Lives of the Unconscious. A Podcast on Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy

Summary: “What remains unresolved in the mind knows no time.” This episode is the first of a three-part series on the psychoanalysis of trauma. In the first part we will hear about attachment and early childhood trauma and the impact it can have on our psychological development.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Allen, J. G. (2013). Mentalizing in the Development and Treatment of Attachment Trauma. London: Routledge.
• Baradon, T. (2010). Relational Trauma in Infancy: Psychoanalytic, Attachment and Neuropsychological Contributions to Parent-Infant Psychotherapy. London: Routledge.
• Boschan, P. J. (2008). Childhood and trauma. Am J Psychoanal, 2008 Mar; 68(1):24-32.
• Bohleber, W. (2000): The development of trauma theory in psychoanalysis. Psyche 54(9):797–839.
• Brisch, K.H. (2002): Treating Attachment Disorders: From Theory to Therapy. New York: Guilfort.
• Ferenczi, S. (1909): Introjection and transference. In First Contributions to Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth, 1952.
• Ferenczi, S. (1916): Two types of war neuroses. In Further Contributions to the Theory and Technique of Psycho-Analysis. London: Hogarth, 1926, pp. 124–141.
• Freud S (1920) Beyond the pleasure principle. In: Strachey J (Ed.), New York (US): WW Norton, 1961.

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Your Lives-of-the-Unconscious-Team

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Summary: “And how is this supposed to work here?” This is the question that quite a few patients ask at the beginning of psychotherapy. How psychotherapy works—especially psychoanalytic treatment—is, at first glance, more difficult to explain than, say, the effect of a medical procedure. A physicians has instruments, to operate on a broken leg, prescribes exercises or drugs, for example an antibiotic. The patient soon feels better and the therapy has worked. But what is it like in psychotherapy? Psychoanalysts have no book with therapy instructions, no exercises; they don’t have any pills in the cupboard or anything else that they can conjure up from some therapeutic toolbox. What, after all, is the “drug” in psychoanalysis? In psychoanalysis the principle is: healing through understanding. But the questions remains: How can understanding cure a disease? In this episode we will explore the answer to this question.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Bion, W. R. (1984). Learning from Experience. ‎ Routledge
• Jimenez, J. P. (2012). The manifest dream is the real dream: the changing relationship between theory and practice in the interpretation of dreams. In: Fonagy, P., Kächele, H., Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. & Taylor, D. (eds.). The significance of dreams: Bridging clinical and extraclinical research in psychoanalysis. London (Karnac Books), 31-48.
• Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (2012). Changes in dreams - from a psychoanalysis with a traumatised, chronic depressed patient. In: Fonagy, P., Kächele, H., Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. & Taylor, D. (eds.). The significance of dreams: Bridging clinical and extraclinical research in psychoanalysis. London (Karnac Books), 49-85.
• Kächele, H., Eberhardt, J. & Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (1999). Expressed relationships, dream atmosphere & problem solving in Amalia´s dreams – Dream series as process tool to investigate cognitive changes. A single case study. In: Kächele, H., Mergenthaler, E. & Krause, R. (Hg.) Psychoanalytic Process Research Strategies II.
• Riesenberg-Malcolm, R. (2001). Bion's Theory of containment
• Winnicott, D. W. (1994). Holding and Interpretation: Fragment of an Analysis. Grove Atlantic

Summary: Over the course of a therapeutic session, a depressed patient talks about his work colleagues with whom he is working on a group project for his studies. The patient says: "Yesterday we wanted to meet to discuss our project and everyone brought their work. As we were exchanging ideas, I noticed that everyone else was already much further along with their work than me. I have the feeling that they are all much faster in thinking and have more energy and…,” the patient takes a short break and then says: “Well, but that's just the way it is, everyone has their strengths and weaknesses. There is nothing that can done about it…" What is the defense here? And is it really functional? We will hear more about these and other forms of so-called "mature" defense mechanisms in this episode.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Freud, A. (1936/1994). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. London: Routledge.
• Freud, S. (1896). Further remarks on the neuropsychoses of defence. Standard Edition (Vol. 3, pp. 162–185). London: Hogarth.
• Freud, S. (1915). Repression. Standard Edition (Vol. 14, pp. 141–158). London: Hogarth.
• Bornstein, M. (2013). Dissociation and repression: a clinical study. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 33(5), 439–448.
• Cohen, J., & Kinston, W. (1984). Repression theory: A new look at the cornerstone. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 65, 411–422.
• Vaillant, G. E., Bond, M., & Vaillant, C. O. (1986). An empirically validated hierarchy of defence mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 73, 786–794.

