory. She had the weapons to defend herself. The Council was on her side. She had officially been proclaimed Queen. Northumberland was one of the greatest and most strategic warriors in the country.

Mary, on the other hand, had a few local supporters. She was popular, but she didn’t have access to the troops and weapons she would need to take the throne. Even her stalwart supporters abroad, including Charles V, initially assumed that Jane would prevail and refrained from publicly supporting Mary. 

But by 14 July, it was clear that Mary was, in fact, a force to be reckoned with. Supporters were continuing to flock to her. She had moved her troops to the stronghold of Framlingham Castle, the strongest castle in Suffolk. Mary’s claim to the throne spread quickly through the area. Men continued to flock to her. Nobles began to switch sides from Jane to Mary because their men pledged loyalty to Mary as true Queen. 

Both Jane and Mary claimed to be the rightful Queen. But there was room for just one on the throne. Who was really Queen?

History shows us what's possible.

Part 1, the Romans
Before there were Kings of England, there was Roman occupation. In fact, you might think of the first monarch of England as being the Roman Emperor. Britain was officially discovered when Julius Caesar made to expeditions in 55 and 54 BC. He did not successfully invade England; that job was left to his successor Plautius in 43 AD. From that time, Britain was part of the Roman Empire.

Part 2, King Arthur
It’s at the Battle of Badon Hill where reports of a famous warrior or leader (or perhaps king?) emerges. He united and rallied the people around him and defeated the Saxons. He is named Ambrosius Aurelianus by contemporary historians Gildas and Bede and called “Arthur” by Nennius—the first historian to mention Arthur by name. King Arthur is among the most famous literary characters of all time. And Arthur's legend shapes the British Monarchy for years to come.

Part 3, Heptarchy
By the seventh century, the boundaries of the Heptarchy were established, separating the land into seven tribal kingdoms: Northumbria, Wessex, Mercia, East-Anglia, Essex, Kent, and Sussex. One of the best-known and most powerful kings of this era is Alfred the Great, a strong military leader and wise ruler, who became King of Wessex in 871. He defeated the Danes at Rochester, imposed rule on South Wales, and took London from the Danes. He’s also credited with starting a permanent army and navy. Alfred eventually ruled most of the area. 

Part 4, Becoming England
King Aethelstan became King of Wessex in 899 and succeeded to the kingdom of the Northumbrians when Sihtric died in 927. In 937, he and his brother Edmund defeated a combined force of the Kings of Dublin, Scots, Strathclyde, and others. During this period, he was recognized as the first person to rule over all the land that would eventually become known as England. He claimed the title “King of all Britain.” 

Part 5, Emma of Normandy
Emma of Normandy was sent to England in 1002 to marry Aethelred the Unready. Viking attacks and invasions meant Emma and her children went into exile before Cnut, King of Denmark, conquered England in 1016.  Emma displayed political skills as she maintained a good relationship with Cnut and his new regime. She married Cnut in 1017. For the majority of her life, Emma had wielded political power in ways that were unheard of for women. 

Part 6, The Confessor and The Conqueror
There’s a legend that Edward had promised God he would make a pilgrimage to St. Peter’s in Rome if he were ever able to return safely to his kingdom. But once he took the throne, Edward felt he could not safely leave his people. He built a large stone church in honor of St. Peter. The church became known as “West” minster to distinguish it from the “east” minster, which was St. Paul’s Cathedral. 

William Duke of Normandy claimed to be rightful King after Edward's death. He defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings and ended Anglo-Saxon rule. William I is often recognized as the first King of England, and “English history” often starts with the Battle of Hastings. But the monarchy had its beginning long before 1066.

History shows us what's possible.

What was the Regency really like? That’s a question we can answer only in parts. We can learn something from the music and literature, something from the architecture. We can know something of the elite and powerful. We can learn from reports that praise national leaders and from caricatures that poke fun of those in power. Because this time is full of people, the Regency (like today) is complicated. That’s true of the people who filled the streets and shops of London. It’s true of the people who farmed and harvested and never saw a city. We can’t know everything. If we keep an open mind and stay curious, we can learn something.

And the same is true about Queen Charlotte. With the splashy new Netflix drama Bridgerton hitting the airwaves in the last couple of weeks, the questions surrounding Queen Charlotte are bubbling to the surface once more.

The most significant thing that adding Queen Charlotte allowed the show to do was make race part of the theme. The casting is not color-blind but color-conscious, as the show’s creators explain that they wanted to make questions about race one of the defining features of the program, along with questions about gender and sexuality. Van Dusen said, “It’s something that really resonated with me, because it made me wonder what could that have really looked like. And what would have happened? What could she have done? Could the queen have elevated other people of color in society and granted them titles and lands and dukedoms?” In the world of Bridgerton, the choice to make Queen Charlotte visibly Black opened doors. “That’s really how our Simon Bassett, our Duke of Hastings, came to be. We get to explore it in a really interesting way. And it goes to the idea of what the show does—we’re marrying history and fantasy in a really exciting, fascinating way.”

So who is this Queen that Bridgerton decided to pull into the story?

The questions about Queen Charlotte’s race seem to have started with Joel Augustus Rogers in 1940 when he wrote that portraits and contemporary descriptions of Charlotte clearly show a Black strain (Sex and Race, volume 1). In 1967, Mario de Valdes y Cocom began researching the Queen’s ancestry. This is when the theory began to draw attention.

Some people disagree. Kate Williams, a current popular historian, says that the story raises “important suggestions about not only our royal family but those of most of Europe, considering that Queen Victoria’s descendants are spread across most of the royal families of Europe.” But she is skeptical about the theory, as are other historians.