Summary: The division head of a company has called an important meeting. All employees are present at the agreed upon time, except for the boss. Only once an employee calls him does he remember the meeting and arrives significantly late. He apologizes cursorily and begins the meeting. In the next few minutes, in front of the assembled team, he criticizes specific employees unusually harshly for their work performance and for their failures until they feel very small and humiliated. What is the function of the boss’ defense? And why is it called an early defense mechanism in psychoanalysis? More on this episode.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Freud, A. (1936/1994). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. London: Routledge.
• Bion, W. R. (1959). Attacks on linking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 40, 308–315.
• Grant, J. (2002). Transference and Projection: Mirrors to the Self. Maidenhead (UK): Open University Press.
• Kernberg O (1967). "Borderline personality organization". J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 15 (3): 641–85.
• Klein, M. (1998). Love, Guilt and Reparation. New York: Vintage.
• Klein, M. (1946). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. In: Envy and gratitude and other works: 1946–1963 (pp. 1–24). New York: Free Press, 1986.
• Kramer, U. (2010). Coping and defence mechanisms: What's the difference? - Second act. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 83 (Pt 2): 207–221.
• Milton, J. (2020). Essential Readings from the Melanie Klein Archives: Original Papers and Critical Reflections. London: Routledge.
• Sandler, J. (1988). Projection, Identification, Projective Identification. London: Routledge.
• Vaillant, G. E., Bond, M., & Vaillant, C. O. (1986). An empirically validat-ed hierarchy of defence mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 73, 786–794.

Summary: Everyone has their rituals that they insist upon observing more or less fastidiously and, if interrupted, would react to sensitively. From adhering to a particular daily routine, say, before an important exam or a date to athletes who cross themselves, put on their lucky socks, or perform some other ritual before competing. Among the so-called obsessive-compulsive disorders there is a set of symptoms that those afflicted must follow by virtue of some inner compulsion, even when they do not want to—and which massively interferes with their ability to enjoy and cope with life, whereby there is no sharp distinction between normal and pathological compulsiveness. Contemporary psychodynamic conceptions have worked out various aspects of obsessive-compulsive disorders and the psychological function they fulfil.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Abraham, K (1921). Contributions to the theory of the anal character. In: Stein, D.J, Stone, M. H. (Ed) (1997). Essential papers on obsessive-compulsive disorders. New York: New York University Press.
• Cela, J.A. (1995): A classical case of severe obsessive compulsive defense. Modern Psychoanalysis 20, 271–277.
• Cooper, S. (2000): Obsessional thinking – A defense against loss. Brit J Psychother 16, 412–423.
• Esman, A.E. (2001): Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Current views. Psy-choanal Inq 21, 145–156.
• Freud, S. (1909). Notes upon a case of obsessional neurosis. Standard Edition (Vol. 10, pp. 155–318). London: Hogarth.
• Gabbard, G. (2001): Psychoanalytically informed approaches to the treat-ment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychoanal Inq 21, 208-221.
• Lang, Hermann (2015). Der gehemmte Rebell. Struktur, Psychodynamik und Therapie von Menschen mit Zwangsstörungen [the inhibited rebel. Structure, psychodynamics and therapy of obsessive-compulsive disorders] Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
• Leichsenring, F. & Steinert, C. (2016): Psychodynamic therapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Principles of a manual-guided approach. World Psy-chiatry 15, 293–294.
• Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (2001): The »Medea fantasy«: An unconscious determinant of psychogenic sterility. Int J Psychoanal 82, 323–345.
• Leuzinger-Bohleber, M., Kallenbach, L., Asseburg, L., Lebiger-Vogel, J., & Rickmeyer, C. (2017). Psychoanalytische Fokaltherapien für Patienten mit Zwangsstörungen? [Focal psychoanalytic therapies for patients with compulsive disorders?]. Psyche, 71(8), 704–732.
• Stein, D. (1997). Essential Papers on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. New York: UP.
• Thompson, J.M., Baxter, L.R. & Schwartz, J.M. (1992): Freud, obsessive-compulsive disorder and neurobiology. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought 15, 483–505.
• Weiß, Heinz (2013). The explosion of present and the encapsulation of time. Transference phenomena in the analysis of a psychotic patient. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 94, 1057–1075.
• Weissman, P. (1954): Ego & superego in obsessional character neurosis. Psychoanal Quart 23, 529–543.

Summary: When this term comes into play, all analytical alarm bells start going off: Oedipus Complex. This concept seems to epitomize everything disreputable in all those abysmally-fanciful psychoanalytic concepts, which conflate childhood and sexuality and which give birth to concepts such as castration anxiety, penis envy, incestuous desire. But what exactly is the Oedipus complex about? And is the concept still relevant for psychoanalysis today?

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Literature Recommendations:

• Boschan, P. (1990). Temporality and Narcissism. Int. Rev. Psycho-Anal., 17, 337–349.
• Deleuze, G., Guattari, F. (1972/2009). Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. London: Penguin.
• Fonagy, P., Krause, R., Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (2006). Identity, Gender, and Sexuality. 150 Years after Freud. London: International Psychoanalytic Association.
• Freud S (1924). The dissolution of the Oedipus complex. Standard Edition, 19, 172–179.
• Laplanche, J. (1999). Masochism and the Theory of Generalized Seduction. Essays on otherness, Warwick Studies in European Philosophy. London: Routledge.
• Lemma, A., Lynch, P.E. (Hg.) (2015). Sexualities. Contemporary Psy-choanalytic Perspectives. London: Routledge.
• Loewald, H. (2000). The Waning of the Oedipus Complex. J Psychother Pract Res. 2000 Fall; 9(4): 239–249
• Ogden, T. (2018). The Primitive Edge of Experience. London: Routledge.
• Pederson, T. (2015). The Economics of Libido: Psychic Bisexuality, the Superego, and the Centrality of the Oedipus Complex. London: Karnac.
• Solms, M. (2018). The Neurobiological Underpinnings of Psychoanalytic Theory and Therapy. Front. Behav. Neurosci.
• Vogt, R. (1986). Psychoanalyse zwischen Mythos und Aufklärung oder: Das Rätsel der Sphinx [Psychoanalysis between myth and enlightment or: the riddle of the Sphinx]. Frankfurt a.M.: Qumran.

Summary: Children are existentially reliant upon their primary caregivers concerning almost every sphere of life and, most of all, in relation to their need for love. If the caregivers are also those who attack this psychological survival, children face an unanswerable situation that has disastrous consequences for psychological development. According to the psychoanalytic understanding, borderline is a severe structural disorder that often originates in early attachment experiences that were devastating or traumatic. Characteristic symptoms, as is common for instance with so-called “cutting” or “black-and-white thinking”, thus represent organizational attempts—once again stabilizing and maintaining fragile self-states at moments in which inner emptiness and dissolution are felt. In this episode, we will move into the borderlands of the psyche, and try to understand some of the extreme experiential states of emotional experience and experience of the self.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Bollas, C. (2021). Three Characters: Narcissist, Borderline, Manic Depressive. Phoenix Publishing House.
• Bateman, A., Fonagy, P. (2006). Mentalization-based Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Practical Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Bateman, A., Krawitz, O. (2015). Borderline Personality Disorder: An Evidence-based Guide for Generalist Mental Health Professionals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford.
• Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism, New York: Jason Aronson.
• Kernberg, O. (1984). Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strate-gies, New Haven, Yale University Press.
• Kernberg, Otto (1989). A psychoanalytic classification of character pathology. In R. F. Lax (Ed.) Essential papers in psychoanalysis. Essential papers on character neurosis and treatment (p. 191–210). New York University Press.
• Kernberg, Otto, Michels, Robert (2009). Borderline Personality Disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020263
• Rosenfeld, H. (1987). Impasse and Interpretation: Therapeutic and Anti-Therapeutic Factors in the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Psychotic, Borderline and Neurotic Patients. London: Routledge.
• Steiner, J. (1993). Psychic Retreats: Pathological Organisations in Psychotic, Neurotic and Borderline Patients. London: Routledge.
• West, M. (2016). Into the Darkest Places: Early Relational Trauma and Borderline States of Mind. London: Routledge.
• Yeomans, F.E., Clarkin, J.F., Kernberg, O. (2015). Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. Philadelphia (US): American Psychiatric Publishing.

Summary: Not all depression is the same, nor all forms of anxiety. The very same symptom can have completely different meanings for different people and can require different therapeutic approaches. For classification, the so-called level of structural integration is often used in psychoanalysis. It offers information on the architecture and composition of the structure of the psyche, which can be built more or less sturdy. How are these structures specified? How does one recognize where a symptom is located in these psychic structures? And what does this mean for therapy?

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Literature Recommendations:

• Erikson, Erik H. (1994). Identity and the Life Cycle. Norton & Company
• Freud, Sigmund (1923). The Ego and the Id. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Volume XIX. Lon-don: Hogarth Press.
• Kernberg, Otto (1989). A psychoanalytic classification of character patholo-gy. In R. F. Lax (Ed.) Essential papers in psychoanalysis. Essential papers on character neurosis and treatment (p. 191–210). New York University Press.
• Kernberg, Otto, Michels, Robert (2009). Borderline Personality Disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020263
• Mentzos, Stavros: Lehrbuch der Psychodynamik: Die Funktion der Dys-funktionalität psychischer Störungen. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttin-gen 2015.

Summary: We all wear masks from time to time: at work, in front of our friends, sometimes even—or perhaps especially—within our family and in front of our partners. But there are people who find it difficult to ever take off this mask, who may not even know what their face would look like underneath. This episode deals with such questions of identity and the influential concept of the false self.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Falkenström, F. (2003). A Buddhist contribution to the psychoanalytic psychology of self, The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 84,6, 1551—1568
• Fattori, L. & Secchi, C. (2015) Existential crises in two religious patients: Vicissitudes of faith and the emergence of the true self, The Internation-al Journal of Psychoanalysis, 96,4, 993—1011
• Glasser, M. (1985). 'The Weak Spot'—Some Observations on Male Sexuality. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 66, 405—414
• Goldberg, P. (2004). Fabricated bodies: A model for the somatic false self, The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 85,4, 823—840
• Lowen, A. (1984/2004). Narcissism: Denial of the true self. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Miller, A. (1979). The Drama of the Gifted Child. New York: Basic Books.
• Orme, W., Bowersox, L., Vanwoerden, S., Fonagy, P., Sharp, C. (2019). The relation between epistemic trust and borderline pathology in an adolescent inpatient sample. bord personal disord emot dysregul 6, 13.
• Schapiro, B.A. (1995). Literature and the Relational Self. New York: Uni-versity Press
• Winnicott, D. W. (1960). "Ego distortion in terms of true and false self". The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development. New York: International Universities Press, 140—157.