History. It’s complicated. The answers aren’t easy, and they often are not clear. But we need to keep asking the questions.

History shows us what's possible.

Today we’ll be looking at your questions regarding Queens and Consorts. Recently I posted a trivia questions on Facebook: Who was crowned in the SEVEN Tudor coronations? This raised a host of questions about Tudor Queens and Consorts, so I thought this would be a good time to jump right into that Queen versus Queen Consort question. And we’ll also take a quick look at those Tudor coronations. 

A regnant Queen is a woman who inherits and reigns in her own right. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II inherited the throne from her father, King George VI. She is the reigning monarch. Her claim to the throne is her own, not based on marriage to a king. If Prince Philip dies before Her Majesty, she will remain the Queen. When she dies, she will be succeeded by her heir, Prince Charles.

Because of the laws of succession, which until 2013 were based on preference for a male ruler, there are far more reigning Kings than Queens. Most of these Kings had wives, so we also have numerous Queen Consorts.

The Queen Consort is the woman married to the male monarch. So, most recently, during the reign of King George VI, his wife was known as Queen Elizabeth and served as Queen Consort. This ended when the king died and their daughter became Queen Elizabeth II. (Their both being named Elizabeth is confusing, I agree—the current Queen is Queen Elizabeth II, her mother was known as Queen Elizabeth during her husband’s reign. Queen Consorts do not have a number.) 

Throughout British history, the roles of Queens and Queen Consorts have shaped the perception and success of those around them. From the Empress Matilda to HM Queen Elizabeth II, the influence of royal women has changed everything!

History shows us what's possible.

In just about six months, we’ve started exploring British history together. So I thought it would be fun for the end of the year to look back at the Top Ten royals, rebels, and romantics. I’ve looked at likes, comments, popular episodes, questions on social media, and here are YOUR top 10! 

Number 10: Romantic Couples

Number 9: Underwear!

Number 8: John of Gaunt’s Love Life and the Wars of the Roses

Number 7: Queen Victoria

Number 6: John Gerard, Spy Extraordinaire

Number 5: Richard III

Number 4: Secrets of the Six Wives

Number 3: Diamond Rings and All That Bling

Number 2: Elizabeth and Elizabeth

And Number 1: Christmas Celebrations!

The Queen’s Christmas speech in 2020 was unlike any other—delivered from Windsor Castle but with a socially distant and reduced crew and as part of a celebration that, for the first time, she did not share with her family. Her Majesty reflected that, “Remarkably, a year that has necessarily kept people apart has, in many ways, brought us closer,” going on to praise those who have been volunteering and demonstrating a quiet, indomitable spirit in the face of a worldwide pandemic. She expressed gratitude for frontline workers, medical professionals, and good Samaritans. Mentioning those who have lost loved ones and are missing family and friends, the Queen assured them “If you are among them, you are not alone, and let me assure you of my thoughts and prayers.”

That seems a good place to end our look back at the Royals, Rebels, and Romantics. Many were moved by and expressed appreciation for the Queen’s speech, especially this year. And in this challenging time, let’s all learn from the powerful lessons of history and use our words and actions to help others and make the world a bit happier each day.

I’ll end by thanking for your listening ears and wonderful support. I’m so looking forward to exploring history next year with you!  Lots of fun and surprises ahead. Stay tuned!

History shows us what's possible.

In 1800, Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, erected the first known Christmas tree at Windsor Castle. She hosted a party for the children of Windsor families. According to Dr. John Watkins, who wrote a biography of Queen Charlotte, the large yew tree stood in a tub in the middle of the drawing room at Queen’s Lodge. The branches were decorated with “bunches of sweetmeats, almonds, and raisins in papers, fruits and toys, most tastefully arranged, and the whole illuminated by small wax candles.” 

Prince Albert popularized the Christmas tree. As he and Queen Victoria shared their family tradition of gathering around the tree at Windsor Castle with popular publications of the day, the tradition caught on with families throughout the country. With the support (and possibly encouragement) of the royal family, Illustrated London News, Cassell’s Magazine, and The Graphic shared images of the royal Christmas at Windsor with details about the royal trees.

After Victoria, in the early 20th century, the royals began celebrating Christmas at Sandringham. Edward VII decided to start holding family Christmas celebrations there in 1864. George V continued the tradition of the royal family Christmas at Sandringham. In 1932, King George V delivered the first royal Christmas broadcast live from Sandringham House. 

George VI, who succeeded his brother, gave his first Christmas broadcast in 1937. In 1939, George VI spoke on the first Christmas of World War II. He sadly reflected on the loss of peace during the Christmas season and praised the Royal Navy, British Expeditionary Force, and armies of the Empire. As the war ended and new challenges arose, George VI spoke of the unity and steadfastness of the Commonwealth and the Empire.

Her Majesty the Queen gave her first Christmas message from the same desk and chair that her father and grandfather had used. She pledged to carry on the tradition of Christmas broadcasts and thanked people for their loyalty and affection. She has delivered broadcasts from Sandringham, New Zealand, Buckingham Palace, and Windsor Castle. As technology progressed, she moved the broadcast from radio to television and then to HD, and often incorporates additional footing.

This year, the Queen’s annual Christmas message will be delivered from Windsor Castle—which is the same location as her two previous addresses of 2020. Last year, in 2019, the Queen said it is “the small steps, not the giant leaps” that bring about lasting change in the world. This was a reference to the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission and our own roles in doing good in the world. As always, her message is both timely and utterly timeless.

History shows us what's possible.