Summary: Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychological problems for which people seek out psychotherapy. At the same time, anxiety is a feeling that everyone knows and everyone has suffered from—some more, some less. But at what point does anxiety become an illness? This episode explores the question of how anxiety arises and how anxiety disorders can be understood from a psychoanalytic perspective.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Bowlby, J. (1960): Separation Anxiety. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, 89—113.
• Busch, F., Milrod, B. L., & Shear, K. (2010): Psychodynamic concepts of anxiety. In D. J. Stein, E. Hollander, & B. O. Rothbaum (Eds.), Text-book of anxiety disorders (p. 117–128). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
• Busch F., Milrod B.L., Singer M.B. (1999): Theory and technique in psy-chodynamic treatment of panic disorder. J Psychother Pract Res. 8,3,234—42.
• Freud, S. (1909/1955): Analysis of a phobia in a five year old boy. Standard Edition, 103—147. London: Hogarth.
• Freud, S. (1926/1959): Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. Standard Edi-tion, 77—174. London: Hogarth Press.
• Mawson, C. (2019): Psychoanalysis and Anxiety: From Knowing to Being. London: Routledge.
• Rangell, L. (1968): A further attempt to resolve the "problem of anxiety." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 16,3, 371–404.
• Sable, P. (1994). Separation anxiety, attachment and agoraphobia. Clinical Social Work, 22, 369–383
• Slavin-Mulford, J & Hilsenroth, M. (2012). Evidence-Based Psychodynamic Treatments for Anxiety Disorders: A Review. Psychodynamic Psycho-therapy Research, 117—137.
• Winnicott, D.W. (1952). Anxiety associated with insecurity. In :Collected papers: Through paediatrics to psycho-analysis. London: Tavistock.

Summary: The world is a stage—the couch too? So many scenes, sometimes even true dramas, play out in our minds. In everyday life we slip into the most diverse roles; the two protagonists we call patient and therapist are no exception. This episode deals with how, within the therapeutic setting, our unconscious sets the stage for these roles and how psychoanalysts understand these situations.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Hoppe, K. D. (1977). Destruction-Reconstruction of Language and Forms of Interaction: Clinical Aspects of Lorenzer's Concepts. In Contemporary Psychoanalysis13: 52-63
• Joseph, B. (1985). Transference: the total situation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 66, 447—454.
• Lorenzer, A. & Orban, P. (1978). Transitional Objects and Phenomena: Socialisation and Symbolisation. In Between Reality and Phantasy. Eds. S. A. Grolnick & L. Barkin. London: Jason Aronson, ch. 28, pp. 469—482
• Vollstedt, T. (2013). The work of Alfred Lorenzer. The other scene: Psychoanalysis and its applications.

Links:

• Comment on the translation of "Szenisches Verstehen (scenical comprehension)"

Summary: Is there evidence for the effectiveness of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic-based therapy methods? For which forms of illness is it suitable? In this episode we present significant findings from research on psychoanalytic psychotherapy and address the question of whether the effectiveness of psychoanalysis is scientifically proven.

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Links:

• Peter Lilliengreen (2017). Comprehensive compilation of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving psychodynamic treatments and interventions
• Tavistock Adult Depression Study
• Open Door Review of Outcome and Process Studies in Psychoanalysis, IPA

Essays on the methodology of psychotherapy research:

• Leichsenring, F (2004). Randomized controlled vs. naturalistic studies. A research agenda. Bull Menninger Clin; 68, 115-129.
• Dalal, F (2018). The Cognitive Behavioural Tsunami: The Cognitive Behavioural Tsunami: Managerialism, Politics and the Corruptions of Science. London: Routledge.
• Shean, G (2014). Limitations of Randomized Control Designs in Psychotherapy Research. Advances in Psychiatry, Article ID 561452.

Reviews and meta-analyses on psychodynamic therapies:

• Abbass, A. A., Rabung, S., Leichsenring, F., Refseth, J. S. & Midgley, N. (2013). Psychodynamic psychotherapy for children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of short-term psychodynamic models. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52, 863-875.
• Cristea, I. A., Gentili, C., Cotet, C. D., Palomba, D., Barbui, C. & Cuijpers, P. (2017). Efficacy of Psychotherapies for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 74, 319-328.
• Crits-Cristoph, P., Barber, J. P. (2000). Long-term psychotherapy. In: Snyder, , C. R., Ingram, R. E. (Eds) Handbook of psychological change. John Wiley, New York, 455 – 473
• de Maat, S., de Jonghe, F., de Kraker, R., Leichsenring, F., Abbass, A., Luyten, P., Barber, J. P., Rien, V. & Dekker, J. (2013). The current state of the empirical evidence for psychoanalysis: a meta-analytic approach. Harv Rev Psychiatry 21, 107-137.
• de Maat, S., Philipszoon, F., Schoevers, R., Dekker, J., de Jonghe, F. (2007). Costs and benefits of long-termin psychoanalytic therapy: changes in health care use and work impairment. Harvard Rev Psychiatry, 15 (6), 289-300.
• Fonagy, P. (2015). The effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapies: An update. World Psychiatry 14, 137-150.
• Leichsenring, F. (2005): Are psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapies effective?: A review of empirical data. In: The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. Vol. 86, 3, 841–868.
• Leichsenring, F., Abbass, A., Luyten, P., Hilsenroth, M. & Rabung, S. (2013). The emerging evidence for long-term psychodynamic therapy. Psychodyn Psychiatry 41, 361-384.
• Shedler, J. (2010). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Am Psychol 65, 98-109.
• Woll, C., Schönbrodt, F. (2019). A Series of Meta-Analytic Tests of the Efficacy of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. European Psychologist 2020, 25, 51—72

Selected studies

• Ablon, J. S., & Jones, E. E. (1998). How expert clinicians' prototypes of an ideal treatment correlate with outcome in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavior therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 8(1), 71–83.
• Ablon, J. S. & Jones, E. E. (2002). Validity of controlled clinical trials of psychotherapy: findings from the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Am J Psychiatry 159, 775-783.
• Benecke, C., Huber, D., Staats, H., Zimmermann, J., Henkel, M., Deserno, H., Wiegand-Grefe, S. & Schauenburg, H. (2016). A Comparison of Psychoanalytic Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety (Panic/Agoraphobia) and Personality Disorders (APD Study): Presentation of the RCT Study Design. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 62, 252-269.
• Beutel, M., Bahrke, U., Fiedler, G., Hautzinger, M., Kallenbach, L., Kaufhold, J., Keller, W., Negele, A., Rüger, B., Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. & Ernst, M. (2016). LAC-Depressionsstudie: Psychoanalytische und kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutische Langzeittherapien bei chronischer Depression.
• Delgado, S.V., Strawn, J.R., Pedapadi E.V. (2015). Contemporary Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescence. Integrating Intersubjectivity and Neuroscience. Heidelberg: Springer.
• Fonagy, P., Rost, F., Carlyle, J. A., McPherson, S., Thomas, R., Pasco Fearon, R. M., Goldberg, D. & Taylor, D. (2015). Pragmatic randomized controlled trial of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: the Tavistock Adult Depression Study (TADS). World Psychiatry 14, 312-321.
• Fonagy, P., Lemma, A., Target, M., O´Keeffe, S. (2020). Dynamic interpersonal therapy for moderate to severe depression: a pilot randomized controlled and feasibility trial. Psychological Medicine, 50, 6, 1010—1019.
• Huber, D., Zimmermann, J., Henrich, G. & Klug, G. (2012). Comparison of cognitive-behaviour therapy with psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy for depressed patients - a three-year follow-up study. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 58, 299-316.
• Knekt P, Laaksonen MA, Raitasalo R et al. Changes in lifestylefor psychiatric patients three years after the start of short- andlong-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and solution-focused therapy. Eur Psychiatry 2010;25:1-7.87.
• Knekt P, Lindfors O, Laaksonen MA. Review: long term psychodynamic psychotherapy improves outcomes in people withcomplex mental disorders. Evid Based Ment Health 2009;12:56.88.
• Knekt P, Lindfors O, Harkanen T et al. Randomized trial on theeffectiveness of long- and short-term psychodynamic psycho-therapy and solution-focused therapy on psychiatric symptomsduring a 3-year follow-up. Psychol Med 2008;38:689-703.89.
• Knekt P, Lindfors O, Laaksonen MA et al. Quasi-experimentalstudy on the effectiveness of psychoanalysis, long-term andshort-term psychotherapy on psychiatric symptoms, work abilityand functional capacity during a 5-year follow-up. J Affect Dis-ord 2011;132:37-47.
• Lampe A, Mitmansgruber H, Gast U, Schüssler G, Reddemann L. (2008) Treatment outcome of psychodynamic trauma therapy in an inpatient setting. Neuropsychiatr.22(3):189‐197.
• Leichsenring, F., Salzer, S., Beutel, M. E., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W., Hoyer, J., Huesing, J., Joraschky, P., Nolting, B., Poehlmann, K., Ritter, V., Stangier, U., Strauss, B., Tefikow, S., Teismann, T., Willutzki, U., Wiltink, J. & Leibing, E. (2014). Long-term outcome of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 171, 1074-1082.
• Leuzinger-Bohleber M, Hautzinger M, Fiedler G, Keller W, Bahrke U, Kallenbach L et al (2019c) Outcome of psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioural long-term therapy with chronically depressed patients: a controlled trial with preferential and randomized allocation. Can J Psychiatry 64(1):47–58
• Nyhuis, P. W., Niederhofer, E., Scherbaum, N., Schifano, F., Bonnet, U., Dembski, N., Niederhofer, A., Specka, M. & Tenbergen, M. (2018). Effectiveness of Psychoanalytic-Interactional Group Therapy vs. Behavioral Group Therapy in Routine Outpatient Treatment of Alcohol-Dependent Patients. Subst Use Misuse 53, 426-431.
• Rabung, S., Leichsenring, F. (2016). Evidenz für psychodynamische Langzeittherapie. Überblick über vorliegende Reviews. Psychotherapeut, 61, 441–446.
• Sandell, R., Blomberg, J. & Lazar, A. (1997) When reality doesn’t fit the blueprint:Doing research on psychoanalysis and long-term psychotherapy in a public healthservice program.Psychotherapy Research7: 333 – 344
• Sandell, R., Blomberg, J. & Lazar, A. et al. (2001) Unterschiedliche Langzeitergebnissevon Psychoanalysen und Psychotherapien.Aus der Forschung des Stockholmer Projekt.Psyche, 55, 277– 310
• Sachsse, U., Vogel, C., Leichsenring, F. (2006). Results of psychodynamically oriented trauma–focused inpatient treatment for women with complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic: Vol. 70, June, pp. 125-144.
• Salzer, S., Leibing, E., Jakobsen, T., Rudolf, G., Brockmann, J., Eckert, J., Huber, D., Klug, G., Henrich, G., Grande, T., Keller, W., Kreische, R., Biskup, J., Staats, H., Warwas, J. & Leichsenring, F. (2010). Patterns of interpersonal problems and their improvement in depressive and anxious patients treated with psychoanalytic therapy. Bull Menninger Clin 74, 283-300.
• Smit, Y., Huibers, M. J., Ioannidis, J. P., van Dyck, R., van Tilburg, W. & Arntz, A. (2012). The effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy--a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev 32, 81-92.
• Solms, M. (2015). The feeling Brain. Karnac Books: London.
• Steinert, C, Munder, T, Rabung, S, Hoyer, J & Leichsenring, F (2017). Psychodynamic therapy: as efficacious as other empirically supported treatments? A meta-analysis testing equivalence of outcomes. Amircan Journal of Psychiatry, 174 (10), 943—953.
• Zimmermann, J., Loffler-Stastka, H., Huber, D., Klug, G., Alhabbo, S., Bock, A. & Benecke, C. (2015). Is It All about the Higher Dose? Why Psychoanalytic Therapy Is an Effective Treatment for Major Depression. Clin Psychol Psychother 22, 469-487.