When Victoria and Albert married in 1840, they consciously set about improving the image of the monarchy. Creating a family Christmas, with children gathered around the tree, was an essential part of this. With their Christmas tree as a centerpiece, the royal family was ready to create a picture-perfect Christmas. In 1848, the Illustrated London News featured a drawing of the royal family celebrating around a decorated Christmas tree. Eager to share the image of family-centered royals, especially at Christmas, Victoria and Albert were happy to have the image published. The popularity of the Christmas tree grew rapidly in Britain after the image appeared. 

A few years later, in 1860, an image of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, and their children decorating the tree was featured in Godey’s Lady’s Book. The growing popularity of Christmas and the Christmas tree helped make the royal family seem like a benefit to the British people. Even into the 20th century, images of the young Victoria and Albert decorating the Christmas tree continued to emerge. For example, in the 1910 Life of Queen Victoria for Boys and Girls by Alice Corkran features an image of the young queen and prince consort, with a couple of their young children, decorating the Christmas tree. The image of the royal family celebrating around a Christmas tree became permanently connected with Victoria’s reign. 

Like A Christmas Carol, the popularity of A Visit from St. Nicholas helped shape the perception of Christmas and continues to do so today. Likewise, the efforts of Victoria and Albert, supported by economic and technological advances, were essential to the transition of Christmas from a quiet celebration at the beginning of the 19th century to the modern celebration we enjoy today.

History shows us what's possible.

For the Tudors, Christmas was a highlight of the year. It was a time of feasting on especially grand dishes, of dancing and singing, of enjoying the antics of the Lord of Misrule and special holiday revels and entertainments, and of showing off. Oh, and of course going to church. 


The Tudors certainly made the most of these traditions. Families in Tudor times carried on decorating their homes with holly and ivy. They brought in mistletoe and often shaped it into the double ring under which couples could kiss. Tudor lords opened their great manors for members of the village, inviting in members of the village to partake of a special meal. Common families indulged in meat, pastries, fruit, and other specialties over Christmas that they wouldn’t see for the rest of the year. The holiday lasted for twelve days, from December 25 to Twelfth Night in January. It was a time people stopped working, spent more time in church, visited families, enjoyed entertainment, and shared gifts.

History shows us what's possible.

Unlike today, Medieval Christmas decorations did not start going up mid-October! In fact, because of Advent, the 40 days before Christmas were pretty bleak. Once noon passed on December 24, decorating homes and churches could begin. Family members wrapped up warmly and headed outside to gather the holly bows, ivy, red berries, pine branches and cones, and other greenery they would use to decorate their homes.

There weren’t Christmas trees in homes in Medieval England. Instead, the center of the decorations was often a double ring of mistletoe that was hung in a prominent location. The tradition of kissing under the mistletoe was common in this time, and often the kissing couple of pluck one of the red berries each time they shared a kiss. Again, we see remnants of pagan and other beliefs. The Celtic druids believed holly warded off evil spirits. Romans and others believed mistletoe would encourage fertility, protect crops, and keep witches away. 

Another Christmas tradition is the Yule log. The family would drag a large piece of tree trunk into the house and light it on Christmas Eve, using a piece of the Yule log from the year before. To ensure good luck and better fortune in the coming year, it was important to keep the log burning throughout the holiday season. It was allowed to go out after Epiphany, and a portion was kept to light next year’s log.

Most people had eaten sparsely and fasted during Advent, so they looked forward to Christmas feasting. For all levels of society, Christmas food usually represented better fare than the usual. Laborers, farm workers, and the like often treated themselves to meat at Christmas—usually boiled. This was often the only time of year they ate meat. Sometimes, the lord of the manor would feast on venison and then offer the leftover bits and entrails to his workers. These bits, called umbles, were often baked into a pie. An umble pie. That’s right—the beginning of humble pie. In addition to meat, workers and peasants might treat themselves to cheese and eggs and even a cake.

Members of the aristocracy dined so well during the rest of the year that they had to go all out to make Christmas feasts something special. And they did! Decorated with seasonal greenery and spices, the Great Hall was the setting for the grandest meals. The Christmas feast was several courses, often hailed by trumpets or other music as it was carried in. The higher levels of aristocracy were entitled to more variety of food and more courses. The king, of course, had the best of everything. His holiday meals would go on for hours, with various courses introduced with musical numbers and other performances.

Waes Hael!

History shows us what's possible.

Let’s take an imaginary trip to see the Birthplace, Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, farmland, Tudor schoolrooms, Dr. Hall’s house and medicinal garden, Tudor streets, Holy Trinity Church, a world-class theatre, and swans on the river. In other words, let’s go strolling through Stratford with Shakespeare!

As you get off the train at the Stratford Station, you can wander through the city, seeing the Town Square, Henley Street, High Street, and more on your way towards the River Avon and the Visitor Information center. You get maps and buy tickets there, and the guides can help you plan your day. I’m going to take you through just some highlights of the wonders of Stratford by following the map—of course, you could easily plan different routes, as the town is easily walkable!

Along the River you’ll also find the world-famous Royal Shakespeare Company. The RSC typically welcomes more than a million visitors each year. The RSC is the only theatre company with its own armory right on-site; they produce breastplates, gauntlets, and all kinds of weapons for use in productions and education activities. The RSC runs three theatres: The Royal Shakespeare Theatre and the Swan Theatre, which share a building next to the River, and The Other Place, which is a short walk away.

Continue your walk along the River, and you’ll come to Holy Trinity Church. The church holds many treasures for its visitors including the Thomas Becket chapel; the Crossing; the Altar, which features a medieval stone altar slab; a King James Bible published in 1611 that is chained in place to prevent it being stolen; and, of course, Shakespeare.