Summary: Psychoanalysis is an exotic resident in the house of science. A wide variety of disciplines have borrowed from it, from neuroscience to the social sciences, to art and literature. At the same time, it has often been confronted with the accusation of being unscientific. We will dedicate two episodes of our podcast to just this question. In the first episode, we look at the scientific status of psychoanalysis.

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Links:

• Anna Freud Centre, London
• International Psychoanalytic University, Berlin
• San Francisco Psychotherapy Research Group
• Sigmund Freud Institut, Frankfurt
• Jonathan Shedler
• Institutions worldwide

Literature Recommendations:

• Albani, C. & Blaser, G. & Jacobs, U. & Jones, E. & Geyer, Michael & Kächele, Horst. (2000). The 'Psychotherapy Process Q-Sort' method. 48. 151–171. -Benjamin, J. (1998). Shadow of the Other: Intersubjectivity and Gender in Psychoanalysis. Routledge: London
• Bereswill, M., Morgenroth, C., & Redman, P. (2010). Alfred Lorenzer and the depth-hermeneutis method. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, 15(3), 221–250.
• Cartwright, Duncan. (2004). The Psychoanalytic Research Interview: Pre-liminary Suggestions. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Associa-tion. 52. 209–42.
• Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Target, M. Psychoanalytic Constructs and At-tachment Theory and Research (2008). In: Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P.: Handbook of Attachment, 783–810. New York: Guilford.
• Frogett, L., & Hollway, W. (2010). Psychosocial research analysis and scenic understanding. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 15(3), 281–301.
• Hollway, W., & Frogett, L. (2012). Researching in-between subjective ex-perience and reality. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(3), Art. 13.
• Huang, H.Y. & Kirsner, D. (2020) The History of Psychoanalysis in China, Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 40:1, 3-15.
• Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. & Fischmann, T. (2006). What is conceptual re-search in psychoanalysis? The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 87, 1355-86.
• Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. & Kächele, H. (2015). An open door review of outcome and process studies in psychoanalysis. ODR III (3. Ed.). Lon-don: International Psychoanalytical Association.
• Lilliengren, P. (2019). Comprehensive compilation of randomized con-trolled trials (RCTs) involving psychodynamic treatments and interven-tions, Stockholm.
• Olesen, S. & Weber, K (2012). Socialization, Language, and Scenic Under-standing. Alfred Lorenzer's Contribution to a Psycho-societal Method-ology. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(3), Art. 22.
• Sandler, A.M & Davies, R. (2001). Clinical and Observational Psychoana-lytic Research: Roots of a Controversy. Madison, CT: International Uni-versities Press, 2001.
• Seidler, B. N. (2019). Who Sez Psychoanalysis Ain't Got No Empirical Research to Back Up Its Claims: An Extensive Bibliographic Compen-dium of Studies. JASPER International: Journal for the Advancement of Scientific Psychodynamic Empirical Research: Spurring Research For-ward, 2(1), 63 – 103.
• Shedler, J (2010). The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Therapy. American Psy-chologist, 65, 98–109.
• Solms, M (2018). The Feeling Brain: Selected Papers on Neuropsychoanalysis. London: Routledge.
• Wallerstein, R.S. (2009) What kind of research in psychoanalytic science? The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 90, 1, 109-133.