This is the church where Shakespeare’s family worshipped. He was baptized here on 26 April 1564. It’s very likely he worshipped here with his family as a child and a young man, and that he returned to this church when he retired to Stratford after his life in London. Finally, Shakespeare was buried here on 25 April 1616, after his death on 23 April. It’s very likely he worshipped here with his family as a child and a young man, and that he returned to this church when he retired to Stratford after his life in London. And, of course, Shakespeare was buried here on 25 April 1616, after his death on 23 April. 

Getting to Anne Hathaway’s Cottage takes a mile walk, and it's definitely worth it. The cottage is a 12-room farmhouse where Anne lived with her family as a child. There are some items in the Cottage that will take you right back in time. The Hathaway Bed was made between 1580 and 1650. The Tester Bed is dated to the late 1500s, so it is likely associated with Anne’s family. In fact, it would certainly have been known to Anne while she lived there. The cottage is surrounded by nine acres of woodland, orchards, and gardens. You can take a woodland walk, visit the Shakespeare arboretum, and relax in a willow cabin while you listen to Shakespeare’s sonnets. 

Head to Henley Street and you'll find Shakespeare’s Birthplace. This is a true highlight of your day, as you’ll be able to get up close and personal with William Shakespeare and his family. John Shakespeare lived and worked in this house for 50 years. He married Mary Arden and they had eight children there. In 1568, John became Mayor of Stratford, a status that enabled his son to attend the King Edward VI school and also brought troops of traveling players to his home so he could approve their performances before they played in the Town Square. It’s easy to imagine young Will meeting actors and learning about play-making while living there. 

Stratford offers the opportunity to walk in Shakespeare’s footsteps, to get close to rare objects from his lifetime, and to explore the ways Shakespeare continues to shape our lives today.

History shows us what's possible.

I’m taking you time-traveling again! Just a short train or boat ride from the heart of London is one of England’s most famous pleasure palaces: Hampton Court Palace. From the heyday of Henry VIII to Shakespeare’s performances in the Great Hall, and from plans for the King James Bible to huge renovations under William and Mary—Hampton Court Palace has been at the heart of the British monarchy. In fact, during the Hanoverian reigns, it was the site of a queen fleeing while in active labor and the accusation of a baby smuggled into the palace in a warming pan! Since Queen Victoria opened Hampton Court to the public, people have flocked to see the palace, the gardens, the maze, and the wonders of a world gone by.

Thomas Wolsey was the first owner of Hampton Court.  Wolsey’s extravagance certainly caught the eye of his visitors, and of his king. John Skelton, a well-known poet and former tutor of Henry VIII, wrote a satirical poem calling Wolsey’s wealth and influence into sharp focus:

Why come you not to Court?

To which court?

To the king’s court?

Or to Hampton Court?

Nay, to the king’s court!

The king’s court

Should have the excellence

But Hampton Court

Hath the pre-eminence!

 In my opinion, this was the worst thing for someone like Henry VIII to hear. It was one  thing for him to have Wolsey basically run the country while the king pursued his own interests and pleasures. It was quite another for people to joke about Wolsey having pre-eminence. That, combined with Wolsey’s inability to get Henry’s annulment from Katherine of Aragon, plus the whispers that Wolsey was conspiring with the Pope, turned Henry against his long-time devoted servant.

 Wolsey maintained the whole point of Hampton Court was to glorify his King. The best apartments were for Henry VIII. Henry had always acted as if the place were his own when he visited. But as Wolsey proved unable to meet the king’s wishes, he found Henry wanted to take his sense of ownership further. In September 1528, Wolsey received a letter telling him to leave Hampton Court. The king was about to turn Hampton Court into his own pleasure palace. 

Walk with Henry VIII, his wives, and his children through the Great Hall, the Great Watching Chamber, the royal apartments, the kitchens, the maze, and more! You can meet history at Hampton Court!

History shows us what's possible.

I’m recording this in the final months of 2020. It’s been quite a year. We’ve faced an international pandemic, with hundreds of thousands of souls lost to a relentless illness. We’ve lived through political upheaval and social unrest. We’re faced with the daunting task of battling a deadly virus, mourning loss of loved ones, rebuilding trust and communities, overcoming economic challenges, creating new ways of conducting and growing businesses—and doing it all in ways that allow us to take care of and strengthen each other and refill our own reservoirs of strength and resilience.

How do we do all this?

We have different ways, but I always find learning and sharing ideas and opportunities is a good way to start. Learning. Sharing. People’s stories. History.

Back in 2019, when we jumped on an airplane worrying only about jetlag, I went to England and spent a marvelous couple of weeks immersing myself in history, walking where history comes alive. So please join me as I take you to three spots you might consider a bit off the more familiar path of London, places you can reach easily by train, and opportunities to experience history.

Today we’re going to Winchester.

History shows us what's possible.

November 2020 seems like the perfect time to travel once more to a time of intercepted and hidden messages, foreign interference, transfer of power, betrayal, and...spies!

Travel back in time to the birthplace of modern espionage: the court of Queen Elizabeth I and sneak into the world of Tudor Spies!

The chaos in religious policy and its political implications laid the foundation for treachery, betrayal, and deception. And one element made this time, particularly as we move into the reign of Elizabeth I, a hotbed of what was then called “spiery”: that element was literacy. People now had the ability to deliver messages across distances and in large groups.
 
Literacy became a weapon in the war of religion. Once literacy makes communication this widespread, there’s an immediate desire to control it. Enter the spies.

History shows us what's possible.

Whether you know me personally or not, if you’re listening to the podcast you’re probably not surprised to hear I LOVE the six wives! I loved seeing the new musical SIX in London and in New York. I love the television specials. I fell in love with history and the Tudors and began my obsession with Anne Boleyn watching the BBC production from back in the seventies (rebroadcast on PBS here in the US). I am a big six wives fan.

It makes sense, then, that I wrap up my focus on books by looking at books about the Six Wives of Henry VIII. I decided to choose a book for each wife. The publication dates span more than 100 years, with the earliest book published in 1896 (!) and the most recent in 2014. Even 2014 feels like a long time ago, so I might have my next project identified!

My criteria was that the book focus on the wives instead of the husband—he makes appearances, of course, and inserts his larger than life body and personality into the books just as he did into his marriages. But for the most part, Henry is placed in a supporting role, the husband that brings this fascinating group of women together. So let’s meet the six wives through six authors’ views of them.

Amy License, The Six Wives and Many Mistresses of Henry VIII: The Women’s Stories (pub date 2014) and Katherine of Aragon.

Karen Lindsey, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived (pub date 1995) and Anne Boleyn.

Sarah Tytler, Tudor Queens and Princesses,  (pub date 1896) and Jane Seymour.

Alison Weir, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, (pub date 1991) and Anne of Cleves.

Antonia Fraser, The Wives of Henry VIII (pub 1992) and Katherine Howard.

David Loades, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (pub 1996) and Katherine Parr.

I get the feeling that Henry VIII would describe his life with himself at the center, as the sun, with other people rotating around him, including these six women. But I think that in fact, the women had the real light—the intelligence, courage, determination, compassion, and abilities that created the power of Henry VIII’s reign. They were not just the power behind the throne, they were the power of the throne.

History shows us what's possible.

The so-called “Wars of the Roses” is one of the most fascinating periods of English history. There is the uber-king, Henry V, vanquishing the enemy in France and inspiring his troops (and Shakespeare!) to a stunning victory at Agincourt. There’s his son, the under-king, Henry VI. Crowed as a child, Henry VI never came anywhere near the ease or effectiveness on the throne his father had. There are the York brothers, Edward, George, and Richard. All sons of Richard Duke of York, the three brothers displayed a level of ambition and ruthlessness that led to of them to the crown of England. And there are some Beauforts and Nevillles and Tudors lurking about as well.

I can tell you right now that one of my very, very favorite things about this time period is the women!!

They weren’t all dressed in armor and riding into battle like Joan of Arc, but the English women involved in the Wars of the Roses were fierce, fearless, and fantastic. They were queens, and almost-queens, and duchesses, and all-around fighters. They were also mothers and daughters and sisters who had a level of access to the of course male leaders of the time. These women broke the rules—and I mean BROKE the rules—and made new ones. Working from the inside, they changed everything.

There are some terrific books about these women, and I’d like to share three with you:

**She-Wolves: The Women Who Ruled England Before Elizabeth by Helen Castor.

**Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses by Sarah Gristwood.

**Uncrowned Queen: The Fateful Life of Margaret Beaufort, Tudor Matriarch by Nicola Tallis.

History shows us what's possible.

She was the youngest woman to be crowned Queen of England. She was the second queen to marry while ruling, and the first to have children while on the throne. She oversaw extraordinary changes in the country, as well as the establishment of the British Empire. She became Empress of India. By the time of her death, she had ruled longer than any monarch.

With such a long reign, covering decades of world events, there’s no shortage of reading material about Victoria and her time. I’ve chosen a few of my favorite books about Queen Victoria. Of course, it’s not an exhaustive list, and it’s based on my preferences. 

I wanted to know other things about Victoria: as a young woman coming into power, as a new queen who made mistakes, as a working mother who had to balance her reality against expectations, as a daughter and a mother navigating complicated family relationships, as a woman who finally allowed herself to celebrate her accomplishments and broke into a big smile, belying the old adage, “We are not amused.”

So please join me to meet this extraordinary and complicated woman and explore some of my favorite books about the life and reign of Queen Victoria: The Life and Times of Victoria by Dorothy Marshall; Victoria the Queen by Julia Baird; Victoria’s Daughters by Jerrold M. Packard and Queen Victoria’s Matchmaking: The Royal Marriages that Shaped Europe by Deborah Cadbury.

History shows us what's possible.

While we all know that Elizabeth ended her reign peacefully, dying in her bed, that outcome was not guaranteed. From the beginning of her reign, Catholics in England and abroad questioned her right to rule. 

When Mary Queen of Scots came to England in 1568, 10 years into Elizabeth's reign, there was a Catholic option right there! English Catholics, supported by France, Spain, and the Pope, rebelled against Elizabeth and attempted to replace her with Mary Stuart.

This period was a time of a communication explosion in England and Europe. When there are more means of communication, there's an immediate attempt to monitor and control communication. And that, of course, leads to an increase in attempts to hide communication.

The battle between Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots was a battle of messages and a battle of ways to hide messages. It's an exciting time, rich with amazing characters and fascinating stories. Here are three of my favorite books about that time:

God’s Traitors: Terror & Faith in Elizabethan England by Jessie Childs. I  found this book incredibly enlightening as a way to get a glimpse into the lives of English Catholics. . I hadn’t really thought about his work in that way, and now I can’t think of any of Walsingham’s actions without remembering his early experience in Paris. I found that such illuminating way of considering his single-minded approach to the rest of the century.

Her Majesty’s Spymaster:  Elizabeth I, Sir Francis Walsingham, and the Birth of Modern Espionage by Stephen Budiansky. One of the things I really appreciate about this book is that it starts with the St. Bartholomew Day’s massacre and looks at Walsingham’s work as Elizabeth’s Spymaster through the lens of that experience.

Rival Queens: The Betrayal of Mary, Queen of Scots (also published as The Betrayal of Mary, Queen of Scots: Elizabeth I and Her Greatest Rival) by Kate Williams. There are many great books about Elizabeth I and about Mary Queen of Scots. There are several very good books about the two of them. I really liked Kate Williams’s book because it offers a fresh perspective that makes it easy to relate to these two queens as women and humans as well as queens.