Summary: Everyone has probably wondered to themselves: "Why did I just do that?" or even, "Why did my partner actually behave like that?" The ability to relate and interpret one's own actions and behavior, and that of another person, to mental states is called the ability to mentalize. In some people it is well developed, while in others it is rather fragile, as is often the case, for example, with so-called "borderline personality disorders". This episode deals with how we develop the ability to mentalize and what the consequences are when we fail to mentalize.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Allen, J. G. & Fonagy, Peter (2007). Handbook of Mentalization-Based Treatment. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Sussex.
• Berger, S., Jurist, E., Slade A. (2008): Mind to Mind: Infant Research, Neu-roscience, and Psychoanalysis: Mentalization, Internalization, and Repre-sentation. Other Press.
• Charles Cooley (1927). Life and the Student: Roadside Notes on Human Nature, Society, and Letters.
• Fonagy, P., Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: their role in self-organization. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 679–700. Cambridge University Press.
• Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E.L., Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. New York: Other Press.
• Fonagy, P., Target, M. (2006). The Mentalization-Focused Approach to self pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20(6), 544–576
• Fonagy, P., Allison, E. (2011). What is Mentalization? The Concept and its Foundations in Developmental Research and Social-Cognitive Neuroscience.
• Fonagy, P; Allison, P (2014). The role of mentalizing and epistemic trust in the therapeutic relationship. Psychotherapy. 51 (3): 372–380.
• Fonagy, P; Luyten, P (2018). Attachment, mentalization, and the self. Chapter 7. In: Livesley, WJ and Larstone, R, (eds.) Handbook of person-ality disorders. Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA.

Summary: What constitutes our inner mental life is in large part based on our early relationship experiences. This principle of psychoanalytic thinking becomes particularly clear in the concept of attachment. Attachment describes the existential experience of emotional resonance and reassurance in relationships—or its fateful absence.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. London, UK: Tavistock/Routledge.
• Bowlby, J. (1979). The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. Lon-don: Tavistock.
• Brisch, K (2012). Treating Attachment Disorders, Second Edition: From Theory to Therapy. New York: Guilford.
• Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P.R. (2018). Handbook of Attachment. Third Edi-tion. Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. New York: Guilford.
• Crittenden, P.M. (2008). Raising Parents: Attachment, Parenting and Child Safety. London: Routledge.
• Fonagy, P. & Target, M. (2007). The Rooting of the Mind in the Body: New Links Between Attachment Theory and Psychoanalytic Thought. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 55(2):411-56.
• Fonagy P, Luyten P. A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Dev Psy-chopathol. 2009 Fall;21(4):1355-81.
• Gerin, M.I., Hanson, E., Viding, E., McCrory, E.J. (2019). A review of childhood maltreatment, latent vulnerability and the brain: implications for clinical practice and prevention. Adoption and Fostering, 43 (3), 310–28.
• Grossmann, K.E. und Grossmann, Karin (2020). Universal and culturally specific aspects of sensitive responsiveness to young children. Attachment & Human Development, Published online: 29 Mar 2018
• Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K.E., Kindler, H., & Zimmermann, P. (2008). A wider view of attachment and exploration: The influence of mothers and fathers on the development of psychological security from infancy to young adulthood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. 2nd Ed., Chapter 36 (pp. 857-879). New York: Guilford Press.
• Main M, Cassidy J (1988). "Categories of response to reunion with the par-ent at age 6". Developmental Psychology. 24 (3): 415–426.
• Solomon, J. & George, C. (1999). Attachment Disorganization. New York: Guilford.
• Teicher, M. H. (2000): Wounds that time won't heal: The neurobiology of child abuse. Cerebrum, 4, 50-67.