History shows us what's possible.

The Tudor dynasty changed England, Europe, and the world. And the scandals changed the dynasty!

This week we’ll be looking at the top 10 scandals that plagued those who ruled England in the second half of the reign: a boy and two women. That reality was what the Tudors were so desperate to avoid: a child king had been at the heart of the troubles of the Wars of the Roses. Both Richard II and Henry VI had taken the throne as children, and both reigns had ended in disaster. 

Edward wasn’t old enough to rule the country, and that meant years of some kind of regency or council-driven reign, with other men holding power and having the opportunity to make the key decisions. It also opened the door to personal agendas and potential battles within the heart of government. 

And then…two women! Both of them crowned queen on her own, breaking hundreds of years of traditional male rule. No woman before Mary Tudor had been crowned Queen of England. And for her to be followed by another woman! The fact of them on the throne was scandal enough.

But each of these three children of Henry VIII who represent the second half of the Tudor dynasty had plenty of scandals beyond that. 

History shows us what's possible.

The Tudor dynasty was NOT your average dynasty. For one thing, the so-called “dynasty” lasted just three generations and 118 years. It started with a power grab. It saw a staggering number of executions. It thrust England into years of religious chaos. The wars in France fought over this period were expensive and ultimately disastrous. There were periods of crop failure, economic collapse, poverty, and hunger. The safety net of religious support was eliminated as the monasteries were dissolved and the funds recovered went to the crown.

AND, it included two crowned Queens (first time in history!) and one uncrowned but proclaimed Queen (also one of a kind). It included a stunning naval victory over the famed Spanish Armada. It saw the establishment of the first permanent playhouse and the works of great English playwrights and poets, including Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Kyd,  Francis Beaumont, John Fletcher, Thomas Middleton, Sir Philip Sydney, and (of course), William Shakespeare. It also saw the first book published by a Queen.

Dickens might have called it the best of times and the worst of times.

It was also a time of scandal. That’s what we’ll be looking for the next couple of episodes. Considering this dynasty includes a first king who might have been legally barred from taking the throne, a king who managed to get married more times than any other monarch in English history, two queens executed by the command of their royal husband, a contested succession, two extreme shifts in the politics of religious observances, and only one “normal” transfer of power from father to adult son—there are plenty of controversies to explore.

History shows us what's possible.

In September 2020, the government of the United Kingdom instituted the “rule of six” to attempt to mitigate the spread of Coronavirus. It means that, with a few specific exceptions, it is illegal to gather in groups larger than six.

This created some wonderful memes featuring images of the Six Wives of Henry VIII, smiling happily, because when they gather there is no room for the King! It echoes the creative team behind the musical SIX, a retelling of the story in fun rather than historical ways. Each wife gets a turn to tell her story. There are references to the man who brings them together, but he never gets to appear on stage. Once again, no room for Henry!

Of course, it’s all fanciful and fun rather than accurate. But it does invite us to think about these women as individuals, each fascinating in her own way. And it raises the question: what are the secrets, or at least lesser-known facts, of each of the Six Wives of Henry VIII?

The person who might be able to fill in some of the secrets of the six wives for us is Anne Herbert, Countess of Pembroke. Born in 1515, she became a Maid-of-Honor to Katherine of Aragon in 1528. She continued in that role for Anne Boleyn, embracing Anne’s interest in the new faith. After Anne Boleyn’s fall, Anne remained in the service of Jane Seymour and was one of the few women present at the baptism of Prince Edward. She married Sir William Herbert in 1538 and returned to court to be in the household of Anne of Cleves, which quickly became the household of Katherine Howard. Finally, Anne Herbert was a witness to the wedding of Henry VIII and Katherine Parr in 1543. Katherine Parr’s royal household may have been Anne Herbert’s favorite assignment, as Katherine Parr was her sister. The only person known to have served all six of Henry’s wives, she would have some amazing secrets to share!

The rest of us will have to make due with enjoying the unique, captivating, and endlessly fascinating stories of the Six Wives of Henry VIII!

History shows us what's possible.

In early September 1533, Anne Boleyn was supposed to be getting ready to give the King a son. The birth of a son would justify the actions Henry VIII had taken—setting aside his first wife, going against the wishes of most of his ministers, breaking with the Pope, and establishing himself as Supreme Head of the Church of England. Henry believed God would reward these actions by giving him the son he had wished for since he came to the throne almost 25 years previously.

It seemed God had other plans.

Anne must have realized in that moment that, however she doted on and showered gifts on her little girl, she had failed in her quest to give the King a son. Mother and daughter faced incredible challenges the day Elizabeth was born. Their determination, as well as the fierce and feisty natures they possessed, would guide them through challenges and take them to very different ends.

Mother and daughter lived in different times and played different roles. But their decisions seem connected to me in this way: they made their own way in the world, defying expectations and claiming their power in the ways they could. In Anne Boleyn’s case, it meant holding out for marriage. In Elizabeth’s case, it meant holding out against marriage. In both cases, it meant holding out, and holding on to an inner power and control. Anne Boleyn lost her life because her husband ultimately held the power. Elizabeth was the longest-reigning Tudor and oldest monarch when she died. Perhaps not having a husband was part of that outcome.

History shows us what's possible.

Queen Elizabeth I is regularly associated with her father, Henry VIII. The least likely heir became the most successful of his children and the longest-reigning Tudor monarch. Elizabeth is described as resembling her royal father, perhaps more than his other two children. And Elizabeth’s fiery temper certainly matched the historic temper of Henry VIII.

Elizabeth I and Henry VIII are certainly the most famous Tudor monarchs, and two of the most famous monarchs of all time. Elizabeth is reported to have linked herself firmly to her father: “I may not be a lion, but I am a lion’s cub and have a lion’s heart.”
 
But what of her mother? 
 
Anne Boleyn died in disgrace, by the order of her father, before Elizabeth turned three years old. As a result, Elizabeth was “demoted” from her position as Princess. She went from a cherished daughter, showed off by the King to his court, to an outcast whose governess had to beg for her clothing. All of this was associated with the fall of Anne Boleyn. After the execution of her mother, it seemed Elizabeth’s chance of inheriting the throne was gone.
 
But Elizabeth did inherit. Was the royal daughter, so publicly connected to her father, also less publicly connected to the mother she barely knew? I think she was. 

By turning a 35-year old King into a lovesick schoolboy, refusing to be used and cast aside as a mistress, convincing Henry VIII that new ideas about religion were interesting instead of dangerous, championed religious reform, and giving the world not the expected son but a daughter who would put England on the world’s stage, Anne Boleyn created the world her daughter would inherit. I think she left not only a changed England but elements of herself that would guide Elizabeth throughout her reign.

History shows us what's possible.

All that glisters is not gold…but some of it is! The elite in society, including and perhaps especially the royals, have always used jewels to sparkle and stand out in a crowd. Whether it’s Henry VIII adding cloth of gold and gold thread to his outfits and adding jewels to his chest and even his hat or Mary I wearing a legendary pearl or Victoria pinning a huge sapphire brooch to her wedding dress or Princess Margaret wearing a tiara in the bathtub…jewels make the royal!

Jewels have dazzled royal outfits for hundreds of years. One of the most personal pieces of Tudor jewelry, and my absolute favorite, actually does survive! It’s a small item, a ring, worn by Elizabeth I. Called the Chequers Ring because it’s housed at Chequers, the country house of the Prime Minister, it has been displayed at the National Maritime Museum and at the National Portrait Gallery. It’s a locket ring that contains a special secret. 

This tiny piece of history is a reminder that jewelry is both personal and public, both sentimental and stately. The history of the royal wardrobe needs to include the jewelry, the crowns and tiaras, the brooches and the necklaces. These pieces, large and small, elegant and outlandish, are often the final touch to the message the wardrobe seeks to deliver: magnificence.

History shows us what's possible.

Today we’re looking at the history of underwear. The first question you might ask is…Why? Why spend time thinking about something so mundane, so personal, so domestic? Because something so personal and utilitarian can give us a real glimpse into the way people lived their most personal lives hundreds of years ago. 

Throughout history, people responded to changes in climate and technology, to wars and regimes being overthrown, to hunger, to marriage and birth and death in public ways. They also responded in private ways. And private choices are sometimes represented by these most private moments and bits of clothing, worn away from the public gaze. Looking at the private moments can help us understand who those people really were. And understanding them helps us understand where we come from, who we are, and who we can be.

So let’s take a look at what’s happening under all those glamorous clothes!

History shows us what's possible.

The story of royal fashion includes accessories, and that means the accessory we all take with us everywhere, every day: hair. 

Life in Medieval England was heavily influenced by the Catholic Church. This extended to hairstyles. Around the 10th century, the Church began issuing statements about the appropriate length of men’s hair and the need for women to cover their heads and hair. In 1073, Pope Gregory VII even banned beards and mustaches among the clergy. 

As the Reformation progressed, the strict rules of the Catholic Church began to disappear in some places. In England, this was reflected in hairstyles. Elizabeth’s reign in particular saw women abandon the notion of covering their hair with a hood and veil. Hair was visible in Elizabethan England, decorated with jewels and ornaments. 

Of course, if hair is exposed for the world to see, what happens when it turns grey or begins to thin? You’ll notice from portraits of Queen Elizabeth I , that didn’t seem to happen to royals. Well, I’ll let you in on a little secret: wigs! Even though St. Bernard de Clairvaux said in the twelfth century that women who wore wigs were committing a mortal sin, this condemnation had been swept away. Queen Elizabeth had several wigs—some people think as many as 80! The wigs covered her the reality of ageing, something that became a popular political stand as Elizabeth refused to marry and produce an heir.

As we leave the Tudors and move into the Stuart reign, it’s the men whose hair takes center stage. Starting with Charles I, the second Stuart King of England, big wigs were the style of Kings. The abundance of all that curly hair gave the King and the royalists their nickname during the English Civil War: The Cavaliers. It is associated with the French word chevalier meaning horse—think horse main, abundant hair, dressed and styled for royal processions. The Parliamentarians, on the other hand, were known as the Roundheads because they couldn’t afford the huge wigs and their closely cropped hair showed the round shape of their heads.

In the early 20th century royal hair beats a bit of a retreat. For example, the Queen's hairstyle has remained largely the same throughout her reign, serving primarily as a place to display the elegant crowns and tiaras at evening events and spectacular hats during the day. But the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century, fashion-forward hair makes a comeback. Diana, Princess of Wales captured the world's attention with her wardrobe and hair--both of which got sleek and chic over the years. And the Duchess of Cambridge and Duchess of Sussex have their own styles and continue to define the modern monarchy.

What do you think the royal style will be like in the next 20 years??

History shows us what's possible.

To become a successful dynasty, the Tudors had to create an absolutely unassailable royal image. One of their primary tools was the royal wardrobe.

With the numerous times the crown was seized in the 15th century, the notion of looking the part of King was incredibly important. Edward IV was determined to create an image that would reinforce his place on the English throne, wearing the finest clothing, jewels, and furs. Later, after another seizure of power, Henry VII would need to rely on Fortescue’s advice to create an image of unassailable royalty for himself and his heirs.