Summary: "Should I really do it—or should I rather not?" In many situations, we are at odds with ourselves, want to have our cake and eat it too, or are two minds—or even more?—about something. Conflicts determine our coexistence with other people, but also our inner mental life. The subject of this episode is: why conflicts are the key to understanding psychological suffering, but also to psychological development.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Freud, S. (1930/2002): Civilization and Its Discontents. London: Penguin.
• Christian, C., Eagle, M.N., Wolitzky D.L. (2015). Psychoanalytic Perspec-tives on Conflict: A Critical Reassessment. London: Routledge.
• Cierpka M., Grande T., Rudolf G., von der Tann M., Stasch M. (2007): The Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics System: Clinical Rele-vance, Reliability and Validity. Psychopathology, 40, 209–220
• Dunn J. (1993): Psychic conflict and the external world in Freud's theory of the instinctual drives in light of his adherence to Darwin. Int J Psycho-anal., 74 (2), 231-40.
• Erikson, E.H. (1959/1994). Identity and the Life Cycle. New York (NY): Norton & Company
• Lemma, A. (2015). Introduction to the Practice of Psychoanalytic Psycho-therapy. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Blackwell.
• Levine, D.A. (2017). Psychoanalysis, Society, and the Inner World: Em-bedded Meaning in Politics and Social Conflict. London: Routledge.
• Meltzer, D., Williams, M.H. (2018). The Apprehension of Beauty: The Role of Aesthetic Conflict in Development, Art and Violence. London: Karnac.
• Papiasvili, E.D. (1995). Conflict in psychoanalysis and in life, International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 4:4, 215-221

Summary: "That’s something that I’ve done? I don’t to remember that at all!" The word repression has made a career for itself: even in our everyday language we speak of repressed feelings and memories. But what is it really all about? Is it true that one can really completely repress basic experiences? What role does repression play in our mental life and in therapy? This episode digs into the dark chambers of the psyche.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Akhtar, S. (2020). Repression: A Critical Assessment and Update of Freud’s 1915 Paper. Am J Psychoanal 80, 241–258.
• Billig, M. (1999). Freudian repression: Conversation creating the unconscious. Camebridge: Camebridge U.P.
• Bion, W. R. (1959). Attacks on linking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 40, 308–315.
• Boag, S. (2011). Freudian Repression, the Unconscious, and the Dynamics of Inhibition. London: Routledge.
• Cohen, J., & Kinston, W. (1984). Repression theory: A new look at the cornerstone. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 65, 411–422.
• Freud, S. (1915). Repression. Standard Edition (V 14, 141–158). London: Hogarth.
• Garssen, B. (2007). Repression: Finding Our Way in the Maze of Concepts. J Behav Med, 30, 6, 471–481.
• Kinston, W., & Cohen, J. (1986). Primal repression: Clinical and theoretical aspects. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 67, 337–353
• Sandler J., Sandler AM. (1994) The past unconscious and the present unconscious. A contribution to a technical frame of reference. Psychoanal Study Child. 49, 278–92.

Summary: They are among the central terms of psychoanalysis: transference and countertransference. While at the same time, they describe something that every person experiences in daily life; for transference always takes place when we enter into relationships with others. In this episode you will learn what is meant by this.

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Literature Recommendations:

• Almond, R (2011). Reading Freud's "the Dynamics of Transference" one hundred years later. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 59, 6, 1129—56.
• Etchegoyen, H (2005): The Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique. London: Karnac
• Freud, S. (1912). The Dynamics of Transference. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, XII, 97-108.
• Heimann, P (1950): On countertransference. In: International Journal of Psychoanalysis. Bd. 31, 81–84.
• Jung, CG (1946/1983). The Psychology of the Transference. New York: Routledge.
• Lacan, J (2017): Transference: The Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book VIII. Cambridge: Polity.
• Oelsner, R (2013): Transference and Countertransference Today. New York: Routledge.
• Searles, H (1979): Countertransference and related subjects. New York: International Universities Press.
• Racker, H (1982/2018): Transference and Countertransference. New York: Routledge.

Summary: Outdated and dusty? No other psychotherapeutic practice generates as many rumors as psychoanalysis. Generally, psychoanalysis is equated with a red couch and the works of Sigmund Freud. But what is it really all about? And what distinguishes contemporary psychoanalysis? The first episode introduces the basic features of psychoanalytic therapy and explains what is characteristic of psychoanalysis today.

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Newspaper Reports: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jan/07/therapy-wars-revenge-of-freud-cognitive-behavioural-therapy https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/10/psychotherapy-childhood-mental-health

Literature Recommendations:

• Busch, F (2013). Creating a Psychoanalytic Mind. London: Routledge.
• Brown, L J (2018). Transformational Processes in Clinical Psychoanalysis: Dreaming Emotions and the Present Moment. London: Routledge.
• Freud, S (1916-17): A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. Ware: Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 2012.
• Fonagy, P, Target, M (2003): Psychoanalytic Theories: Perspectives from Developmental Psychopathology. Whurr Publications.
• Grossmann, K, Grossmann, K E, & Waters, E (2005): Attachment from Infancy to Adulthood: The Major Longitudinal Studies. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press.
• Mitchell & Black (2016): Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought. New York, NY, US: Basic Books.
• Levy, F (2019). Psychoanalysis with Wilfred R. Bion: Contemporary Approaches, Actuality and The Future of Psychoanalytic Practice. London: Routledge.
• Shedler, J (2006). That was then, this is now: Psychoanalytic psychotherapy for the rest of us. Retrieved from: http://jonathanshedler.com/writings
• Shedler, J. (2010). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Am Psy-chol 65, 98-109.
• Solms, M. (2015). The feeling Brain. Karnac Books: London.
• Vermote, R (2018). Reading Bion. London: Routledge.