After all, the Tudors had to be accepted by their subjects, many of whom had switched allegiance regularly during the Wars of the Roses and didn’t know Henry VII at all. They had to exert power over the nobility. They had to impress foreign powers. They had to create and deliver an immediate and overwhelming message of dominance and royalty. Their regal appearance, conveyed by their wardrobe, was essential to the success of the dynasty. Dress was an important tool to convey power, wealth, and right to reign.

When dynasties change, clothing and jewels are often given away or taken apart to be made into something new. This is certainly true of Tudor clothing and jewels. With a couple of possible exceptions, almost nothing remains from the Tudor dynasty. But because of inventory records and portraits, we are able to get a clear sense of some of how royal dress was used to convey messages of authority and power through the majesty of appearance. It’s hard to imagine a dynasty more successfully accomplishing that mission of creating magnificence.

History shows us what's possible.

Henry VIII was the only King of England to have all three of his children inherit the throne. Typically, all a King’s children would be in the succession until the King died. Not so if the King is Henry VIII! 

Desperate for a son, Henry actually disinherited both of his daughters. He disinherited Mary when Elizabeth born (the First Succession Act was passed in 1534) because he claimed the marriage to Katherine of Aragon was not valid. He disinherited Elizabeth when killed her mother (the Second Succession Act was passed in 1536) because he claimed the marriage to Anne Boleyn was not valid. For several years after he was born, Edward was only heir. Finally, in 1543, Henry enacted the Third Succession Act, which returned Mary and Elizabeth to the succession. 

All these changes affected the children as they grew and then as all three took the throne. Their relationships with Henry, with various stepmothers, and with each other shaped the rest of their lives.

History shows us what's possible.

This week, we’re turning to family dramas between mothers and daughters. Playing the role of both is our friend Queen Victoria! As a daughter, she had a rebellious relationship against her mother, the Duchess of Kent. Becoming Queen meant Victoria was able to shake off her mother’s smothering influence—and she did. As a mother, Victoria had enough children to have all kinds of maternal relationships—good, bad, and in between. For today, we’ll see this range in the relationship to her youngest daughter, Beatrice. 

The Duchess tried to prepare Victoria to be Queen. Unfortunately, this involved creating a large role for Sir John Conroy, a man Victoria hated. Conroy had been the Duke’s equerry and became the Duchess’s closest adviser. He could be charming when he wished, but he was also manipulative. He saw the chance to gain greater power by running the household and establishing for himself a significant role in Victoria’s reign. 

Denying her mother this power, Victoria ascended to the throne. When she became a mother herself, she healed the relationship with her own mother. The Duchess was a doting grandmother and support to the Queen.

Echoing the better relationship with her own mother, Queen Victoria attempted to manage the lives of her own children. This was true of her youngest daughter, Beatrice. The baby fo the family was Victoria's obvious favorite, which meant she was expected to spend her life taking care of her mother. The relationship came into crisis when Beatrice wanted a husband and family of her own.

Victoria had trouble making peace with Beatrice's decision, but eventually she did. When Beatrice became a widow after 11 years of marriage, she returned to her mother's side. After Victoria's death, Beatrice was the literary executor of the Queen's journals, editing and rewriting the history to create the image she wanted her mother to have. So as much as Victoria hoped to shape her daughter's life, her daughter shaped her mother's legacy.

History shows us what's possible.

Several questions will help us get to know the four King Georges (Kings George?) who ruled Britain from 1714 to 1830.

Question 1: How did these guys come to rule England?
Answer: Parliament insisted on a Protestant heir, and after the death of Queen Anne it turned out George of Hanover got the job.

Question 2: What was George I like as a King of England?
Answer: Not good! He preferred Hanover and spoke little English, making him unpopular. His scandalous treatment of his wife didn't help his reputation in England. He had a terrible relationship with his son and heir.

Question 3: So was George II any better?
Answer: Not really! He had a terrible relationship with his father AND with his son. His son died before he did, so George II left the crown to his grandson.

Question 4: What’s the real deal with George III? 
Answer: Well, he'll never be a hero to Americans, but he was the best of the Georges. Still, many were relieved when he went completely mad and retired from public life.

Question 5: Prince Regent? What’s that? Who is the King?
Answer: Prince George (yes, another one) ruled in behalf of his father, George III, as Prince Regent. He lived a scandalous life and was obese and sick by the time he finally became King George IV. His only child preceded him in death, so the crown passed to his brother William.

And that's the end of the Georgians!

History shows us what's possible.

In politics, being neighbors doesn’t mean being friends. The struggles between the Tudors of England and the Stuarts of Scotland shaped the power dynamic of the two countries and affected the politics of Europe as well.

The inevitable mixture of power and personality with the key players in this group make their battles a struggle for personal as well as political survival. So choose your side—Team Tudor or Team Stuart—and let’s get ready to rumble.

When Henry Tudor took the English throne, he knew he had his job cut out for him: create a dynasty and get other countries around the world to accept him as the King of England. One way to create alliances and demonstrate the growing status of the Tudors was to arrange marriages with prominent royal families. Toward that end, Henry VII arranged two marriages: the marriage of his son and heir (at the time) Prince Arthur to Princess Katherine of Aragon in 1501 and the marriage of his daughter Princess Margaret to King James IV of Scotland in 1503.

We usually focus on Arthur and Katherine, as it gets the Henry VIII marital merry-go-round started. But the marriage of Princess Margaret and King James IV is the one that would ignite the Tudor/Stuart rivalry and lead to power struggles and politics that would reshape England and Scotland for years to come.

History shows us what's possible.